China Telecom Research Articles

智慧供应链金融在通信行业中的应用研究—以中国电信为例

智慧供应链金融在通信行业中的应用研究—以中国电信为例

High efficiency broadband GaN HEMT power amplifier based on three‐frequency point matching method

AbstractTo cover the working frequency bands of the three mobile carriers of China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom, power amplifiers (PAs) are required to own broadband. A PA with bandwidth 1.3–2.7 GHz is designed (fully covers the operating bands of the three mobile carriers). Measured results show that greater than 68% efficiency is attained over a 75% bandwidth from 1.3 to 2.7 GHz. The output power is larger than 40.2 dBm with gain varying from 10 to 13 dB across the band. In this article, three‐frequency point matching method is applied in order for broadband matching. High‐efficiency is achieved by a specially designed impedance matching topology which realizes short‐circuits of the second harmonics and open‐circuits of the third harmonics at different frequencies. The designed broadband high‐efficiency GaN PA provides a new approach and method for the development of PAs in 4G base stations.

Transparency and Opaqueness in the Chinese ICT Sector: A Critique of Chinese and International Corporate Governance Norms

AbstractThis article critiques the current Chinese corporate governance framework and the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (OECD Principles) on which the Chinese framework is largely based through detailed analysis of public disclosures by four prominent Chinese internet and communications technology (ICT) firms. These include State-controlled firms (China Telecom & China Mobile), mixed ownership (ZTE), and privately-controlled firms (Huawei Technologies). The article argues that neither Chinese nor international corporate governance norms deal adequately with the complex group structures that are so common among large Chinese firms. It also reveals deficiencies in the rules on independent directors, supervisory committees, and Chinese Communist Party committees as they are applied by Chinese ICT firms. The article concludes with reform proposals that would provide more useful information and better protection to outside investors and public stakeholders in the unique Chinese corporate environment.

ARPIM: IP Address Resource Pooling and Intelligent Management System for Broadband IP Networks

IP address resources work as basic elements for providing broadband network services. However, the increase in number, diversity and complexity of modern network devices and services creates unprecedented challenges for current manual IP address management. Manually maintaining IP address resources could always be sub-optimal for IP resource utilization. Besides, it requires heavy human efforts from network operators. To achieve high utilization and flexible scheduling of IP network address resources, this article introduces APRIM, an innovative SDNbased IP address pooling and intelligent management system, in which we design a centralized address management system to realize dynamic allocation, reclaim, and reallocation of address blocks for the current BRAS/vBRAS deployment. We developed a prototype system and evaluated the system based on real-world networks and users in two provinces from China Telecom. Experimental results demonstrate that our system can largely improve the address utilization efficiently and reduce the network resource maintenance workload.

An evaluation of China's evolving broadband policy: An ecosystem’s perspective

Although it is generally agreed that governments should have some roles in the development of broadband, questions about the specific role of governments remain unanswered, particularly from the perspective of developing countries. This paper evaluates China’s evolving broadband policy by developing a two-dimensional analytical framework, with the different stages of broadband development represented by columns and the four components of broadband ecosystem represented by rows. Generally speaking, China's telecommunications development has been driven by investments from government-allied entities and features a strong industrial policy. However, the Chinese government has chosen a somewhat soft-intervention approach in broadband development and relied on the market itself to grow by creating a competitive market structure. As the market has recently evolved to a certain degree of saturation, there is a seemingly shift of emphasis in China's broadband policy from infrastructure buildup and service provision to application creation and user demand stimulation. However, China’s broadband future is uncertain due to unsettled but important institutional and financial issues. Policy changes appear not to keep up with the broadband ecosystem evolution.

In brief

PAGE 1653 A coalition from Huaqiao University in China and Antengenuity in Australia present a dual-polarised phase-correcting microwave transmitarray that is based on ultra-thin phase-shifting surface. The experimental results show that the proposed ultra-thin transmitarray has good focusing property in the microwave band. With a simple planar feed source, the transmitarray antenna is an attractive compromise of radiation performance, structural compactness, fabrication complexity and cost. PAGE 1690 Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences present a passive localisation algorithm using uniform circular array (UCA) for use where both far-field and near-field narrow-band signals may exist synchronously. The differencing matrix and the orthogonal projection matrix of the signal subspace are built to classify the mixed signals and to estimate the two dimensional direction-of-arrivals (DOAs) of the near-field signals (NFSs). The transmitarry is very thin and can operate at two orthogonal polarisations PAGE 1677 A group from Beihang University, China, propose an alternative model to solve the problem of pose estimation in visual object recognition. Their method, Agreement Function (AF), is a generative model since it learns to represent the joint probability distribution of the inputs and their poses. It has been validated by extensive experiments. The mixed source localisation with a spatially separated sensor array has many important application areas, such as lightening localisation and speaker guidance systems PAGE 1671 A group of researchers from Tsinghua University, China, have designed a self-controlled Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) circuit based on cross-coupled gates. The PUF is used to create key and encrypt on-chip data. This technology can be used on bank cards, making them more secure. The model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art in pose estimation for dense, sparse, and multi-modal data PAGE 1727 Researchers from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications in China present a way to analyse the coverage performance of non-vehicle users when moving relays (MR) are implemented in cellular networks. It is observed that the coverage probability gains of non-vehicular users enabled by MRs are positively related to the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) target. Simulation results verify that the derived expressions in the paper are accurate. A PUF presented in this paper is implemented in a small area and uses a low amount of power Most research concentrates on providing performance analysis only for vehicular users

Evaluating 200G/400G solutions for practical deployments in long‐haul network

200G/400G systems based on 16QAM and 8QAM are studied over three China Telecom links with different distances and span lengths. Ultra-low loss and ultra-low loss + large Aeff fibres were shown to support high-order modulation with sufficient industrial margin.

Research on Cost Allocation Model of Telecom Infrastructure Co-construction Based on Value Shapley Algorithm

Under the circumstance that China Tower unified construction of 4G telecommunications infrastructure, how do the three operators fairly and reasonably share the telecommunications infrastructure cost is the key problem of Chinese telecom industry at present, and also is a hot issue for scholars. To alleviate this problem, after comparing the advantages and disadvantages of current methods of cost allocation, this paper try to introduce risk correction factor into Shapley Value algorithm, and propose a cost allocation model of telecom infrastructure co-construction based on the fixed Shapley Value algorithm. The validity and practicability of the method have been proved by the test of the actual calculation. With the help of this model, it is able to provide a more effective strategy for the cost allocation problem in the construction of China's telecom infrastructure.

Transparency and Opaqueness in the Chinese ICT Sector: A Critique of Chinese and International Corporate Governance Norms

This paper critiques the current Chinese corporate governance framework and the OECD Corporate Governance Principles on which the Chinese framework is largely based through detailed analysis of public disclosures by four prominent Chinese internet and communications technology (ICT) firms. These include State-controlled firms (China Telecom & China Mobile), mixed ownership (ZTE), and privately-controlled firms (Huawei Technologies). The paper argues that neither Chinese nor international corporate governance norms deal adequately with the complex group structures that are so common among large Chinese firms. It also reveals deficiencies in the rules on independent directors, supervisory committees, and Chinese Communist Party committees as they are applied by Chinese ICT firms. The paper concludes with reform proposals that would provide more useful information and better protection to outside investors and public stakeholders in the unique Chinese corporate environment.

Application of cloud storage in mega image-text data of hospital imaging archiving and communication systems

Architectural changes with Tianyi cloud storage of China Telecom were made to the up/down loading of the image-text mega data created in the picture archiving and communication systems(PACS)of the hospital.Thanks to the changes, the data volume uploaded by the PACS of the hospital reached 160G per day, with average upload speed up to 5.3M/second; supporting online query of all image-text data of patients.The authors hold cloud storage technology as safe and reliable, and such other merits as supporting data encryption, automatic offsite redundancy, almost online real-time read/write access, almost infinite extendibility, fast self-healing and off-site disaster-tolerant backup. Key words: Picture archiving and communication systems(PACS); Mega data; Imaging center; Cloud storage; Security

Credit evaluation using eigenface method for mobile telephone customers

Most mobile communication companies in China were puzzled by the arrearage problem. Then credit evaluation for the mobile telephone customer becomes increasingly important in China's telecommunications services industry on economic operation and information management. The study presents a customer credit measure method based on customer attributes by employing the eigenface technology. Analysis of customer credit evaluation indicates potentiality of the proposed eigenface-based credit evaluation method that it provides a potential viable solution to the arrearage problem. By means of principal component analysis, customers represented by their attribute vectors in training set are used to build the eigenspace. Subspace of the eigenspace for credit evaluation is generated by selecting principal orthogonal eigenvectors of covariance matrix of the training samples. Each one of the principal eigenvectors ever called “eigenfaces” is taken as one basis reference customer (component) for credit evaluation. Then each customer represented its feature vector is projected onto the subspace and described by a linear combination of the basis reference customers represented by the selected principal eigenvectors in the subspace. Weights of the linear combination are denoted as one weight vector. Difference between the weight vectors is used to evaluate customer credit. The proposed method yields satisfying results in its application to credit evaluation for 400,000 customers in a mobile communication services company in China. Result analysis indicates that further arrearage management based on credit evaluation is workable.

Nations or Sectors in the Age of Globalization: China's Policy Toward Foreign Direct Investment in Telecommunications

AbstractScholars debate whether states or markets drive economic policy in the context of internationalization. Unpacking the market–state dichotomy, liberal pluralists and institutionalists alike conduct sectoral analysis to examine economic policies and outcomes. They debate the relative importance of sectors versus factors and the impact of sectoral coalitions, structural characteristics, and institutional trajectories. Building on previous scholarship, this article argues that state imperatives, such as national security and technological advancement, are an important guide to understanding dominant patterns of economic policy, defined as state goals, government–business relations, and state methods. Beyond that, the organization of institutions and structural sectoral attributes influence the ways in which actual policy outcomes vary across sectors and time. Case studies of the liberalization and subsequent reregulation of foreign direct investment across subsectors of telecommunications in China substantiate this argument. Evidence from other industries further validates this explanatory model.

Comparing customer satisfaction with China mobile and China telecom services: An empirical study

This paper aims to examine and compare customer satisfaction towards China Mobile and China Telecom’s services. The literature suggests factors such as customer services, price, network quality, and product diversity influence customers’ satisfaction with telecommunications organizations. This study employs the judgment sampling method, which is limited to specific people who can provide the desired information since the respondents are confined to customers who subscribed to the services of either China Mobile or China Telecom. A self-reporting questionnaire was developed and disseminated to 500 respondents in which 472 completed copies were returned. The results indicate that all of the influencing factors are significantly and positively correlated with overall satisfaction of China Mobile and China Telecom’s customers. However, satisfaction seems to be higher among China Mobile’s customers in terms of product diversity, while better customer service is recorded among China Telecom’s customers. The findings suggest that the telecommunications service providers should develop appropriate strategies based on their strengths in satisfying their customers as well as overcoming their weaknesses by learning from each other. With network quality and customer service identified as the major factors influencing customer satisfaction, strategies should be formulated along these two areas. Both telecommunications service providers cannot ignore the importance of product diversity and pricing as these factors scored strong correlations with customer satisfaction. China Mobile, which seems to possess the advantage of product diversity, can further enhance its offerings to attract younger users. China Telecom, on the other hand, can take the opportunity to determine what it needs to offer to be on par with China Mobile as it is evident that customers are more satisfied with the latter’s services. This paper focuses on a small sample size and that by using the outcome instead of process approach to test the model might raise the issue of generalizability in which future studies should address. Nevertheless, this study has advanced knowledge for it has provided information on the current state of customer satisfaction with the People’s Republic of China’s telecommunications organizations. It has confirmed the factors which significantly influence customer satisfaction with both China Mobile and China Telecom which are beneficial to the telecommunications service providers as they craft strategies towards increased mobile service use in the future.

A Study on the Work Well-Being of Personnel in Telecommunication Marketing as Well as Its Influencing Factors in China —Based on the Researches in the Guangzhou Branch of China Telecom

Based on literature research and interviews, this study proposes three main Work Well-Being dimensions in line with the telecommunications marketing personnel characteristics. They are organizational commitment, overall reward and family support. Then the study builds the concept model. With data from questionnaires of 155 samples, this research analyzes the work well-being of telecommunications marketing personnel as well as its influencing factors with living examples. The results show that organizational commitment and total compensation have a significant positive correlation with work well-being, while family support is insignificantly negative correlated with work well-being. There are some factors that have more positive contribution to work well-being: Non-economic compensation, economic compensation, ideal expectation, social norms, economic costs, while the negative factors are emotion recognition, career opportunity, family time and family behavior.

Research on Integrated Information Service of Telecom Operators in EVC

Full-service operations competition is going on among Chinese telecom operators. How to offer integrated information service and acquire competitive advantage has become a new research topic. So this paper focuses on the integrated information service, proposes the eco-industrial value chain oriented view for telecom operator and builds the model of integrated information service quality based on SERVQUAL to help China telecom operators make the integrated information service strategies and tactics in dynamic eco-industrial value chain.

Analysis of Exogenous Factors Affecting TFP Growth of China’s Telecom Industry

Since 1998, the telecommunications industry in China has gained the great growth. Hence, the telecommunications charges have been continuously lowered, telecommunications technical services have been persistently innovated, and the telecommunications users and business revenues increased constantly, having exerted great effect on the society. But there are also new questions ahead: the TFP has gradually slowed down since 2011, and the unbalanced development is shown in the eastern, middle and western regions, but some areas are undergoing extensive growth. The paper researches exogenous factors affecting China telecommunications industry TFP growth. The result pointed out that the level of economic development and degree of industrialization had contributed, to some extent, to improving the TFP growth rates of the telecommunications industry; Population scale and population density played a positive role in promoting the TFP growth rates of the telecommunications industry; Technological innovation had no effect on the telecommunications industry TFP, but there appeared the inhibition efficiency trend.

Foreign Direct Investment and Government Action -- China Telecom Overview

Capital, both human and physical, is a major element in facilitating China telecommunication industry’s growth. Because foreign investment is a scare resource, it is important to probe into the nature of foreign investment decision-making. This paper examines the relationship of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and host government actions using China’s telecommunication sector as a case study. Three cases (ATT Cornell, 1993). However, governments can be opportunistic as well, but foreign investors, once detect they were cheated in one round, would “punish” the host government by reducing foreign investment far below its optimal point. Thus, the interaction between government and investment is complex and sophisticated. Because China has under-investment in capital and technological know-how, telecommunications policy regulations can promote FDI. The policymakers’ roles are to ensure that the decisions encourage FDI, and not discourage it, in order to make the sector competitive.In this paper, I shall demonstrate the relationship of foreign direct investment (FDI) and host government regulations. With my research in China telecom sector, I will describe how government formulates its foreign policy to maximize FDI. This paper pays attention only to intentional government moves and tries to reveal their influences to foreign investment, although the conclusion may be applicable to government actions in a whole.Restrictions on foreign stake are a great barrier for overseas telecom investors. The government was cautious in the first few months after WTO membership out of safety and stability concerns. Since China has joined the WTO, the telecom industry is developing faster than expected, the government might consider speeding up the process to open up more the market, including opening more regions, raising percentage of foreign shares and simplifying approval procedures to set agenda to maximize the FDI.Despite China’s rapid economic ascension over the past 10 years, it has generally been difficult for foreign investors to break-even on their investments at net present value basis. Reasons include the lack of transparency in laws, regulations on repatriation of funds, and an insiders’ network built upon local business norms and values which often result in a disadvantage to foreign investors.The performance of Chinese stocks has also been mixed as the government has used the public markets as a convenient tool to bail out floundering state enterprises. This is gradually changing as a growing number of Chinese companies, including telecom entities, have started trading on the Hong Kong, Singapore and NASDAQ stock markets. In this paper, I provide some evidence for non-linearity relation between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Government action. Given the telecom liberalization across the region, I expect to explore further the correlation between FDI and government policy as long-term benefits of foreign involvement in domestic telecom markets begin to take shape. At this juncture in time, young generation of Chinese reformists appear to be in a good position to develop a regulatory framework that brings in the foreign capital required to gain a foothold in the newly competitive regime.

Why Is It Taking So Long to Secure Internet Routing?

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the glue that sticks the Internet together, enabling data communications between large networks operated by different organizations. BGP makes Internet communications global by setting up routes for traffic between organizations - for example, from Boston University’s network, through larger ISPs (Internet service providers) such as Level3, Pakistan Telecom, and China Telecom, then on to residential networks such as Comcast or enterprise networks such as Bank of America.

The Race between the Dragon and the Elephant: Comparing China and India's National Broadband Plans

Some 134 national broadband plans are now in place around the world. Opinions are divided regarding the role of government in broadband markets: should the government act as an ‘enabler’ or as the ‘rule-maker’? In this context, this article analyses the ambitious national broadband plans recently announced by China and India, two rising economic powerhouses. Traditionally, China's telecommunications development has been driven by investments from government-allied entities and a strong industrial policy, while India's approach has relied on government policy to create the framework for private investment with a limited range of subsidies on the supply side. We trace the antecedents of the different policy approaches adopted by the two countries towards their respective broadband sectors, compare and contrast the motivations that have driven them to draft the national broadband plans and evaluate the effectiveness of government policies and regulations.

Bounded rationality and consumer choice: an evaluation of consumer choice of mobile bundles

Although numerous prior studies have examined consumer valuations in bundling transactions from a theoretical perspective, relatively few have focused on large datasets. In addition, little prior research has targeted developing telecommunication markets. To address these gaps in the literature, we examine the rationality of consumers' bundling choices in the mobile telecommunication industry, using operational data from China Telecom. We compare the current prices paid by consumers to the optimal prices of alternative bundling plans, based on the consumers' actual usage. We determine whether bundling choice is affected by risk aversion, the complexity of the bundle, and learning effects. The findings suggested that many users chose sub-optimal bundles that were more expensive than others were. The results showed that consumers were risk averse, and they were more likely to make non-optimal bundle selections with more complex usage patterns. No significant differences were found according to gender, age, or usage level.