China In 1990s Research Articles

Folklore and Global Cross-cultural Communication in the Communist World: Poland and China in the 1950s

ABSTRACT This article analyses the state-sponsored efforts of cross-cultural communication between Poland and China in the early 1950s. These exchanges took the form of lavishly sponsored tours of each country’s best folkloristic song-and-dance troupes. These tours were based on a shared vision of a global socialist unity that could overcome the ‘imperialistic’ divisions of race, nation and class. This article demonstrates how in both countries intellectuals and activists engaged in a parallel development of folklore for their political ends, and how the experiences of past suffering and struggle in both countries were used to maximize the emotional and political impact of these contacts.

Study on the Influence of Fairy Tale Realism on Xixi's Novel Creation

Magic realism was introduced into China in 1970s. Due to the special historical, geographical and cultural background of Hong Kong, Hong Kong literature developed freely and independently with less ideological constraints. Ye Si and Xixi once represented the Hong Kong cultural elite and directly integrated with western culture. As early as 1950s and 1960s, they began to experiment with magical realism to write, almost following the literary trend in Latin America. The book Flying Felt is a linear series of the rise and fall of the Hua family, with magical realism and fairy tale realism, to write the century-old secular life history of Hong Kong (Feitu Town). This paper takes Xixi's Flying Felt as the main research object, and from the perspective of fairy tale realism, summarizes Xixi's "improved" writing of magical realism and diversified writing of fairy tale realism through narrative techniques and language styles in his works, and analyzes the artistic treatment of historical issues in his works. At the same time, it discusses the expression of Hong Kong local consciousness in Xixi's novels.

The Association Between Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Parathyroid Hormone Levels.

Cadmium exposure is associated with renal dysfunction and bone damage. Chronic kidney disease and bone loss are also related to parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, whether cadmium exposure affect PTH level is not completely understood. In this study, we observed the association between environmental cadmium exposure and PTH levels in a Chinese population. A ChinaCd study was performed in China in 1990s which included 790 subjects living in heavily, moderately and low cadmium polluted area. 354 of them (121 men and 233 women) also had the data of serum PTH. The cadmium levels in blood (BCd) and urine (UCd) were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Serum PTH was detected by immunoradiometric assay. Renal function was assessed based on urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (UNAG), β2-microglobulin (UBMG) and urinary albumin (UALB). The median BCd and UCd levels were 4.69 μg/L and 5.50 μg/g creatinine. The BCd, UCd, UNAG, UBMG and UALB levels in subjects with low PTH (< 5.0 ng/L) were significantly higher than those with PTH ≥ 5.0 ng/L (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Spearman correlation analysis also showed that UCd level was negatively correlated to PTH levels (r = -0.17, p = 0.008)in women. A weak correlation was also observed between PTH level and BCd in women (r = -0.11, p = 0.09) and UBMG in total population(r = -0.114, p = 0.07). Univariable and mutivariable logistic regression analysis both demonstrated that high BCd (> 10 μg/L) (odds ratio (OR) = 2.26, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.10-4.63; OR = 2.36, 95%CI: 1.11-5.05) and UCd level (> 20 μg/g cr) (OR = 2.84, 95% CI:1.32-6.10; OR = 2.97, 95%CI: 1.25-7.05) were associated with high risk of low PTH. Our data showed that environmental cadmium exposure was associated with low PTH level.

TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis of indica rice cultivars reveals that novel components of the signaling pathways might play a role in grain length regulation

Grain length is one of the most important rice grain appearance components. To better understand the protein regulated by grain length in indica rice, the tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with LC-MS/MS analysis was used for quantitative identification of differentially regulated proteins by comparing six long-grain cultivars (MeiB, LongfengB, YexiangB, FengtianB, WantaiB, and DingxiangB) to the short-grain cultivar BoB, respectively. A total of 6622 proteins were detected for quantitative analysis by comparing protein content of six long-grain cultivars to the short-grain cultivar, and 715 proteins were significantly regulated, consisting of 336 uniquely over-accumulated proteins and 355 uniquely down-accumulated proteins. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that most of accumulated proteins are involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Four down-accumulated proteins maybe involved in the signaling pathways for grain length regulation. LC-PRM/MS quantitative analysis was used to analyze 10 differentially expressed proteins. The results were almost consistent with the TMT quantitative analysis. qRT-PCR analysis results showed that the transcription level was not always parallel to the protein content. This study identified many novel grain length accumulated proteins through the quantitative proteomics approach, providing candidate genes for further study of grain size regulatory mechanisms. SignificanceRice grain length is one of the most important characteristics influencing appearance and yield. Six long-grain cultivars (MeiB, LongfengB, YexiangB, FengtianB, WantaiB, and DingxiangB obtained in Guangxi province of China from the 2000s to 2020s) and one short-grain cultivar (BoB obtained in Guangxi province of China in 1980s) were used for comparative analyses. Totally, 715 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified using TMT-base proteomic analysis. The numbers of DEPs increased as the grain length increased. 4 DEPs may be related to rice's signaling pathways for grain size regulation. A total of 85 DEPs regulated in at least four long-grain cultivars compared with the short-grain cultivar BoB, and 7 proteins were over-accumulated, and 3 proteins were down-accumulated in six long-grain cultivars. These findings provide valuable information to better understand the mechanisms of protein regulation by grain length in rice.

Christian Women in Chinese Society: The Anglican Story

This book originates from a conference in 2015 of the same name, and contains eleven of the papers presented. It explores the roles and contribution of women, foreign and Chinese, in the Anglican community and the wider society of modern China, within a context where Christianity could be seen as collaborating with but also liberating from oppressions of colonialism and the patriarchal culture in Asia.The book begins with a section on cross-cultural partnership. Kwok Pui-lan’s broad-sketching conceptual paper sets the scene by suggesting a transnational, cross-cultural approach set against the progressive womanhood emerging in a global modern era. This is followed by two chapters on education enterprises across decades of political and social turbulence: one on the St. Hilda Girls’ School in urban central China, by Judith Liu, which aimed originally at evangelization but eventually emerged as a vanguard of Christian women along the lines of social gospel, and another on Bible Women in rural southern China, by Zhou Yun, in which women missionaries and converts formed intimate personal relationship, facilitating cross-cultural interaction and the forming of a local Christian identity.The second section centers on women and ordained ministry. Peter Cunich traces how three southern dioceses in China (Fukien, Kwangsi-Hunan, and South China) implemented the Lambeth resolution of 1920 and ordained female deaconesses during the 1920s–1930s. Philip Wickeri then provides a historical reconstruction of the life of Florence Li Tim Oi, portraying her not only as a spearhead for female priesthood in the Anglican community, but also as a person, with weaknesses, sufferings and hurts. Angela Wong closes the section by investigating the ordination of the five female priests by invitation of Bishop Hall and Bishop Baker and identifies the unique intercultural position and progressive characteristics of China and Hong Kong that paved the way for such pioneering actions.The third section offers a collection of life stories. Frances Slater and Jennifer Lin, respectively, tell of the Wolfe sisters, single women CMS missionaries and daughters of Archdeacon J. R. Wolfe, and Zhan Aimei, a rural farm girl whose course of life led her to become the matriarch of a prominent Christian family. These two accounts draw on family histories and provide different personal perspectives on the lives and ministries of Christian women in southern China, complementing the scene of previous chapters. Then Ruiwen Chen describes the life of Kuo Siu-may, who worked closely with her husband K. H. Ting (later bishop) and served in education and academia from the early decades of Communist China, through the Cultural Revolution, until the opening of China in 1980s.The last section addresses the community service of Anglican women. Duan Qi’s paper, translated by Janice Wickeri, states the development and ministries of the CHSKH Women’s Missionary Service League from 1921 through to 1947, extending the legacy of the Women’s Auxiliary of the Episcopal Mission Board. The book concludes with Jane Lee’s chapter recounting the women’s work of the church in Hong Kong since 1860, highlighting its efforts in education, significant incidents such as the anti–mui tsai movement, and individuals such as Dr. Judith Hall and Rev. Dorothy Lau.The historical contexts of these narratives are often challenged as being synonymous to imperial, colonial, and patriarchal oppression. And yet, individuals and enterprises narrated in this volume come across with a subtle, egalitarian spirit. It would be interesting to know how this plays out across the social stratum of different classes, and when venturing beyond coastal China (from Shanghai, Fukien province, down to Canton province, Hong Kong, and Kwangsi province) and the inland port of Wuhan, known as “the thoroughfare of nine provinces.”Fourth in the series “Historical Studies of Anglican Christianity in China,” this book contributes both to the religious history of modern China and the history of Christianity in China by providing detailed documentations. As such, it is mainly descriptive, except for Kwok’s paper at the start. While centering on the same theme, the chapters are rather independent, and could be read both separately or in sequence. Seven of the papers also appear in the Chinese edition (聖公會敘事：基督教婦女與華人社會).

Environmental Background Values of Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Properties in Different Soils in Shenzhen

Research on the characteristics of environmental background values of soil can provide a scientific basis for setting regional standards for soils. To determine the characteristics of environmental background values and main influencing factors of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Co, V, Cd, and Hg) in soils in Shenzhen, 500 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected by decision unit multi increment sampling (DUMS) from 500 soil background sites in the whole city, including 405 latosolic red soil, 77 red soil, and 18 yellow soil samples. The results show that the concentrations of heavy metals in red soil are relatively low in general, and those of Cr, Ni, Co, and V in latosolic red soil and Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb, and Cd in yellow soil are higher. Compared with the environmental background values of soil in the Seventh Five-year Plan of China in 1980s, the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, and V in latosolic red soil, red soil, and yellow soil are lower, the concentrations of Cd and Hg are similar, and the concentration of Pb is higher. The spatial distribution patterns of the nine heavy metals are significantly different. Pb, Zn, and Co present an obvious zonal distribution pattern, while Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Cd, and Hg present a point-like distribution pattern. Moreover, the correlation analysis between heavy metal content and physicochemical properties of different soils showed that the correlation between heavy metal content and physicochemical properties of latosolic red soil was the most significant. Stepwise regression analysis was used to elucidate the relationship between heavy metal content in latosolic red soil, and physicochemical properties were quantified. The physicochemical properties affecting heavy metal content in latosolic red soil were found to be mechanical composition, pH, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity.

Current Status and Challenge of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in China.

Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease, is a highly infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Without specific host tropism, PRV can infect a wide variety of mammals, including pig, sheep, cattle, etc., thereby causing severe clinical symptoms and acute death. PRV was firstly reported in China in 1950s, while outbreaks of emerging PRV variants have been documented in partial regions since 2011, leading to significant economic losses in swine industry. Although scientists have been devoting to the design of diagnostic approaches and the development of vaccines during the past years, PR remains a vital infectious disease widely prevalent in Chinese pig industry. Especially, its potential threat to human health has also attracted the worldwide attention. In this review, we will provide a summary of current understanding of PRV in China, mainly focusing on PRV history, the existing diagnosis methods, PRV prevalence in pig population and other susceptible mammals, molecular characteristics, and the available vaccines against its infection. Additionally, promising agents including traditional Chinese herbal medicines and novel inhibitors that may be employed to treat this viral infection, are also discussed.

Vulnerability of oasis agriculture to sandstorm disasters in Xinjiang, China

A vulnerability assessment index system and model for oasis agriculture to sandstorm disaster had been constructed. The concept was based on the characteristics of oasis agriculture, from the view of comprehensive disaster reduction and regional sustainable development. Seven main oasis agricultural regions in Xinjiang, China in 1980s, 1990s and 2000s were considered. Focusing on the sensitivity of regional hazard formative environments and the adaptability of sandstorm disaster affected bodies, the vulnerability of oasis agriculture was assessed. The results showed that the vulnerability of oasis agriculture to sandstorm disaster changes in different periods and is mainly affected by sensitivity of climate and adaptability of local agricultural conditions. During the past three decades, the sensitivity has been enhanced in some regions, but the vulnerability of the region has not been significantly reduced because of the enhancement of human adaptability.

1930년대 중국의 문학검열기제와 출판미디어의 대응전략

1930년대 중국의 문학검열기제와 출판미디어의 대응전략

『상하이의 아침』을 통해 본 1950년대 중국 사회주의 개조양상 연구 - 자본가와 혁명가를 중심으로

『상하이의 아침』을 통해 본 1950년대 중국 사회주의 개조양상 연구 - 자본가와 혁명가를 중심으로

Complete mitochondrial genome characterization of Cirrhinus mrigala from the Three Gorges Reservoir in China

Cirrhinus mrigala is a fish introduced from India to the south China in 1980s, and a large number of this species is found in the Three Gorges Reservoir of the upper Yangtze River now, which might pose a great threat to the indigenous fish. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of C. mrigala from the Three Gorges Reservoir. The complete mitochondrial genome was 16,595 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA) and one non-coding control region (D-loop). The overall nucleotide composition was 32.05% (A), 24.48% (T), 15.49% (G) and 27.98% (C). The phylogenetic tree indicated that C. mrigala was related to Sinilabeo rendahli, Abbottina rivularis and Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus. The results can provide basic genetic information for subsequent population genetic and phylogenetic researches, which will be helpful for understanding the genetic resource dynamic of C. mrigala in areas outside of its native distribution.

The Legacy of Elisabeth Maria Redelstein, RN

Popularly known as “the China Nurse,” Elisabeth Redelstein was one of the most influential missionary nurses the Seventh-day Adventist Church ever had. Her life of service included her caring for patients in the United States, China, and Taiwan. Her devotion to work led her into friendship with the ruling family of China in the 1930s. Her zeal for health empowerment, including educating nurses in China and Taiwan, arose from her passion for women’s emancipation. Her commitment to the gospel and evangelization led her to engage in relief, social intervention, and rehabilitation efforts in Germany following the Second World War.

1930년대 중국 경험 이후 김태준의 조선학 연구와 역사동력 인식

1930년대 중국 경험 이후 김태준의 조선학 연구와 역사동력 인식

Study the Status and Path of Reform of Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Civil Engineering Education System

Innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities has been comprehensively deployed and promoted and the top-level policy document of “mass entrepreneurship and innovation” has been launched at the national level. The document of “opinions on deepening the reform of innovation and entrepreneurship education in institutions of higher learning” has been published especially for higher education, which specially deploys the education of innovation and entrepreneurship in the field of higher education. The ministry of education carries the comprehensive layout on the innovation and entrepreneurship education when colleges and universities make the regulations of cultivate virtue and the vocational reform and other top policy documents. The higher education must be adapted to the society development of economy, politics, technology and culture. The relatively complete engineering education system has been established in China in 1950s in accordance with the model of former soviet-union. But in general, it cannot meet the needs of engineering technical personnel with high-quality in the construction market. It starts early and develops rapidly in foreign countries in the aspects of research and practice of innovation and entrepreneurship, which has become more and more mature for colleges and universities in the construction of educational system of innovation and entrepreneurship. So, it has rich experience and is worth learning.

Советские спецтургруппы как акторы культурной дипломатии в Китае в 1950—1960-е годы

Советские спецтургруппы как акторы культурной дипломатии в Китае в 1950—1960-е годы

1980년대 한국 대자본의 중국 경제교류 배경과 인식

1980년대 한국 대자본의 중국 경제교류 배경과 인식

1980년대 중국의 문학 주체성론 고찰

1980년대 중국의 문학 주체성론 고찰

1930년대 중국의 統制經濟論과 근대 인식

The article aimed to focus on the significance of the discourse of controlled economy that had been popular over the intellectual milieu of China in 1930s. The article pursued to overview the intellectual trend in that period, in particular, investigate various moments and points for its emergence within the context of the perception of modernization.BR In 1930s the world encountered a great deal of demand for the reformation of capitalism, which was closely connected to the formation and the spread of the discourse of controlled economy in China. The contrast between the crisis of the Great Depression by the United States of America and the celebration of the Five-year plan by the Soviet Union defined the characteristic of the discourse of controlled economy in China as contemporary reaction. The foundation of the Nanjing Government strongly involved in the formation of the discourse. The political circumstances since introduction of the government and the outbreak of the Manchurian Affair further complicated the discourse. The Principle of People’s Livelihood, a prototype of the Chinese non-capitalist modernization, played a significant role for the discourse of controlled economy to broaden its ideological scope by its being converged with the discourse, and the practice of Principle itself also became expanded and deepened by it.BR The article particularly emphasized that the discourse of controlled economy enabled related discussions for a subjective pathway to the modernization of China grounded upon the periodic circumstance of 1930s. Here, I argued that the implication for the discourse of controlled economy lay in the fact that it sparked the alteration of the discourse of modernization itself. Such qualitative change in perception further conditioned the intellectual trend in 1940s along with non-capitalist scope. There are three connected clues in terms of the acceptance to the discourse of controlled economy: First, the socialist perspective in Chinese intellectual milieu was rather gradually underscored via the structure of the discourse of controlled economy. Second, there had been formed a wide agreement with mixed economy as a result of subjective acceptance of the discourse. Three, there occurred politico-intellectual divergence according to the subjects, and accelerated the political changes in 1940s. The discourse of controlled economy in China not only reveal the intellectual significance of 1930s, but it also allow us to glimpse the characteristic of the Chinese Revolution in the twentieth century. More studies on the topic are anticipated.

Public health experiences from interwar Croatia (Yugoslavia) and making western medicine in the 1930s China

To gain control and domination over a particular territory, medicine was often used as a tool for promoting different interests. Using the activities of the League of Nations Health Organization and the Rockefeller Foundation on the territory of China in 1930s, this paper analyses the interconnection of the international and local factors in the transformation of the traditional Chinese milieu to suit the new and trendy public health projects. These activities were conducted not only to improve the public health conditions in the country, but also to introduce the Chinese public health to the processes of internationalization and standardization to the west oriented type of medicine and medical education. Initiated processes necessarily interfered with the political influences, economical interests and cultural environment as well as with military actions in this very turbulent time of Chinese history. Public health activities were carried out by the group of international experts. Among them the main position took two Croatian physicians: Andrija Štampar (one of the founders of the World Health Organisation later) and Berislav Borčić (a director of the School of Public Health in Zagreb). On the basis of correspondence between these two physicians, as well as the travel diary of Andrija Štampar, this essay presents some less known details about the situation in China and the interlacing between politics and medicine.

Soviet-Chinese Cooperation in the Architecture and Construction in China in the 1950s

Soviet-Chinese Cooperation in the Architecture and Construction in China in the 1950s