Continental China Research Articles

Introduction

This special issue contains six essays that pose interesting questions to the current practices in overseas Chinese studies. At the heart is the thorny issue: how do we take into consideration the outlying island territories that surround continental China—insular states such as Taiwan, Quemoy, and the Ryukyus, among others? What happens when migration takes place to and from these island territories? While these island territories are geographically located along the east coast of continental China, they have been the receiving destinations, as well as sending origins, of translocal Chinese migrants. The dynamics and complexities among the migration loops, national boundaries, cultural identities, colonial/postcolonial disruptions, economic networks, geo-political blocks and regional formations, etc. have made these island territories the foci of the contested terrains in East Asia. The interactions between continental China and these island territories, and those among these various insular sites have formed translocal contact zones that deserve a critical investigation. The six essays in this issue address topics that arise from the intimate and recurrent entanglements among these continent-island intertwined migrations in East Asia—especially those to and from Taiwan, Quemoy, and the Ryukyus. (This article is in English.)

Geochronology and geochemistry of Late Cretaceous–Paleocene granitoids in the Sikhote-Alin Orogenic Belt: Petrogenesis and implications for the oblique subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate

We present zircon U–Pb ages, major and trace element analyses, and zircon Hf isotope data on the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene granitoids at the southern end of the Sikhote-Alin Orogenic Belt of the Russian Far East. These data are used to discuss the petrogenesis of the granitoids in the context of the paleo-Pacific subduction beneath the eastern Eurasia. Zircons from four granitoid samples give emplacement ages of ~56, ~83, ~91, and ~92Ma. These granitoids with high SiO2 (73.43–76.76wt%) are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous (A/CNK=0.97–1.03) and belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series (K2O=3.75–4.95wt%). They are all enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), and relatively depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs) with striking depletion also in Ba, Sr, P and Eu. They are petrographically and geochemically consistent with being of I-type granitoids. The zircons have εHf (t) values (−0.8 to +7.6) higher than whole-rock εHf (t) values predicted from whole-rock εNd (t) (−4.1 to +0.5) in the literature. All these observations suggest that primary magmas parental to these granitoids were likely to have derived from partial melting of a juvenile lower crust accompanied by assimilation with ancient mature crust during magma ascent and evolution. A recent study illustrates that the collision of an exotic terrane carried by the paleo-Pacific plate with the continental China at ~100Ma accreted the basement of the Chinese continental shelf (beneath East and South China Seas), and resulted in a new plate boundary of transform nature between the NNW moving paleo-Pacific plate and the eastern margin of the shelf. Our new data and analysis of existing data support this hypothesis, but we hypothesize that this transform becomes transpressional in its northern segment with oblique subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate beneath northeastern Asia as manifested by the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene granitoids in the Russian Far East-NE China (97–56Ma) and South Korea-SW Japan (96–71Ma). These tectonic and magmatic events took place prior to the opening of the Huanghai, Bohai and Japan seas, which are of rift-origin from continental China much later. Our study emphasizes the necessity and significance of plate tectonics reconstruction in the greater northwestern Pacific region since the Cretaceous.

Molecular identification of human enteroviruses associated with aseptic meningitis in Yunnan province, Southwest China.

Human enteroviruses (EVs) are the major causative agents of aseptic meningitis. In this study, a total of 524 children were admitted to the children Kunming hospital (continental China) for aseptic meningitis manifestations in 2009 and 2010. An EV infection was diagnosed in 85/524 children (16.2 %) and the viruses detected were assigned to 16 serotypes. Most serotypes belonged to the enterovirus B species. Echovirus 9 was predominant (24.7 %), followed by coxsackievirus B5 (23.5 %) and then echovirus 30 (16.5 %). Echovirus 9 was firstly identified as the predominant serotype in sporadic aseptic meningitis which occurred in Yunnan, Southwest China. This work indicates the need to perform large-scale surveillance to gain a better insight into the epidemiology of enteroviruses associated with aseptic meningitis in China.

Structural Characteristics and Formation Dynamics: A Review of the Main Sedimentary Basins in the Continent of China

AbstractThe formation and evolution of basins in the China continent are closely related to the collages of many blocks and orogenic belts. Based on a large amount of the geological, geophysical, petroleum exploration data and a large number of published research results, the basement constitutions and evolutions of tectonic–sedimentary of sedimentary basins, the main border fault belts and the orogenesis of their peripheries of the basins are analyzed. Especially, the main typical basins in the eight divisions in the continent of China are analyzed in detail, including the Tarim, Ordos, Sichuan, Songliao, Bohai Bay, Junggar, Qiadam and Qiangtang basins. The main five stages of superimposed evolutions processes of basins revealed, which accompanied with the tectonic processes of the Paleo–Asian Ocean, Tethyan and Western Pacific domains. They contained the formations of main Cratons (1850–800 Ma), developments of marine basins (800–386 Ma), developments of Marine–continental transition basins and super mantle plumes (386–252 Ma), amalgamation of China Continent and developments of continental basins (252–205 Ma) and development of the foreland basins in the western and extensional faulted basin in the eastern of China (205–0 Ma). Therefore, large scale marine sedimentary basins existed in the relatively stable continental blocks of the Proterozoic, developed during the Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic, with the property of the intracontinental cratons and peripheral foreland basins, the multistage superimposing and late reformations of basins. The continental basins developed on the weak or preexisting divisional basements, or the remnant and reformed marine basins in the Meso–Cenozoic, are mainly the continental margins, back–arc basins, retroarc foreland basins, intracontinental rifts and pull–apart basins. The styles and intensity deformation containing the faults, folds and the structural architecture of regional unconformities of the basins, responded to the openings, subductions, closures of oceans, the continent–continent collisions and reactivation of orogenies near the basins in different periods. The evolutions of the Tianshan–Mongol–Hinggan, Kunlun–Qilian–Qinling–Dabie–Sulu, Jiangshao–Shiwandashan, Helanshan–Longmengshan, Taihang–Wuling orogenic belts, the Tibet Plateau and the Altun and Tan–Lu Fault belts have importantly influenced on the tectonic–sedimentary developments, mineralization and hydrocarbon reservoir conditions of their adjacent basins in different times. The evolutions of basins also rely on the deep structures of lithosphère and the rheological properties of the mantle. The mosaic and mirroring geological structures of the deep lithosphère reflect the pre–existed divisions and hot mantle upwelling, constrain to the origins and transforms dynamics of the basins. The leading edges of the basin tectonic dynamics will focus on the basin and mountain coupling, reconstruction of the paleotectonic–paleogeography, establishing relationship between the structural deformations of shallow surface to the deep lithosphère or asthenosphere, as well as the restoring proto–basin and depicting residual basin of the Paleozoic basin, the effects of multiple stages of volcanism and paleo–earthquake events in China.

Evaluation of CMPA precipitation estimate in the evolution of typhoon-related storm rainfall in Guangdong, China

The merged precipitation data of Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique and gauge observations (CMPA) generated for continental China has relatively high spatial and temporal resolution (hourly and 0.1°), while few studies have applied it to investigate the typhoon-related extreme rainfall. This study evaluates the CMPA estimate in quantifying the typhoon-related extreme rainfall using a dense rain gauge network in Guangdong Province, China. The results show that the event-total precipitation from CMPA is generally in agreement with gauges by relative bias (RB) of 2.62, 10.74 and 0.63% and correlation coefficients (CCs) of 0.76, 0.86 and 0.91 for typhoon Utor, Usagi and Linfa events, respectively. At the hourly scale, CMPA underestimates the occurrence of light rain (<1 mm/h) and heavy rain (>16 mm/h), while overestimates the occurrence of moderate rain. CMPA shows high probability of detection (POD = 0.93), relatively large false alarm ratio (FAR = 0.22) and small missing ratio (0.07). CMPA captures the spatial patterns of typhoon-related rain depth, and is in agreement with the spatiotemporal evolution of hourly gauge observations by CC from 0.93 to 0.99. In addition, cautiousness should be taken when applying it in hydrologic modeling for flooding forecasting since CMPA underestimates heavy rain (>16 mm/h).

High-resolution simulation of the spatial pattern of water use in continental China

ABSTRACTHigh-resolution data on the spatial pattern of water use are a prerequisite for appropriate and sustainable water management. Based on one well-validated hydrological model, the Distributed Time Variant Gains Model (DTVGM), this paper obtains reliable high-resolution spatial patterns of irrigation, industrial and domestic water use in continental China. During the validation periods, ranges of correlation coefficient (R) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficient are 0.67–0.96 and 0.51–0.84, respectively, between the observed and simulated streamflow of six hydrological stations, indicating model applicability to simulate the distribution of water use. The simulated water use quantities have relative errors (RE) less than 5% compared with the observed. In addition, the changes in streamflow discharge were also correctly simulated by our model, such as the Zhangjiafen station in the Hai River basin with a dramatic decrease in streamflow, and the Makou station in the Pearl River basin with no significant changes. These changes are combined results of basin available water resources and water use. The obtained high-resolution spatial pattern of water use could decrease uncertainty of hydrological simulation and guide water management efficiently.Editor M.C. Acreman; Associate editor X. Fang

Seismic detections of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor from the dense ChinArray

ChinArray is a dense portable broadband seismic network to cover the entire continental China, and the Phase I is deployed along the north-south seismic belt in southwest China. In this study, we analyze seismic data recorded on the ChinArray following the February 15, 2013 Chelyabinsk (Russia) meteor. This was the largest known object entering the Earth’s atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska meteor. The seismic energy radiated from this event was recorded by seismic stations worldwide including the dense ChinArray that are more than 4000 km away. The weak signal from the meteor event was contaminated by a magnitude 5.8 Tonga earthquake occurred ~20 min earlier. To test the feasibility of detecting the weak seismic signals from the meteor event, we compute vespagram and perform F-K analysis to the surface-wave data. We identify a seismic phase with back azimuth (BAZ) of 329.7° and slowness of 34.73 s/deg, corresponding to the surface wave from the Russian meteor event (BAZ ~325.97°). The surface magnitude (M S) of the meteor event is 3.94 ± 0.18. We also perform similar analysis on the data from the broadband array F-net in Japan, and find the BAZ of the surface waves to be 316.61°. With the different BAZs of ChinArray and F-net, we locate the Russian meteor event at 58.80°N, 58.72°E. The relatively large mislocation (~438 km as compared with 55.15°N, 61.41°E by others) may be a result of the bending propagation path of surface waves, which deviates from the great circle path. Our results suggest that the dense ChinArray and its subarrays could be used to detect weak signals at teleseismic distances.

A new species of Simonsenia from a karst landform, Maolan Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, China

A new species, Simonsenia maolaniana sp. nov., is reported from a typical karst landform, Maolan Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, China. The valves are lanceolate (larger frustules) to elliptical-lanceolate (smaller frustules), widest in the centre of the valve, and narrowly rostrate, not protracted at the ends. The more lanceolate valve outline, greater valve width and coarser structure distinguish S. maolaniana from other Simonsenia species. A direct comparison between the new species and the sympatric (though rare) S. delognei was possible because the two occurred together at Maolan. This is the first report of Simonsenia from continental China.

Mandarin lessons: modernity, colonialism and Chinese cultural nationalism in the Dutch East Indies, c.1900s

ABSTRACTThe Chinese Association in the Dutch East Indies, known locally as the Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan (THHK) was first established in Batavia in 1900. A key objective of the THHK’s foundation was the creation of modern schools instructing in Mandarin for local Chinese students. At the turn of the 20th century, this odd choice of instructional language led to highly charged debates about languages, pedagogical efficacy, practicality, modernity-tradition and cultural authenticity. Using underutilized source materials in the local Malay-Hokkien vernacular, this article revisits these debates amongst the Chinese in the Dutch colony. This article interrogates the transparency of common ethnicity in analyses of Chinese nationalisms that developed outside of continental China. Drawing on the concept of “literary governance” as well as comparative work by scholars on Indian and continental Chinese nationalisms, it demonstrates the significance of the colonial context which provoked the THHK to adopt the vocabulary of modernity in reworking progressive ideas circulating in displaced Chinese nationalistic circles. Notwithstanding the THHK’s promotion of Mandarin, such reworking was accomplished through vigorous acts of transliteration and translation in the hybridized Malay-Hokkien vernacular. The THHK was hardly on the receiving end of nationalistic influences emanating from the proverbial China core but was an active agent in what has been described as a “global moment of Chinese nationalism.” The case of the THHK demonstrates the need for a finer understanding of multivalent histories of Chinese nationalisms as well as how these histories intersected with those of European colonialism in Southeast Asia.

Joint development and tectonic stress field evolution in the southeastern Mesozoic Ordos Basin, west part of North China

Major joint sets trending E-W (J1), ENE-WSW (J2), NE-SW (J3), N-S (J4), NNW-SSE (J5), NNE-SSW (J6), NW-SE (J7), and WNW-ESE (J8) respectively are recognized in Mesozoic strata within the southeast of Ordos Basin. Among them, the J1, J2 and J3 joint sets are systematic joints, while the other five joint sets (J4, J5, J6, J7, J8) are nonsystematic joints. There are three groups of orthogonal joint systems (i.e. J1 and J4 sets, J2 and J5 sets, and J6 and J8 sets) and two groups of conjugate shear fractures (ENE-WSW and NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW and ESE-WNW) in the study area. Joint spacing analysis indicates that: (1) layer thickness has an effect on the joint spacing, but the correlation of joint spacing and layer thickness is low; (2) joint density of systematic joints is greater than nonsystematic joints, and the joint density of a thin layer is also greater than that of a thick layer; and (3) the joints of Mesozoic strata in the basin are the result of tectonic events affected by multiple stress fields. All these joints in the Mesozoic strata are formed in the two main tectonic events since Late Mesozoic times. One is the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia Plate, which formed the approximately E-W-trending compressive stress field in the China continent. The trends of the J1 joint set (E-W) and the bisector of conjugate shear fractures composed of ENE-WSW and ESE-WNW fractures are all parallel to the trend of maximum compressive stress (E-W). The other stress field is related to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian Plates, which formed the NE-SW-trending compressive stress field in the China continent. The trends of the J3 joint set and bisector of conjugate shear fractures composed of ENE-WSW and NNE-SSW fractures are all parallel to the trend of maximum compressive stress (NE-SW). Finally, we conclude that the J1 and J4 sets are formed in the E-W-trending compressive stress field, and the J2, J3, J5, J6, J7 and J8 sets are formed in the NE-SW-trending stress field.

Distribution and diffusion of surface suspended matter off the East China Shore, 2010

AbstractIt is a question whether the suspended sediment from the China continent could enter the Kuroshio Current and Pacific Ocean. Surface suspended matter (SSM) and sea surface temperature (SST) in the East China Seas from December 2009 to November 2010 has been extracted from the satellite NOAA‐19 AVHRR/3. We have monitored the change of the SSM diffusion during summer half‐year and winter half‐year. High SSM areas occur in the inshore of the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, Yellow River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, Jiangsu Coast and Yangtze Estuary, especially blooming in winter half‐year. Going by our findings, the sediment provenance influences the SSM distribution, and the current system and monsoon are important factors that drive the SSM diffusion all year round. In winter half‐year, the ocean colour images show that the current system is well developed. The SSMs are transported southeastward, and a part reaching the outer continental shelf is captured by the Kuroshio Current before it finally reaches the open Pacific Ocean through the Tokara Strait. Some SSMs are transported by the Yellow Sea and Tsushima Warm Current into the Yellow Sea and Japan Sea. In summer half‐year, most of the SSM could not reach the continental shelf break and only little SSM could be captured by the Kuroshio Current into the open ocean. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Pachyneuridae (Diptera): new data on the geographic range and designation of the lectotype of Pachyneura fasciata Zetterstedt, 1838.

All available records of two nematoceran flies Pachyneura fasciata and P. oculata were gathered and mapped. P. fasciata is a wide-ranging Palaearctic species, and is here reported for the first time for some regions of the Russian Federation, including the European part of Russia (Leningrad Oblast), Western Siberia (Tomsk Oblast, Altay Republic), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, Chita Oblast), the Far East of Russia (Kuril islands, Kunashir and Paramushir Islands), and for continental China. Pachyneura oculata has a restricted eastern Palaearctic range. The lectotype of P. fasciata has been designated and a key for the identification of Pachyneura species is provided.

Aeromagnetic data and geological structure of continental China: A review

We review the latest aeromagnetic geological data of continental China. We discuss the latest achievements in geological mapping and the newly detected features based on aeromagnetic data. Using aeromagnetic data collected for more than 50 years, a series of 1:5000000 and 1:1000000 aeromagnetic maps of continental China were compiled using state-of-the-art digital technology, and data processing and transformation. Guided by plate tectonics and continental dynamics, rock physical properties, and magnetic anomalies, we compiled maps of the depth of the magnetic basement of continental China and the major geotectonic units, and presented newly detected geological structures based on the aeromagnetic data.

Mapping Paddy Rice in China in 2002, 2005, 2010 and 2014 with MODIS Time Series

Rice is an important food crop and a large producer of green-house relevant methane. Accurate and timely maps of paddy fields are most important in the context of food security and greenhouse gas emission modelling. During their life-cycle, rice plants undergo a phenological development that influences their interaction with waves in the visible light and infrared spectrum. Rice growth has a distinctive signature in time series of remotely-sensed data. We used time series of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products MOD13Q1 and MYD13Q1 and a one-class support vector machine to detect these signatures and classify paddy rice areas in continental China. Based on these classifications, we present a novel product for continental China that shows rice areas for the years 2002, 2005, 2010 and 2014 at 250-m resolution. Our classification has an overall accuracy of 0.90 and a kappa coefficient of 0.77 compared to our own reference dataset for 2014 and correlates highly with rice area statistics from China’s Statistical Yearbooks (R2 of 0.92 for 2010, 0.92 for 2005 and 0.90 for 2002). Moderate resolution time series analysis allows accurate and timely mapping of rice paddies over large areas with diverse cropping schemes.

Variability of Atmospheric Radon‐222 and Secondary Aerosol Components in Accordance with Air Mass Transport Pathways at Jeju Island, Korea, during 2011–2014

Real‐time monitoring of hourly atmospheric Radon‐222 concentration and three daily monitoring of the secondary aerosol components of PM10 were performed throughout 2011–2014 at Gosan station, Jeju Island, in order to characterize their background levels and temporal variation. The annual mean radon and PM10 mass concentrations were 2326 ± 1198 mBq/m3 and 37.1 ± 19.5 µg/m3, respectively. Based on cluster analyses of air mass back trajectories, the frequencies of air masses originating from continental China, the Korean Peninsula, and North Pacific Ocean routes were 53, 28, and 19%, respectively. When the air masses were transported to Jeju Island from continental China, the concentrations of radon and secondary aerosol components (nss‐SO4 2 −, NO3 −, NH4 +) were relatively high: 2577 mBq/m3 and 14.4 µg/m3, respectively. In cases when the air masses have moved from the Korean Peninsula, the corresponding concentrations were 2247 mBq/m3 and 11.4 µg/m3, respectively. On the other hand, when the air masses came from the North Pacific Ocean, their radon and secondary aerosol concentrations decreased much further, 1372 mBq/m3 and 10.5 µg/m3, respectively. Consequently, the variability of atmospheric radon concentrations at Gosan station might be characterized by synoptic changes in air mass fetch as well as diurnal changes in atmospheric mixing depth.

Geochronology and geochemistry of the Tianmugou Mo deposit, Dabie Shan, eastern China: Implications for ore genesis and tectonic setting

The Tianmugou molybdenum (Mo) deposit is a newly discovered porphyry deposit in the Dabie Shan of eastern China. The Mo-mineralization is spatially and genetically related to the Tianmushan granite batholith, and mainly occurs as thin molybdenite-bearing pegmatite dykes and numerous hydrothermal veins, with the development of potassic alteration, silicification, sericitization, propylitization, and fluoritization. The Tianmushan batholith is composed of outermost fine-grained K-feldspar granite (Phase 1), medium-grained K-feldspar granite (Phase 2), coarse-grained biotite monzogranite (Phase 3), porphyritic granite (Phase 4), and innermost fine-grained K-feldspar granite (Phase 5). Zircon crystals from the biotite monzogranite yield a weighted average 206Pb/238U age of 123.0±0.8Ma, but those from the porphyritic granite do not yield a good age because of their high contents of Th, U and Pb. Seven molybdenite samples from the ores yield individual Re–Os isotopic ages of 120.5±1.7Ma to 122.5±1.9Ma, which are slightly younger than the U–Pb age for the biotite monzogranite. These ages constrain the ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal activity at the Tianmugou Mo deposit that took place during the post-collisional tectonism subsequent to the collision between the Yangtze and North China continents, consistent with the 142–111-Ma regional Mo mineralization event in Dabie Shan. The biotite monzogranite and porphyritic granite have high contents of SiO2, K2O and Al2O3, and low contents of TiO2, MgO and CaO, showing a metaluminous to peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline affinity, with significant depletion in Eu, Ba, Sr, P and Ti, and enrichment in Rb, Th, U, Nb, Ta, Hf and Y. The rocks have high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.73546–0.89204, and negative εNd(t) values of −11.6 to −11.0, with TDM2(Nd) of 1.81–1.86Ga. Their (206Pb/204Pb)t, (207Pb/204Pb)t and (208Pb/204Pb)t are 17.337–17.554, 15.450–15.465 and 37.992–38.147, respectively. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic signatures indicate that the causative granitic intrusions for the Tianmugou deposit mainly originated from partial melting of the Qinling Group during Early Cretaceous post-collisional tectonic extension. The Tianmugou Mo deposit belongs to a collisional- or Dabie-type porphyry Mo system.

Influences of Long‐Range Transported Air Pollutants on Atmospheric TSP Aerosol Compositions at Jeju Island of Korea during 2011–2013

Atmospheric total suspended particulate aerosols were collected at the Gosan site of Jeju Island during 2011–2013, and their major water‐soluble ionic and elemental species were analyzed in order to examine the chemical composition change and pollution characteristics change between Asian dust (AD) and non‐Asian dust (NAD) periods. The comparison of the aerosol compositions showed that the concentrations of soil‐originated species such as nss‐Ca2+, Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ba, and Sr increased by as much as 4.5–18.6 times during the AD periods. Meanwhile, the concentrations of nss‐SO4 2 − and NO3 −, typical secondary aerosol species, increased 1.2 and 2.5 times, respectively. On the contrary, NH4 + concentration decreased slightly during the AD periods, probably because of the neutralization reaction of acidic ammonium ion with basic calcium carbonate. A comparison of ion balances suggested that the carbonate contents in AD are likely much larger than those of NAD. Based on a cluster back‐trajectory analysis, it was found that the concentrations of anthropogenic and soil‐sourced components, such as nss‐SO4 2 −, NO3 −, NH4 +, and nss‐Ca2+, increased when an air mass moved into Jeju Island from the China continent, but decreased when an air mass moved from the North Pacific Ocean.

Leiochrinini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Diaperinae) from north-eastern India and China, with descriptions of six new species1

Abstract Newly collected specimens of the tenebrionid tribe Leiochrinini Lewis, 1894 (Diaperinae Latreille, 1802) from continental China and north-eastern India are treated in the present paper, including several new geographical records and six new species: Derispia arunachala n. sp. and Derispia bomdila n. sp. from Arunachal Pradesh, Derispia hajeki n. sp. and Derispia heishidinga n. sp. from Guangdong and Guangxi, as well as Derispia shillonga n. sp. and Leiochrinus metallicus n. sp. from Meghalaya.

A new species of the genus Eusarima Yang (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Issidae) from Pakistan

Eusarima albifrons sp. n. is described from northern Pakistan (Islamabad). The new species is closely related to Eu. iranica Gnezdilov et Mozaffarian, 2011 and may be distinguished by details of coloration and male genital structure. This is the second species of the genus Eusarima Yang recorded from the Western Palaearctic. Parasarima triphylla Che, Zhang et Wang, 2012 is transferred to the genus Eusarima, which is thus recorded for the first time from continental China. The homologies in the genital structures of males and females are discussed for some genera of Oriental, Palaearctic, and Afrotropical Issidae.

Geochemical constraints on the origin of Late Mesozoic andesites from the Ningwu basin in the Middle–Lower Yangtze Valley, South China

An integrated study of zircon U–Pb ages, Hf–O isotopes, whole-rock major-trace elements and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes was carried out for Mesozoic andesites from the Ningwu basin in the Middle–Lower Yangtze Valley, South China. The results not only provide insights into the origin of anorogenic magmatism in the Middle–Lower Yangtze Valley but also shed light on the petrogenesis of continental arc andesites in general. The Ningwu andesites are mainly composed of trachyandesite and trachyte, with subordinate of basaltic trachy-andesites. They exhibit variable and low MgO contents of 0.1–3.7 wt.% and low Mg# values of 1.6–51.2, high K2O contents of 2.0–9.9 wt.%. They are characterized by arc-like trace element distribution patterns, with significant enrichment in LILE and LREE but depletion in HFSE. Furthermore, these rocks exhibit relatively enriched whole-rock Sr–Nd–Hf–Pb isotope compositions, with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7050–0.7082, negative εNd(t) values of −8.1 to −1.8, and negative εHf(t) values of −6.7 to 0.4. Zircon U–Pb dating yields consistent ages of 128±2 to 133±2Ma for magma emplacement through volcanic eruption. The zircon exhibits slightly high δ18O values of 5.7–7.8‰ and variable εHf(t) values of −5.8 to 0.7. All andesites can be categorized into two groups in view of their distinct geochemical compositions, an integrated interpretation of which allows deciphering of their petrogenesis. Group I andesite was produced by a relatively larger extent of partial melting of a more fertile and enriched mantle source that contains a greater amount of phlogopite, whereas Group II andesite was generated by a relatively smaller extent of partial melting of a less fertile and enriched mantle source that contains a less amount of phlogopite. In either case, these two mantle sources are less ultramafic in lithochemistry than normal mantle peridotite due to its reaction with metasediment-derived hydrous felsic melts. This metasomatism would take place during subduction of the Cathaysia oceanic crust beneath the Yangtze Craton in the Neoproterozoic, whereas the Mesozoic mafic magmatism in the Middle–Lower Yangtze Valley is essentially caused by reactivation of the fertile and enriched mantle sources due to lithospheric extension in response to the subduction of Pacific plate beneath the eastern China continent. Therefore, the geochemical composition of andesites is primarily governed by their mantle sources that were generated by reaction of the mantle wedge peridotite with hydrous felsic melts originated from the subducted terrigenous sediment in Andean-type subduction zones, though such sources may be partially melt either immediately following generation or at a later time. Late-stage magma evolution processes such as fractional crystallization and magma mixing would have further modified the lithochemical composition of andesites but they are not the governing factors for their trace element and radiogenic isotope compositions.