Chili Production Research Articles

Peningkatan Pemahaman Pencegahan Penyakit Patek (Antraknosa) Pada Tanaman Cabai di Desa Senggowar Kabupaten Nganjuk

Currently Senggowar Village is entering the dry season, where most of the farmers here grow chili as a very profitable commodity. As one of the Work Projects from the Real Work Lecture (KKN) carried out in Senggowar village, Nganjuk regency. In determining and analyzing the problems that occur, you use the PAR method (Participatory Action Research) which involves the participation of resource persons and the surrounding community as data sources. The problem found in the field is that just before harvest time, chili plants should be able to produce superior chili products, but they are attacked by Patek disease (anthracnose) which makes chili plants less productive, which causes farmers to lose money. The activity carried out was counseling about preventing Patek disease (anthracnose) in chili plants, this activity aimed to provide knowledge about Patek disease and how to prevent it, so that losses caused by Patek disease do not recur. The purpose of this outreach is that farmers can know about how to prevent Patek disease in chili plants and be able to actualize it when entering the planting season.

The Potential of Bacillus spp. in Suppressing Colletotrichum capsici that Causes Antracnose in Red Chili

Red Chili (Capsicum annum L.) is a horticultural plants that is classified as an important commodity and has high economic value. One of the main problems in the production of red chili is anthracnose disease caused by the Colletotrichum capsici pathogen. Bacillus spp. expected to have the potential to inhibit the growth of C. capsici and stimulate the growth of plant. This study aims to determine the potential of Bacillus spp., in suppressing the growth of the C. capsici fungus and stimulating the growth of red chili. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the treatment without Bacillus spp., chemical fungicides, Bacillus sp. (Ba-6), Bacillus sp. (Ba-9), Bacillus sp. (Ba-12), Bacillus sp. (Ba-15), and Bacillus sp. (Ba-17). The treatment was repeated 4 times and the treatment unit contained 5 red chili/polybag. The results showed that the highest suppression of C. capsici in the treatment of Bacillus sp. Ba-15 was 6.25% compared to the negative control. The best bacteria that can stimulate the growth of red chili is Bacillus sp. Ba-9 with an average plant height 20.10 cm and an average number of leaves 10.49

Inter Cropping of Chilli with Coriander and Fenugreek in Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions

A field experiment entitled “Inter Cropping of Chilli With Coriander and Fenugreek in Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions” was conducted from December, 2021 – March, 2022 at the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and 08 treatments. The experiment consisted of six cropping combinations viz., sole chilli, sole coriander, sole fenugreek, chilli + coriander, chilli+ fenugreek, chilli + coriander + fenugreek. The highest yield (green chilli) was obtained from treatment T1 (Sole chilli @ 100 % RDF) (13.06 t ha-1). Among the intercropping treatments, the highest chilli yield (12.73 t ha-1) was obtained from treatment T4 (chilli @ 85% RDF + coriander @15% RDF) whereas the lowest (10.54 t ha-1) was found in treatment T8 (chilli @ 55 % RDF + coriander @ 22.5 % RDF + fenugreek@ 22.5% RDF). Chilli production was decreased by intercropping, but overall chilli yield rose above solitary chilli due to the contribution of companion crops. The highest chilli along with intercrop yield (150.71 t ha-1), gross return (1101506 Rs. ha-1), net return (817969 Rs. ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.88) were obtained from treatment T8 (chilli @ 55 % RDF + coriander @ 22.5 % RDF + fenugreek@ 20% RDF). Considering the experimental findings, treatment T8 (chilli @ 55 % RDF + coriander @ 22.5 % RDF + fenugreek@ 20% RDF) found the most suitable combination for higher productivity and economic return under Prayagraj agro-climatic conditions.

Correlation coefficient estimation of red chili (Capsicum annuum L) stomatal parameters under shade treatment condition

Stomatal is the most crucial part of plant organs that function as the gas exchange between CO2 and O2 in the environment through diffusion. Optimal stomatal performance can improve the quality of plant growth. This research aimed to determine the relationship between stomatal parameters and the production of red chili (Capsicum annuum L) under shade treatment conditions. This research was conducted in the field with three kinds of treatments, namely (1) control (without shade), (2) 50% shade, and (3) 80% shade. The parameters observed in this study were the number of stomatal, pore stomatal, stomatal area. The data were then analyzed using the correlation coefficient (r) calculation approach. The results showed that the closest relationship was found in the stomatal area variable with a pore area of 0.98. The stomatal characteristic that has the closest relationship with the production of red chili (Capsicum annuum L) is the pore area with a value of r = 0.73. These results indicate that pore area can be used as an indicator of crop production level.

Analysis of chili supply in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the supply factor of chili, the dominant factor, and the elasticity of supply in the Indonesian research location. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the variable number of chili production in the previous year and chili area in year t significantly affected the supply of chili in Indonesia. In contrast, the price of chili in the previous year and the price of urea fertilizer in year t had no significant effect. A variable of chili area is the dominant factor in the supply of chili. The value of elasticity in the short and long term on the number of chili production in the previous year is inelastic. At the same time, the variable of chili area is elastic in the short and long term.

Influencing Factors of Red Chillies Productio in Maligas Bandar, Simalungun Regency

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that affect red chili farming's income in the village of Maligas Bandar, Simalungun Regency. This study's population consisted of forty red chili farmers. Quantitative descriptive research was used in this study. The results found in this research variable influence the production of red chili significantly in Maligas Bandar Village, Gunung Malela District, Simalungun Regency. According to the findings of the analysis, the variable land area (X1), seeds (X2) and fertilizer (X3) had a significant impact on the production of red chili or the variable (Y). The results of the calculation of R2 explain 0.850% or 85%. While the remaining 25% are variables not included in this study.

Role of Fungal Species Distribution in the Chilli and sesame crop production

Fungi are heterotrophic microorganisms; provide very valuable support for the crop production. Especially, soil fungi play a significant role as one of the key decomposers in the soil environments. During our recent work, soil samples of two vegetable crop grounds viz., Green chilli and Sesame were analyzed for the enumeration and isolation of fungal community based on their accessibility apart from the soil texture and nutrient. Altogether 141 colony forming units (CFUs) of fungi were sequestered from the soil sample of both the cultivated crop fields. In fungal composition, total 16 species belonged to 9 genera were documented from the soils of both crop fields. Soil of green chilli field contributed (77%), the maximum fungal inhabitants followed by sesame field soil (23%). Among the isolated fungi, Aspergillus terreus was established as the dominant fungus in green chilli soil but Aspergillus niger was the dominant fungus in sesame field soil. Result clearly specified that in both the crop fields, Populospora and Trichoderma spp were recorded in negligible, which is recognized as a negative sign for the plant growth and in their production rate due to the affect by fungal diseases. The study was further repeated in keeping the seeds of sesame and chilli in the broth culture of Trichoderma sp. for 72 hours to form a mycelial form over the seed and then the seeds were sown and checked the production rate and growth period. Diversity of soil fungi was found higher in the green chilli field as compared to the sesame field which enhances the production rate up to 1.5 fold.

Pengaruh Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit untuk Penyakit Antraknosa (Colletotrichum spp.) Pada Tanaman Cabai Rawit

Chili plants are plants that are very commonly cultivated in Indonesia for consumption. Chili plant production has increased every year. With this, efforts to increase the production of chili plants continue to be increased. One of the chili plant problems that can affect chili production is anthracnose disease caused by a fungus (Colletotrichum spp.). This study aims to determine the effect of liquid smoke from palm oil solid waste to suppress anthracnose disease in cayenne pepper plants. This study uses palm oil solid waste as the main ingredient for making liquid smoke. This study used a one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect on disease incidence, significantly affected plant height in the TF (fiber) and TJ (empty bunch) treatments.

Potential of Compost and Bio Fertilizer Combination in Improving Growth and Yield of Red Curly Chili

Red curly chili production in Indonesia is currently falling short of expectations. The objective of this research was to evaluate the affectivity of bio fertilizer and compost combination in increasing growth and yield two varieties of red curly chili in Rancamaya, Bogor. Split plot design was used as an experimental design with different variety of red curly chili (OR Twist = V1 and Kencana = V2) as main plot and fertilizer (A = Control without chemical fertilizers + Compost + POH, B = 50% Chemical Fertilizer + Compost + POH, C = 75% Chemical Fertilizer + Compost + POH, D = 100% Chemical Fertilizer + Compost + POH, E = 100% Chemical Fertilizer + manure, F = 100% Chemical Fertilizer) combination as sub plot. The collected data was analysed by using ANOVA with 5% of significancy, a further test is performed using duncan mutiple range test. OR Twist variety showed the highest growth performance on plant height with 26.4 cm (21 DAP), 56.3 cm (35 DAP), and 82.8 cm (DAP) and leave number by 86.8 and 285 leaves at 35 and 39 DAP. The highest cumulative yield of red curly chili was resulted by OR Twist variety from 1st until 5th harvesting period. OR Twist variety and 50% chemical fertilizer treatment with the addition of compost and POH was the best combination in increasing average fruit weight and cumulative of red curly chili at Rancamaya, Bogor.

The Productivity of Red Chili (Capsicum annum L.) Improvement Using Inorganic Fertilizer and Biofertilizer: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture

Red chili (Capsicum annum L.) is one of the important horticultural crops, yet its productivity is still relatively low. This study aims to determine the productivity of red chili improvement through the use of inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer. The factorial randomized group design (RAK) experimental design with 2 factors and 3 replicates (10 plants for each replicate) was used in this research. Factor I consisted of four doses of inorganic fertilizer (K), namely: 200 kg/ha (k1), 300 kg/ha (k2), 400 kg/ha (k3), 500 kg/ha (k4). Factor II consists of four concentrations of biological fertilizer (H), namely: 10 ml/L (h1), 20 ml/L (h2), 30 ml/L (h3), 40 ml/L (h4). The results showed that there was no interaction effect between the use of inorganic fertilizer (NPK) and the concentration of biofertilizer (M-Bio) on fruit weight per plant (g/plant) and fruit yield per hectare (t/Ha). However, the single use of biofertilizer with a concentration of 20 ml/L significantly increased the productivity of fruit weight (555.75 g/plant or 14.81 t/Ha). Biofertilizers such as phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and nitrogen-fixing bacteria can increase the availability of macro and micro nutrients in the soil and the productivity of chili significantly. The use of biofertilizers has the benefit of reducing farmers' dependence on inorganic fertilizers. Therefore, the use of a combination of inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer not only can be a good alternative to increase the productivity of red chili effectively and sustainably, but also to reduce the negative impact of using inorganic fertilizer on the environment.

The Genus Capsicum: A Review of Bioactive Properties of Its Polyphenolic and Capsaicinoid Composition.

Chili is one of the world's most widely used horticultural products. Many dishes around the world are prepared using this fruit. The chili belongs to the genus Capsicum and is part of the Solanaceae family. This fruit has essential biomolecules such as carbohydrates, dietary fiber, proteins, and lipids. In addition, chili has other compounds that may exert some biological activity (bioactivities). Recently, many studies have demonstrated the biological activity of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and capsaicinoids in different varieties of chili. Among all these bioactive compounds, polyphenols are one of the most studied. The main bioactivities attributed to polyphenols are antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive. This review describes the data from in vivo and in vitro bioactivities attributed to polyphenols and capsaicinoids of the different chili products. Such data help formulate functional foods or food ingredients.

Optimization of Engineering and Process Parameters for Vermicomposting

Urbanization and population rise considerably increase the generation of solid wastes. The recycling of solid wastes through vermicomposting is a sustainable approach. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of earthworm (Eisenia fetida and Eugilius euganiae)-processed/mixed solid waste manure (vermicompost) on the development, productivity, and chemical characteristics of chili and brinjal in different wooden reactors (R). A mixture of palash leaf litter, biogas slurry, food wastes from a hostel kitchen and households, and municipal solid waste (MSW) were used during the study. The effects of different reactors; process parameters; earthworm cultures, such as R1–R9 with different widths and lengths at a constant height (30 cm); pH, salt, and moisture content; temperature; C:N ratios; N, P, K, and pathogen content; and the type of mono/-polyculture on vermicompost were tested with respect to chili and brinjal production. The average net increase in the worms’ zoomass in reactor R1 at different mixed worm densities (E. fetida + E. eugeniae) under optimum conditions was observed. Compared to a monoculture reactor, the yield of both chili and brinjal were significantly greater in the polyculture reactor with vermicompost soil.

Simplified extraction protocol for plant tissues and reverse transcription RPA assay for quick and reliable diagnosis and its application in resistance screening of chilli veinal mottle virus

The widespread occurrence and predominant association of chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) with the valuable chilli landraces of North East Region (NER) of India and associated threat to chilli production necessitated the development of simplified and robust detection procedure. Present study reports a simplified reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) method for detection of ChiVMV in crude leaf extract prepared through simplified extraction protocol using NaOH:EDTA (1:1) based tissue lysis, without the need of conventional RNA extraction and sample processing. Developed RT-RPA assay could be performed at an isothermal temperature (38 °C) in 30 min and exhibited no cross-reactivity with other prevalent chilli viruses (potato virus Y, cucumber mosaic virus, large cardamom chirke virus, capsicum chlorosis orthotospovirus, pepper mild mottle virus and chilli leaf curl virus), indicating high specificity. It could detect ChiVMV up to 10−9 dilution (100 ag/μl) of crude leaf extract, 10 ag/μl of RNA of ChiVMV infected leaf tissues and plasmid DNA containing viral gene insert, thus exhibiting sufficient sensitivity which is at par or better than the standard RT-PCR. Developed RT-RPA assay was employed to reveal the widespread occurrence of ChiVMV in NER India with 50.81% (1545 samples tested) of symptomatic and 7.85% (1593 samples tested) of asymptomatic samples tested positive. RT-RPA exhibited higher sensitivity in detection of ChiVMV infection in field samples as compared to the standard RT-PCR which gave false negative in 2.07% of symptomatic and 2.01% of asymptomatic samples. The developed assay was further applied in screening of 49 chilli germplasm for ChiVMV infection. The pooled results of field screening based on the disease score indicated that none of the chilli germplasm had immune or complete resistance, while 29 chilli germplasm (bird's eye chilli: C. frutescens; Morokatekpa: C. annuum, Leihao morok, Morok masingkha; Chingpimorok: Capsicum sp.) exhibited tolerant reaction with a disease score of 1.27–2.00. All the tested bird's eye chilli germplasm showed tolerance to the ChiVMV. The artificial screening to the severe isolate and qRT-PCR based viral titre determination confirmed the results of field screening wherein the germplasm RCMC6, RCMC7, RCMC17, RCMC27 and RCMC42 exhibited either asymptomatic or mild mosaic symptoms and decrease in viral titre at 20 DAI thus categorized as tolerant. The simplified RT-RPA assay developed and validated in the present study can be applied in routine detection of ChiVMV in field samples, disease-free seedling production and resistance screening under resource poor laboratory setup with limited technical expertise. Chilli germplasm with tolerance to ChiVMV identified in the present study can be used as donors in resistance breeding.

Analysis of the intention to use loan facilities from formal financial institutions for large chili farmers through the theory of planned behavior approach

This study analyzes and examines the factors influencing the intention to use loan facilities from formal financial institutions. This study was carried out quantitatively using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method with the population of large chili farmers in 19 districts in Jember Regency as the region with the best large chili productivity in Indonesia. The results obtained from 116 respondents indicate that the construct of situational temptation does not affect subjective norms. In addition, formal financial institution financing positively affects attitudes toward behavior and subjective norm on intention to use loan facilities, but not on the perceived behavior. Meanwhile, the intention was positively influenced by attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control. The factor with the most significant effect on the intention is perceived behavior control (t-statistics = 4.940). This shows that control of perceived behavior towards intention to use loan facilities from formal financial institutions has the most significant influence among other variables. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, which provided research grants, namely Higher Education Excellence Basic Research (Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi/PDUPT) in 2022-2024.

Drip irrigation system: useful technique to improve chili production

The effects of climate change such as continuing reduces of the water availability and quality contributed to the declining the agricultural production. The production of chili, one of the vegetable commodities that high economic value in Indonesia, are also affected by this limited water availability. The current research to develop technology on the drip irrigation utilization aims to increase chili production using efficient water technology. The experiment was carried out at the Margahayu Research Station, Lembang, West Java, Indonesia (± 1,250 m asl) from May to November 2021. The T test design with two treatments i.e. (A) manual irrigation and (B) drip irrigation and four replications were implemented in this experiment. The use of drip irrigation could save the water used and irrigation time by 40.12% and 80% respectively during the vegetative phase and 37.11% and 77.78% respectively during the generative phase compared to those in manual irrigation. Further, the drip irrigation method could increase crop yields by 8.39%, reduce chili production costs by 13.04% and increase farmer income by 9.25% compared to manual irrigation. The incidence of bacterial fruit rot disease could be reduced using the drip irrigation method.

Analysis of Volatile Metabolites from Papaya Seeds as Potential Organic Insecticides against Myzus persicae Sulz

Myzus persicae is a toxic pest that acts as a limiting factor in increasing chili production in Indonesia. Symptoms of leaf curl are always found in every chili growing season along with the presence of these pests. In the field M.persicae controlled with chemical insecticides that trigger pest resistance. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of papaya seed extract in controlling M. persicae , its effect on chili yields, and the content of volatile toxic compounds in papaya seeds which have potential as organic insecticides. Efficacy test in the form of 7 treatments, 5 replicates, namely application of papaya seed 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 g/l. Analyzed data using analysis of variance with the F test and Duncan Multiple Range Test to determine the best treatment. Analysis of volatile metabolites was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to obtain specific metabolites. Papaya seed extract contains several volatile metabolites that act as organic insecticides, namely Heptasiloxane, 1,1,3,3, 5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13 tetradecamethyl compounds. The efficacy test in the field showed that papaya seed extract with a concentration of 50-70 g/l was able to suppress Myzus persicae attacks to the low attack category level, and increase chili production up to 2 times (100%). The use of papaya seed waste as an organic insecticide is in accordance with the concept of sustainable agriculture because it is environmentally friendly and improves food safety.

Rain-shelter technology model in sustainable red chili production cluster in Aceh Tengah

This study aims to design a rain-shelter technology model in the red chili agribusiness cluster as an alternative policy to increase farmers’ income. This study uses the soft system dynamics methodology (SSDM), which is a systemic thinking modeling approach that can understand unstructured situations and contains the entire interaction between elements of an object through causal relationships as the basis for understanding the dynamic behavior of complex system of the object to assess the risks that occur in red chili agribusiness cluster. The research was conducted in the red chili production center in Aceh Tengah Regency. Identification of the need for cluster model done through literature and interviews with experts from stakeholders, namely practitioners and policy makers involved in the procedure of input supply, production, and marketing of red chili output. The primary data obtained through observation, in-depth interviews with respondents, as well as the activity of FGD (Focus Group Discussion), while secondary data obtained through the study of literature from various sources of literature, books, scientific journals, and a variety of publications related to this research. Formulation of model made by software Veneta Simulation (Vensim DSS), followed by simulation. The result of this research showed that the application of the rain-shelter technology model effectively had a positive impact on the quantity and quality of on-grade red chili production, so that it was able to meet industrial market demands and increase farmers’ income.

The effectiveness of weed extract with different temperature aquades solvent for controlling antraknosa disease of red chili (Capsicum annum L.)

Red chili is an agricultural commodity with high economic value. National red chili production is still low and often does not meet the needs of the Indonesian people. One of the causes is anthracnose disorder. Red chili anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici is characterized by symptoms of small black spots that can widen, dry out and shrink and the fruit can fall off. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of extracts of several types of weeds with distilled water at different temperatures against anthracnose disease, growth, and yield of red chili plants. The study was a field experiment using a two-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Factor 1 Types of weeds consist of: bandotan, kirinyuh, teki. Factor 2 Aquades Solvents with Different Temperatures consist of: room temperature, 50°C, 90°C. The variables observed were the intensity of anthracnose disease, plant height, number of healthy fruit, healthy fruit weight, number of sick fruit, phytotoxicity test and phytochemical screening test. The process of spraying botanical extracts is carried out once a week. The results showed that the type of weed extract treatment had a significant effect on the intensity of anthracnose disease and the number of sick fruits and had no significant effect on the number of healthy fruit, healthy fruit weight, and plant height. The treatment of distilled water with different temperatures did not significantly affect all observed variables. The interaction between the type of extract and the temperature of the solvent had a significant effect on the number of sick fruits. Bandotan extract treated with distilled water at room temperature produced the least number of sick fruits, namely 3.4 fruit/plant. The solvent temperature of 50°C produced more phytochemical compounds than the 3 types of weeds extracted. Red chili plants do not show any phytotoxic symptoms.

Aplikasi Pupuk Trichokompos dan Vermikompos pada Produktivitas Cabai Merah Besar (Capsicum annuum L)

The mass production of red chili was 95,541 t/ha (2016), increased to 100,997 t/ha (2017), decreased to 91,541 t/ha (2018), while in 2019 it was 104,667 t/ha and decreased to 20,997 t/ha. The method in this study was a randomized block design (RBD) with 1 factor, 3 treatments, namely P0 = cow manure 20 t/ha, 5 kg/bed, P1 = trichocompost 20 t/ha, 5 kg/bed, and P2 = vermicompost 20 t/ ha, 5kg/bed. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the treatment with Trichocompost at a dose of 20 t/ha had no significant effect on plant reproductive growth, but the effect was significantly different on plant vegetative growth at week 4, 6, 7 and 9, and treatment with vermicompost at a dose of 20 t/ ha had a significant effect on vegetative growth, namely the addition of plant height in weeks 4, 6, 7 and 9.

Efficacy of stingless bee (Heterotrigona itama) propolis aqueous extract in controlling anthracnose and maintaining postharvest quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum) during storage

Anthracnose, mainly caused by Colletotrichum spp., is one of the fungal diseases resulting in major economic losses affecting chilli production worldwide. Propolis extract from honeybee has been discovered for its antifungal properties, which can potentially reduce postharvest decay. Therefore, the present work investigated the efficiency of aqueous extract of stingless bee (Heterotrigona itama) propolis in controlling postharvest anthracnose and maintaining quality of chilli. Colletotrichum capsici was isolated and characterised from infected chilli. Stingless bee propolis extract at different concentrations of 1, 2, 5, and 10% were assessed in vitro to inhibit the mycelial growth of C. capsici. The best concentration in inhibiting C. capsici growth was thereafter selected for in vivo experiments. All tested concentrations of stingless bee propolis extract inhibited the mycelial growth of C. capsici the highest being 35% inhibition from the treatment of 10% propolis extract. The extract at this concentration was therefore tested in vivo, and showed effectiveness in reducing the percentage of disease severity in chilli. The propolis extract was also efficient in reducing weight loss, retaining firmness, pH, total soluble solid, and colour (a* value) throughout 21-day storage at 10°C. The present work demonstrated that aqueous extract of stingless bee propolis could have the potential to control anthracnose disease and delay deterioration, thus maintaining the postharvest quality parameters of chilli. This natural product from stingless bee has the prospect to be an alternative to synthetic fungicide.