English China Research Articles

The evolution of Chinese high-performance student-athletes’ admission, cultivation and management policies

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to provide descriptive and critical insights into high-performance student-athletes (HPSA) policies and their implementation in China’s competitive sports and higher education institutions (regular HEIs, excluding vocational colleges). The purpose of this research is to facilitate the sound development of HPSA policies by analysing their strengths and weaknesses. We conducted a documentary analysis of 25 policies related to Chinese HPSA, contributing to the healthy and long-term development of HPSA and Chinese competitive sports. Additionally, we developed practical considerations for future policymaking. Moreover, this paper, represents the first comprehensive attempt to explore HPSA policies within mainland China in English. It encompasses various aspects, including psychological consideration, the social environment, academic development, post-athletic preparation, and the mechanisms of regular HEIs. Giving considerably greater attention to these aspects would benefit policymaking and practice within the Chinese HPSA context.

A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and American Newspaper Reports on China’s Belt and Road Initiative

ABSTRACT This study adopts a critical discourse analysis approach in comparing the portrayal of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in two English language newspapers, China Daily (CD) and New York Times (NYT). It focuses on how these two influential newspapers employ various discursive strategies to portray the BRI and its various players to unpack the embedded ideologies underlying the news reports. The data comprises 165 news reports on the BRI published between 2013 and 2019. By examining key news features such as headlines, leads and quotes, three contrastive themes were uncovered: BRI as a unifying agent or disruptive force; bolstering support for or casting aspersions on the BRI; and a rising China versus a fading US. These themes coalesce and converge into two parallel but distinct discourses. While CD unequivocally depicts the BRI as a collaborative project that seeks to unify and bring widespread benefits to member countries, NYT presents a more complex picture that discursively constructs China’s BRI as a geopolitical threat to the waning global influence of the US. These divergent discourses are discussed in light of motivated reasoning theory and in relation to the varying ideological standpoints from which the two newspapers operate.

Crazy Rich Asians

Crazy Rich Asians

Foretaste of Disaster

Foretaste of Disaster Shangyang Fang (bio) Young, therefore vain & wingless, he letshis father tie a blue thread around his chest.It is before the famous tragedy, the fall. Beforethe imminent sea. The coast still composedin subdued hues & regimented patterns.The abstraction of waves has yet to be mutilatedby a scream. Human position yet to be tested.He, at his prime, Anthony Van Dyck, blazinglike an overripe Flemish peach, presentedthis self-portrait, in which an old man tethersa wing to a young man's pale, well-knit back.Here, grief has yet to become visible, the wayin Brueghel's—stick out of the water, legs whiteas braised chicken. In his early twenties, Icarus,the trespasser or crossdresser, was punishedfor his pride. In his early twenties, Van Dyckportrayed himself as Icarus in a painting,in front of which I stand, looking him in the eye.I feel like a glass of water stared at by someonenot thirsty. Tomorrow, I will be a quarter ofa century old. My father disappeared like an antelopeinto the dawning gold. But if & when Icarussurvives his drowning, stepping out of the sea,as if out of a Cavafy poem, drippingwith synonyms of passion & desire, whowill untie the blue thread from his chest? Whowill save me? Come to change my life? [End Page 75] Shangyang Fang Shangyang Fang grew up in Chengdu, China, and writes in both English and Chinese. A recent graduate from the Michener Center for Writers, he is a Wallace Stegner Fellow at Stanford University. His debut poetry collection is forthcoming in 2021 (Copper Canyon Press). Copyright © 2020 Emerson College

Silymarin in Preventing Anti-Tuberculosis and Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Liver Injury at Different Doses and Treatment Times: A Systematic Review

Context: The therapeutic effect, the optimal treatment time, and the dose of silymarin for preventing anti-tuberculosis and antipsychotic drug-induced liver injury (anti-TB/antipsychotic DILI) remains controversial. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis study to evaluate the clinical efficacy of silymarin in the treatment of anti-TB/antipsychotic DILI in several subgroups based on follow-up time and dose. Evidence Acquisition: We searched the keywords and free words of “silymarin (silibinin)” and “Anti-tuberculosis or antipsychotic drug-induced liver injury” in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and clinicaltrials.gov for full text English articles and China Journal Full-text Database (CNKI) and China Medical Bio-Document Database (CBM) for full text Chinese articles. The searched papers were reserved for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The Jadad quality scale was used to conduct quality assessments. Two observers (SY and HY) independently extracted the data. MD and OR values were calculated to evaluate the clinical efficacy of silymarin in anti-TB/antipsychotic DILI. The Q test and chi-square test were used for heterogeneity analysis. Results: Nine RCTs with 2,712 participants (1,351 in the silymarin group and 1,361 in the control group) satisfying the inclusion criteria were finally examined. Compared to the placebo group, silymarin at less than 300 mg/d dose significantly reduced the occurrence of anti-TB/antipsychotic DILI and serum liver enzymes AST and ALT whether for two weeks, four weeks, or eight weeks [pooled OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35 - 0.78, P = 0.42, I2 = 3%; pooled MD: -4.47, 95% CI: -7.00, -1.93, P = 0.70, I2 = 0%, AST; pooled MD: -3.50, 95% CI: -6.08, -0.91, P = 0.58, I2 = 0%, ALT]. However, no significant difference was found in serum liver enzyme TBIL compared to the control group [pooled MD: -0.02, 95% CI: -0.07, -0.04, P = 0.69, I2 = 0%]. Silymarin at 315 mg/d significantly reduced the occurrence of anti-TB/antipsychotic DILI and serum liver enzymes AST, ALT, and TBIL for eight weeks [subtotal OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.39, I2 = 76%] but no significant difference was found between the over 400 mg/d silymarin group and the control group [subtotal OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.20 - 4.39, I2 = 76%]. No significant difference was found in the occurrence of adverse events compared to the control group [pooled OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.71 - 1.25, I2 = 0%]. Compared to the control group, silymarin prolonged the occurrence of anti-TB/antipsychotic DILI [pooled SMD: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.65 - 1.91, I2 = 42%]. Conclusions: Silymarin prolonged the occurrence of anti-TB/antipsychotic DILI and reduced the incidence of anti-TB/antipsychotic DILI without significant adverse effects. The optimal treatment time of silymarin to prevent anti-TB/antipsychotic DILI was related to its dose.

‘A real hunger’: English literature, cultural engagement, and China

ABSTRACTAn edited conversation with Alexandra Ault, a Lead curator of manuscripts at the British Library, who recently curated a series of exhibitions about English literature in cities across China, and Andrew Dickson, a freelance culture writer and journalist. The Chapter looks at the ways that English literature has been received historically in China, and sets these in the contemporary context of an increasing awareness of the broader interest in, and support for, these forms of cultural exchange by Government and other national agencies.

Life and scientific work of outstanding Chinese sociologist Fei Xiaotong

Fei Xiaotong (费孝通) (2 November 1910 — 24 April 2005) was the prominent anthropologist and sociologist of China. He was one of the first sociologists and anthropologists who conducted anthropological studies of the life of Chinese society. He was a political journalist and a “cultural intermediary” who published articles about the West in Chinese in China, and about China in English in the West. Fei Xiaotong’s career was full of ups and downs that were associated with the political situation in the country. Finally, after 1978 and starting of the period of Economic Reform and Openness he could re-enter public and scientific life, and officially became a respected academic and a public intellectual which dedicated all his life to the investigation of Chinese society and social problems. For many people, Fei Xiaotong’s works became the first sources, from which it was possible to obtain various information about the Chinese village. His works made us think about the laws of social development and on what methods they should be studied. He believed that it was necessary not only to develop sociology but to go its way, to strive to develop Chinese sociology with all its specifics. Fei Xiaotong devoted his entire life to studying Chinese society and the changes taking place in it. The main stimulus that inspired him all his life was the hope that the Chinese peasants will live better and better, and with them, China will become stronger and more prosperous state.

Mapping thixo-elasto-visco-plastic behavior

A century ago, and more than a decade before the term rheology was formally coined, Bingham introduced the concept of plastic flow above a critical stress to describe steady flow curves observed in English china clay dispersions. However, in many complex fluids and soft solids, the manifestation of a yield stress is also accompanied by other complex rheological phenomena such as thixotropy and viscoelastic transient responses, both above and below the critical stress. In this perspective article, we discuss efforts to map out the different limiting forms of the general rheological response of such materials by considering higher dimensional extensions of the familiar Pipkin map. Based on transient and nonlinear concepts, the maps first help organize the conditions of canonical flow protocols. These conditions can then be normalized with relevant material properties to form dimensionless groups that define a 3D state space to represent the spectrum of thixotropic elastoviscoplastic (TEVP) material responses.

: (China's Road to Financial Opening: A Perspective of Chinese Individual Outward Investments and the Role of Hong Kong)

Chinese Abstract: 随着中国资本项目的进一步开放，未来可期中国成为金融大国，其中一个表现就是中国企业和居民的对外投资会呈现非常高速的增长。伴随着数十年中国经济高速增长，私人财富总额与高净值家庭数量持续快速增长，离岸投资和财富管理需求日益强劲。同时，在中国大陆，金融抑制还依然严重，资产配置及投资需求难以得到满足，到境外寻找保值和增值的“替代性”投资具有其微观理性。从宏观的角度讲，有序地放开个人境外投资有利于治理流动性泛滥、缓解资产泡沫、通货膨胀和人民币被升值、推进资本项目开放。从战略上看，中国是一个官方债权大国，风险大而集中，应积极向“私人债权大国”转型，而“藏汇于民”并鼓励其对外投资是金融开放和战略转型的必由之路，将助推中国成为金融大国。个人境外投资的路径应该遵循有中国特色的资本账户渐进开放道路，在“主动、可控、渐进”的原则下，香港是中国大陆个人海外投资的首选之地。通过香港的优势、劣势、机会和挑战（SWOT）分析，笔者提出两个顶层设计。一是香港应该引领中国资本“走出去”的潮流，抓住中国金融业“十二五”规划提出将香港建设成国际资产管理中心和人民币离岸中心的机遇，选择金融这一支柱产业升级转型现有的购物天堂，以金融产品为导向、以财富管理和金融服务为核心，积极打造成一个 “金融购物天堂”。二是香港应该积极推动人民币国际化，力争离岸人民币和国际资产价格的定价权，与纽约、伦敦等世界级金融中心相媲美、相竞争，成为未来全球可能出现的美元、欧元、人民币等多元储备货币体系中的“东方之珠”。English Abstract: China will become a global financial power as its capital account liberalization accelerates. In particular, gross flows out of China and outward investment would be substantial for several reasons. First, China’s total amount of private wealth and the number of high-net-worth families have been growing steadily with the rapid economic growth for decades. The demand for offshore investment and wealth management are increasingly strong. Second, investors’ demand for asset allocation and investment is hardly met given the significant financial repression in China. Thus, individual investors have strong incentive to seek for oversea investment opportunities. From a macro perspective, an orderly liberalization of outward investment for individuals can ease the excess liquidity, asset bubbles, inflation and the appreciation of RMB. From the strategic point of view, China is a big creditor with most of the foreign exchange reserves held in official institutions. Such public debt financing is risky and concentrated and thus should be transformed into private debt financing. The key is to allow individuals to hold more foreign exchange reserves and encourage them to invest oversea, which would lead China to become a global financial power.Following capital account liberalization with Chinese characteristics, which is a proactive, controllable and gradualist path, Hong Kong is a preferred destination of Chinese individual outward investment. Based on SWOT analysis of Hong Kong, I propose the following top-down designs. Hong Kong should lead the trend of Chinese capital outflow and seize the opportunity outlined in the China’s ‘twelfth five-year plan’, which aims to build Hong Kong as an international asset management center and offshore RMB center, to further upgrade the existing financial service industry into a ‘financial shopping paradise’. Meanwhile, Hong Kong should actively promote the internationalization of RMB, and gain the pricing power of offshore RMB and international asset, to run parallel to and compete with world-class international financial centers, such as New York and London, and become a ‘Pearl of the Orient’ in the future international monetary system with multiple reserve currencies of US dollar, Euro and RMB.

Original plant identification of Dai nationality herb “Daibaijie”

To identify the original plant of "Daibaijie", commonly used Dai herb. The literature review, morphology and anatomy, pharmacognosy, molecular biology, chemistry were used to analysis. Daibaijie's historical scientific name, Dregea sinensis Hemsl., was mistakenly given "Daibaijie" and D. sinensis have significant differences from the distribution, morphology and anatomy, pharmacognosy, molecular biology and chemical composition. "Daibaijie" matches with the characteristics of Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon in Flora of China in English. Daibaijie's original plant is M. tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon. The description and illustration of M. tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon in Flora of China in China are wrong. The illustration of M. tenacissima in Flora of China in English is wrong too.

The First Casualty: Truth, Lies and Commercial Opportunism in Chinese Newspapers during the First Sino-Japanese War

The First Sino-Japanese War during 1894 and 1895 was a dramatic moment in world events. Not only did it catch the attention of the West but, for as long as it lasted, it became a central focus of readers of newspapers in China in both English and Chinese. The Chinese public was extremely eager to read any news that could be gathered about the war, and newspaper proprietors grasped this opportunity to promote their businesses, competing to provide the latest information using wartime reporting practices already established in Britain and the United States. This paper explores the competition between two commercial Chinese language newspapers,ShenbaoandXinwenbao, in order to elucidate the relationships between patriotism, profit and readership during the First Sino-Japanese War. By comparing and contrasting how news of the war was reported in both publications, and how it was received by the public, we learn something of how these newspapers operated in gathering and publishing reports of tremendous national events, and gain insight into how commercial interests and readers' reactions to news events influenced editorial policy.

Minimum wage effects on employment and wages: dif‐in‐dif estimates from eastern China

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of minimum wages on employment and wages in China.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses the difference‐in‐difference methodology to estimate the employment and wage impacts of the minimum wage increase in 2003 – a year when substantial minimum wage increases occurred in some provinces (treatment provinces) but not in others (comparison provinces). The analysis is restricted to the eastern region so as to make comparisons across relatively homogeneous and contiguous provinces with large numbers of women and rural migrant workers in urban areas – the target groups for minimum wages.FindingsThe study finds that overall, minimum wages in China do have an adverse employment effect but the effect is statistically insignificant and quantitatively inconsequential. The adverse employment effects are generally larger in the more market‐driven sectors, in the low‐wage sector of retail and wholesale trade and restaurants, and for women; however even these effects are extremely small. Minimum wages also had no impact on aggregate wages. These estimates appear consistent with many of those based on this methodology which tends to find no substantial adverse employment effect from minimum wages.Practical implicationsGood news: minimum wages do not seem to have any substantial adverse employment effect in China. Bad news: this could simply reflect the fact that they are not enforced.Originality/valueThis is one of the few studies of effect of minimum wages in China in English, and using a difference‐in‐difference methodology as first employed by Card.

Creative industries in China: four perspectives on social transformation

In late 2004, the concept of the creative industries arrived in China. It was warmly welcomed in Shanghai and then subsequently adopted with some degree of caution in Beijing. In the years since, officials, scholars, practitioners, entrepreneurs and developers have exploited the idea of creative industries, and a range of associated terms, to construct an alternative vision of an emerging China. In 2009, Li Wuwei, the director of the Shanghai Creative Industries Association, himself a leading player in national political reform, released a book titled Creativity is Changing China (Chuangyi gaibian Zhongguo), subsequently translated as Creative Industries are Changing China in English. The paper investigates the uptake of the creative industries in China and asks: Can they really change China, or are they just rearranging the cultural landscape in some cities?

Teaching Historical and Current Events from Multiple Perspectives The Korean War and Six-Party Talks

Comparing international history textbooks creates a perfect opportunity for students to see the complexity and controversy of history interpretation of certain events. Such a critical comparative approach helps students understand how people in different countries perceive and interpret the Korean War, its aftermath, and its effects on current international relation-ships. In this article, we suggest that teachers approach the Korean War and the Six-Party Talks in two ways: Six-Party Discussion Table motivation activities and analysis of middle school history textbook excerpts about the Korean War in the six countries. Detailed lesson plans and handouts are provided for teachers to facilitate these discussions. These include the directions and procedures for the activities, teachers' guide, suggested answers, textbook excerpts from the United States, and textbook excerpts translated into English China, Japan, Russia, North Korea, and South Korea.

China English and ELT for English Majors

This paper is a general study of one of varieties of English—China English and its influence on English Language Teaching (ELT) for English majors. The status of English as an International language breaks the situation in which British English or American English is the sole standard. English becomes World Englishes, taking on a plural form, which include many varieties of English with nativized cultural, political and economical characteristics. Researchers in China believe that China English as a variety of English has been objectively in existence and become a lingua franca. It consolidates the cultural identity of the Chinese speakers of English, enriches the multiple identities of English and plays an important role in promoting Chinese culture internationally. For teachers of English majors, it presents challenges to their traditional view of language teaching.

Physicochemical effects on uncontaminated kaolinite due to electrokinetic treatment using inert electrodes

To determine the consequences of applying electrokinetics to clay soils, in terms of mechanisms acting and resulting effects on the clay, tests were conducted in which an electrical gradient was applied across controlled specimens of English China Clay (ECC) using ‘inert’ electrodes and a ‘Reverse Osmosis’ water feed to the electrodes (i.e., to mimic electrokinetic stabilisation without the stabiliser added or electrokinetic remediation without the contaminant being present). The specimens in which electromigration was induced over time periods of 3, 7, 14 and 28 days were subsequently tested for Atterberg Limits, undrained shear strength using a hand shear vane, water content, pH, conductivity and zeta potential. Water flowed through the system from anode to cathode and directly affected the undrained shear strength of the clay. Acid and alkali fronts were created around the anode and cathode, respectively, causing changes in the pH, conductivity and zeta potential of the soil. Variations in zeta potential were linked to flocculation and dispersion of the soil particles, thus raising or depressing the Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit, and influencing the undrained shear strength. Initial weakening around the anode and cathode was replaced by a regain of strength at the anode once acidic conditions had been created, while highly alkaline conditions at the cathode induced a marked improvement in strength. A novel means of indicating strength improvement by chemical means, i.e., free from water content effects, is presented to assist in interpretation of the results.

A history of contemporary Chinese literature

A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature, by Hong Zicheng, translated by Michael M. Day. Leiden: Brill, 2007. xx + 636 pp. euro104.00/US$149.00 (hardcover). This book is an ambitious, even heroic effort in two distinct ways: first, as a comprehensive history of a controversial subject, written and published in China for a Chinese audience in 1999; secondly, as the translation of a work that requires extensive adaptation for people who read about China in English. In effect, it is two books in one, raising questions about its target audience: who, other than people who can read Chinese anyway, would find this translation a helpful entry into understanding Chinese literature? Is it a reference work, a handy guide, or an original, theorized view of the creative endeavors of Chinese writers? A few problems are immediately evident. Hong has adopted an orthodox mainland periodization which classifies literature from the New Culture movement to the late 1940s as modern and the literature from 1949 to the present as contemporary. This may come as a disappointment to readers who expect contemporary to refer to the more recent present. It also means that about half the book has little interest for most readers in English, who justifiably ignore the great bulk of literature produced in the 1950s and 1960s. Some readers may also find it a problem that Hong fails to credit any scholarly work on modern Chinese literature written in any language but Chinese and published anywhere but in China, the only exceptions being T. A. Hsia and C. T. Hsia. Written entirely within the conventions of mainland literary history, the first few chapters on the ideological debates of the 1950s and 1960s make uninspired reading. These debates were of huge importance to those involved at the time and still have considerable historical interest to specialists in literary politics. However, now that this period is receding ever faster into the past and is seen as an aberration rather than a harbinger of the future, it is doubtful whether anyone but a small handful of scholars remain interested. (Specialists, nonetheless, will notice that Hong's judgements on leftist and non-leftist factions of the 1940s and 1950s are carefully nuanced.) Biographical and critical remarks on individual writers and their work get under way in two chapters on poetry. Hong's welcome attention to poetry, a characteristic of traditional Chinese literary history, is backed by fine detail and analysis. Hong's approach in the four fiction chapters is more unconventional, starting with a list of writers who gave up creative writing in the 1950s and giving due attention to commercially successful writers such as Zhang Hengshui. Chapters on non-fiction prose and on drama are followed by a composite chapter on works subjected to critical attack in the lead-up to the Cultural Revolution (CR). Part 1 concludes with three chapters on the CR itself, ending with a closing chapter on the non-official writing of the 1970s. The inclusion of early works by writers such as Bei Dao and Duo Duo shows clearly that the socalled New Era Literature (here new period literature) which is usually said to have followed the collapse of the CR is actually a product of the CR, just as the origins of the revolutionary model theatre and its offshoots are in the 1950s and 1960s. For most readers, nevertheless, even this is remote history, and the real interest is in Part 2, especially in the best-selling novels of the 1990s. Hong begins Part 2 by tracing the gradual decline of poetry from the Today (Jintian) group to the grouplets that succeeded it in the 1980s. By spreading this discussion over several chapters, however, Hong disconnects the Today group from its role in the human rights activities of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and analyzes its impact as a literary movement only when its existence within China had come to an end. The four chapters on fiction are also oddly organized, so that Ah Cheng's king stories come after fiction by Jia Pingwa and Mo Yan. …

Archaeology of an Early 20th Century Carcass Disposal Pit, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State College

Three buried carcass disposal pits, containing the bones of numerous large animals, primarily horse, plus smaller taxa, and a variety of associated artifacts, were unexpectedly discovered during 2006 as a result of earth moving activities associated with the construction of an addition to Memorial Union, Iowa State University, Ames. Over a period of 11 days, a program of archaeological excavation documented a remnant of one of these features. Pit 2 dates to ca. 1910-1912 and contains carcasses discarded from laboratory classes in anatomy taught in the Division of Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State College, as well as a variety of historical artifacts. The skeletal specimens include the remains of at least 19 mature to aged horses, plus a handful of cow, dog, pig, cat, chicken, and rodent remains. The intact portion of the bonebed was filled and buried over the course of a short time, probably less than a single year. Two organizationally distinct but contemporaneous debris streams contributed to Pit 2, incorporating carcasses from the Veterinary Medicine program as well as historical artifacts from inside the Veterinary Hospital. The discard of a diverse assemblage of historical items, including bottles with corks still in place, complete pieces of English ironstone china, a cut glass goblet, ceramic crockey, electrical insulators, oil lantern parts, and numerous small items including shell and bone buttons, was coordinated with the dumping of carcass portions, probably over the course of a single academic year taught by the Division of Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State College. Pit 2 is one of at least three similar features situated in a paddock located behind the Veterinary Medicine building, reflecting a long established tradition of carcass disposal in this area, probably dating to 1884-1885.

Extracting values from mine dumps and tailings

The mineral processing industry is the largest user of magnetic separation. This market is largely made up of low-gradient separators using iron circuits. The Superconducting High Gradient Magnetic Separators (SHGMS), originally developed at English China Clays, has resulted in approximately 30 large machines using liquid helium, with separation channels of 0.5–1 m diameter, distributed throughout the world. The recently developed so-called Dry Superconducting Magnetic Separators with two stage coolers used between 8 and 12 kW replace the liquid helium. These machines are lighter and much more mobile than the liquid helium machines and show promise for the upgrading of many low grade ores. There is a continual pressure in the mineral industry to cut costs or increase efficiency and this applies particularly to the metal industry. This pressure comes from at least two quarters and these are the discovery and use of replacement materials and the use of lower grade ores having lower concentrations of value and with a smaller liberation size. This paper considers a few examples of where superconducting separators can be used to concentrate low grade minerals from mine dumps which exist across the world. Often the gangue materials are coated with small quantities of magnetite which saturates at less than 2 T but with 6 T available from SHGMS, there is a large difference in magnetic moment between the gangue materials and the value to be concentrated. This paper discusses the concentration of uranium and gold from the leached residues from Witwatersrand, South Africa, dumps from other regions of South Africa for the concentration of platinum group metals, concentration of V, Pb and Zn from dumps of 8 million tonnes in Zambia. The recovery of titanium from mining dumps in China is also a real possibility as described below. The recovery of U and Au from Olympic Dam, Australia, the extraction of Au from slag at Zalau, Romania, the extraction of tungsten and tin from mining dumps in England are interesting possibilities. Mining dumps exist throughout the world and can be exploited whenever the economics are suitable.

Soil Stabilization Using Basic Oxygen Steel Slag Fines

The uses of byproducts such as blastfurnace slag and steel slag [electric arc furnace slag and basic oxygen steel (BOS) slag, and ground granulated blastfurnace slag] have long been established in a number of applications in the civil engineering industry. However, the use of ground BOS slag fines in the area of soil stabilization has not been fully investigated and developed despite having similar chemical composition and mineralogy to that of Portland cement. This paper describes a laboratory investigation for English China clay and Mercia mudstone, which are stabilized with three BOS slag fines from three different steel production sites in the United Kingdom. The investigation also included using mixture of BOS slag fines and two different activators: quicklime and sodium metasilicate. The results indicate that the use of BOS slag fines produce improvements in strength and durability, and also reduction in expansion. However, to achieve significant improvements in strength soils required a high percentage (15–20%) of BOS slag fines and a long curing period.