China Ship Research Articles

Dynamic Asynchronous Coupled Analysis and Experimental Study for a Turret Moored FPSO in Random Seas

The dynamic coupling analysis between floating platform and mooring/risers is one of the challenging topics in development of oil and gas exploration in deepwater area. In this paper, the dynamic coupled analysis model for a turret-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) is developed. In order to improve the computational efficiency, the proposed asynchronous coupling model is extended to application for FPSO coupled dynamic analysis. In order to validate the developed dynamic coupling analysis model, the vessel global motion and mooring tensions for the turret moored tanker KVLCC2 were tested in China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC) wave basin. In this paper, the numerically predicted coupled response is directly compared with those from model test in time domain. The research focus is in the following: (1) Through comparison of free decay surge motion in calm water/regular wave, the damping effect from mooring on drift motion is validated and confirmed; (2) The physical phenomena of wave drift damping effect on slowly varying surge motion are theoretically explained making use of the related hydrodynamic model and physical model test; (3) In random seas, the simulated vessel motions and mooring tensions generally show fairly good match in time records with model test. But there is phase difference between simulation and measurements after tens of minutes in model test scale, the exact reason is not known yet; and (4) Another interesting phenomena in model test are the existence of unstable horizontal sway and yaw motion, which are not well predicted by current numerical model, the further research is needed.

Verification of a hybrid model test method for a deep water floating system with large truncation factor

The hybrid model test method has been regarded as the most reliable method to investigate the dynamics of deepwater floating systems when the wave basin is not large enough to conduct the full water depth model tests at reasonable model scales. In order to get the reliable experimental results, the truncation factor should be less than 5. However, as the offshore oil and gas industry moves towards deeper waters, the model tests of floating structures carried out at the wave basin with reasonable model scales need to be revamped. The objective of the present study is to investigate the feasibility of largely truncated hybrid model test for the deep water floating systems. The hybrid model test techniques and the dynamic behaviors of the truncated mooring lines are also studied. In order to achieve the static and dynamic similarities easily in the largely-truncated model tests, an optimization design method of the truncated mooring system is proposed, and the similarities of platform motion responses as well as the mooring lines dynamics are investigated in the largely-truncated model tests. To verify the present method, a deepwater semisubmersible system operated in 1500m and 1000m water depth is truncated to 200m water depth based on the static equivalent principle (the truncation factors are 7.5 and 5 respectively), and the dynamically similar design is implemented to the model tests which are carried out at China Ship Scientific Research Center wave basin. The motion responses of the platform and the mooring line dynamics are obtained. These experimental results are used to compare with the numerical simulation, which is based on the full time domain coupled dynamic analysis method. The comparisons show that the numerical results are in good agreement with the model measurements.

Marine Environmental Risk Assessment Method for Active Substances Used in Antifouling Systems on Ships in China

A Chinese risk assessment procedure was developed to address active substances used in biologically active (biocidal) antifouling paints. The priority was to promote the use of environmentally friendly, technically and economically viable alternatives to DDT/TBT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane/tributyltin) in the control of marine fouling organisms. The procedure was based upon European Union Biocide Product Directive (EU-BPD) and International Standard Organization (ISO) method for the Environmental risk assessment of antifouling systems. In order to focus on Chinese national conditions, international templates were adapted to address regional differences. In the Chinese method, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity information is assessed on a step by step basis, allowing an antifouling substance to be defined as either Risk of high concern or Relatively low risk at the end of the decision making process. 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-Octyl-3-Isothiazolinone (DCOIT, Sea-nine), triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide (Capsaicin) and Zinc ethylene (bis) dithiocarbamate (Zineb), popularly used in China as active substance of antifouling paints, were reviewed according to the developed procedure. The preliminary results indicate that Sea-nine use in antifouling products can be considered low risk, whereas TPBP, Capsaicin and Zineb failed the screening procedure on the basis of bioaccumulation potential, persistence and an unacceptable risk ratio, respectively. Data availability was determined to be a critical factor in the assessments due to the application of Safety Factors for data-poor substances.

Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage from Ships in China: A Way Toward International Standards

China has made great efforts to establish a compensation system for oil pollution damage from ships. Several laws and regulations have come into effect since 2010 that have brought significant changes to the legal regime of compensation for oil pollution damage. In this article, the new legal regime for compensation for oil pollution damage from ships is examined to illustrate how China is moving closer to the international standard in this area.

Developing of a Lubricant Oil for the Ship Gas Turbine of Reducer

The combination of ship gas turbine working at special environment, this article pass through the study of base oil and composite additive, developed an application marine environment of the ship gas turbine reducer lubricants. According to comprehensive performance assessment, the product has excellent high-temperature anti-oxidant, anti-wear, corrosion inhibition and anti-foam performance. The indicators have reached the requirements. With the development of China's ship gas turbine technology, especially UGT25000 ship gas turbine technology is imported from Ukraine, as well as the recent introduction of the GE LM2500 + G4 Series of technology for power plant of construction. The localization of the supporting facilities are growing louder, there is a strong market rigid demand. Ship gas turbine must be one of the trends of the development of Marine Power. Ship gas turbine due to light weight, small size, stand-alone power, fast start; less pollution, vibration, high thermal efficiency and gas initial temperature, it is easy to realize the cascade of energy use, economy, received widespread attention and application. China's ship gas turbine of modification and design draw the aero-engine, ship gas turbine is a continuous rotation of the impeller mechanical heat engine; it is mainly composed by three parts of the compressor, gas generator and gas turbine. Ships generally use diesel (fuel have heavy trend, the heavy diesel oil or No. 200 heavy oil will be used) as fuel, in order to adapt the ship gas turbine, ship gas turbine need to transform, particularly its' lubrication system [1]. Foreign aviation gas engine lubricants are based on the U.S. standard as a reference, due to the differences of using purpose and fuel, so that the ship gas turbine oil has different requirements. Since ship gas Turbine Technology started late in China, the ship gas turbine core engine technology patents come from the United States, Russia and Ukraine, so the use of gas turbine lubricants, as well as matching accessories and other standards, which are more or less directed reference to refer to the original foreign standards [2,3]. We have never been established using standard ship gas turbine oil. Ship gas turbine apply to the special conditions (high humidity, salt spray, etc.), the ship gas turbine of lubrication has a higher demand, particularly for the ship gas turbine reducer of lubrication. The ship gas turbine reducer work in the low-speed heavy-duty and high-speed heavy-duty , high strength, high shear conditions, how ensure the ship gas turbine reducer to normal work is very important at high load conditions. In this regard, developing of a ship gas turbine reducer lubricant is very necessary.

China–Africa Trade Patterns: causes and consequences

China's trade patterns with African countries have made Beijing the focal point of new anti-Chinese resistance narratives in Africa. Unlike the Maoist era, when China's trade policies served its leaders' political goals, now they aim to access markets as part of China's larger domestic development strategy. China's state-run firms can channel China–Africa trade through extra-market decisions that influence flows, yet, ultimately, Beijing's ability to direct trade with Africa is constrained by market forces. Despite suggestions that shared illiberalism drives China–Africa trade the author concludes that five interrelated causal factors overwhelmingly determine China–Africa trade: China's comparative advantage in labor-intensive and capital-intensive production; Africa's abundant natural resource endowments; China's rapid economic growth; China's emphasis on infrastructure building at home and in Africa; and the emergence of economies of scale in China's shipping and light manufacturing sectors.

Research of Heterogeneous Data Integration in Ship Design

The China Ship Development and Design Center has built several separate database systems in the design center and the working groups. However, the data cannot be shared and exchanged due to no network connection as the secrecy provision limited. The paper presents the data integration method based on the XML to implement the data integration between the heterogeneous databases, which makes the data interactive convenient. The key technologies included the mapping from database to XML documents, the XML documents importing to database, querying and displaying XML documents were analyzed. The SQLToXML and XMLToSQL libraries are used to develop the program. The method has put into test, the result shows the design scheme is rationality and effective.

Hydroelastic analysis and model tests on the structural responses and fatigue behaviours of an ultra-large ore carrier in waves

To provide guidance on structural design for the life cycle safety of an ultra-large 500,000 deadweight tonnage ore carrier, the springing-induced high-frequency responses in waves, the resultant structural loads and their influences on the structural fatigue damage were investigated by employing the three-dimensional linear and second-order non-linear hydroelasticity theories of ships and the corresponding numerical methods. The theoretical predictions of the structural loads and responses and the comparisons with the model tests carried out in the towing tank of the China Ship Scientific Research Center are presented in this paper. The results for the hydroelastic responses of the ship at a forward speed and at zero forward speed in regular and irregular waves are illustrated, which provide the quantitative relations for the wave-motion-induced and the springing-induced structural loads, and their linear and non-linear components of the ship in different sea states, especially when the first flexible body resonant frequency is in the wave frequency region. The results show that the springing responses may occur in waves with any significant wave heights for such a large ship when the characteristic wave periods are less than a certain amount. The short-term and long-term distributions of the wave-induced and rigid-body-motion-induced structural loads and the springing-induced high-frequency loads are predicted. Based on the hydroelastic predictions of the structural loads, the accumulated fatigue theory is applied to assess the fatigue damage of the typical deck and bottom structural components of a ship serving in three shipping lines.

China's research sub dives deep

The country's first manned science sub goes for global bragging rights – When a team of Chinese engineers set out to build the deepest-diving submersible in the world, they had never laid eyes on a manned deepsea vehicle. "We had only read some reference papers that had pictures; there was no chance for us to see a real manned submersible," says Cui Weicheng, deputy director of the China Ship Scientific Research Center and project manager for the new sub. "We were starting from the very beginning."

A Survey of Study on the Competitiveness of China Ship Enterprise

The ship industry occupies an important place in China national economy, so the study on the competiveness of ship enterprises is an important object in the study of enterprises competitiveness. This paper systematically describes the achievements in the study of competitiveness of China enterprises and ship enterprises, presents the imperfectness on the theory study of China ship enterprises competitiveness and points out the direction for further study.

‘Decolonisation’ on the Periphery: Liu Xiang and Shipping Rights Recovery at Chongqing, 1926–38

Between 1929 and 1932, Sichuan militarist Liu Xiang pursued his own anti-imperialist agenda in Chongqing, a port city beyond the purview of China's ‘central’ Guomindang government. In both its autonomy and its defiant tactics, Liu's programme contradicted the Guomindang regime's official strategy of negotiated revision of the unequal treaties. In its concrete objectives, however, Liu's project was strikingly similar to the Guomindang's programme of shipping rights recovery, an effort to reduce the presence and power of foreign shipping in China's coastal waters and an integral part of its agenda for treaty revision. This essay examines Liu Xiang's efforts to eliminate the privileges of foreign shipping, bolster Chinese shipping and extend his regime's oversight over all shipping within his garrison area on the Upper Yangzi River. In examining Liu's local motives as well as his marginalisation of central government institutions like the Maritime Customs, the essay addresses his fraught relations with the centre, yet, in contrast to standard nationalist critique of China's early twentieth-century warlords, it also reveals how efforts like Liu's may have multiplied the sites of resistance to the unequal treaties and achieved a measure of ‘decolonisation’ on the periphery of central government control.

Economic Growth of China and Tramp Shipping Market

Economic Growth of China and Tramp Shipping Market

Passive air sampling of DDT, chlordane and HCB in the Pearl River Delta, South China: implications to regional sources

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the largest fast-developing economic zones in China. Hong Kong and the mainland part of the PRD differed in socio-economic development history and chemical management policies. Polyurethane foam (PUF)-passive air sampling (PAS) was deployed at 21 regional air quality monitoring stations across the PRD in summer and winter, respectively. Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), chlordane and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were analyzed with GC-MS. High total DDT (240-3700 pg m(-3)) and chlordane (100-2600 pg m(-3)) concentrations were observed. Concentrations of DDTs and chlordane were higher in summer than winter; HCB vice versa. Spatially, the mainland part of the PRD generally displayed higher DDT concentrations than Hong Kong. Antifouling paint for fishing ships in coastal China was suggested to be an important current DDT source in the coast. The reason is unknown for the very low trans-/cis-chlordane (TC/CC) ratios (0.27) found in the mainland in winter. HCB concentrations were relatively uniform across the PRD, and long range transport of HCB from inland/North China to the PRD in winter was suggested.

Book Review: Shipping in China

Book Review: Shipping in China

China' maritime developments

Development of ports and shipping in China are continuing at a phenomenal pace. They are now entering a second phase in these developments. With basic capacity to handle China's growing foreign trade established. China's ports and shipping are now being ratinalized in terms of inland infrastructure and intermodal networks, optimum trade flows, foreign alliances, and physical forms or consolidation of cargo. These developments are driven by the lack of a large, deep water ocean fleet on one hand and limited water depths at many major ports. Similarly, the extension of economic development to the inland ports of China has become a priority as has the effective integration of Hong Kong and gradual opening of direct shipping across the Taiwan Straits.

Research on the noise generated by turbulent boundary layer flow over an axisymmetric body with a flat nose

The noise generated by hydrodynamic flow over an axisymmetric body with a flat nose is described quantitatively. Flush-mounted hydrophones were used to measure that part of the turbulent boundary-layer pressure fluctuations that propagates as true sound. Power spectra of sound pressure were measured in a 200-Hz to 150-kHz frequency range over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (U∞D/ν 2.52×10, where D is the diameter of the body) for the model operating in the China Ship Scientific Research Center 03B water tunnel. The power spectra of the noise measured in the laminar flow regions correspond little to those measured in the transition and fully developed turbulent regions of the flow. Free-stream turbulence intensity and transition regions on the model were measured by using a laser-Doppler velocimeter. The transition regions have been compared with the computation results and found to agree rather well with experiment. In addition to the experiment, 12 axisymmetric bodies are calculated and compared with the experiment. Results indicate that when the prismatic coefficient and DF/D are fixed, the model has fairly good flow properties. When DF/D is fixed and the prismatic coefficient is decreased, or the prismatic is fixed and the DF/D is decreased, the separation point or transition point is delayed.

The noise generated by turbulent boundary layer flow over an axisymmetric body with a flat nose

The noise generated by hydrodynamic flow over an axisymmetric body with a flat nose is described quantitatively. Flush‐mounted hydrophones were used to measure that part of the turbulent boundary‐layer pressure fluctuations that propagates as true sound. Power spectra of sound pressure were measured in a 200‐Hz to 150‐kHz frequency range over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (Ux D/ν = 2.52 × 10, where D is the diameter of the body) for the model operating in the China Ship Scientific Research Center 038 water tunnel. The power spectra of the noise measured in the laminar flow regions correspond little to those measured in the transition and fully developed turbulent regions of the flow. Free‐stream turbulence intensity and transition regions of the model were measured by using a laser doppler velocimeter. The transition regions have been compared with the computation results and it was found that they agreed rather well with the experiment. In addition to the experiment, 12 axisymmetric bodies were calculated and compared with the experiment. Results indicate that when the prismatic coefficient and DF/D is fixed, the model has fairly good flow properties. When DF/D is fixed and the prismatic coefficient is decreased, or the prismatic coefficient is fixed and the DF/D is decreased, separation point or transition point is delayed.

Cavitation Inception Tests on Axisymmetric Headforms

Six axisymmetric headforms were tested in the 350-mm dia water tunnel at China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC) for observation and measurement of cavitation inception. Among them, three of the flow patterns were displayed and analyzed by holography. Results of the tests show that cavitation inception on the headforms was closely related to the structure of the near-wall flow past the body with different flow regimes corresponding to different features of cavitation inception. By carefully fitting a trip wire of suitable height on a hemispherical headform, it was observed that under conditions of low air content, this artificial means of boundary transition may bring about a significant reduction in cavitation inception number.

Book Review: Transport in Transition. The Evolution of Traditional Shipping in China.

Book Review: Transport in Transition. The Evolution of Traditional Shipping in China.

Transport in Transition: The Evolution of Traditional Shipping in China. Translated by Andrew Watson. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, Michigan Abstracts of Chinese and Japanese Works on Chinese History No. 3, 1972. vii, 93 pp.

Transport in Transition: The Evolution of Traditional Shipping in China. Translated by Andrew Watson. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, Michigan Abstracts of Chinese and Japanese Works on Chinese History No. 3, 1972. vii, 93 pp.