Chili Cultivation Research Articles

Testing the Effectiveness of Drip Irrigation Technique Design in Chili Cultivation on Dry Land

Testing the Effectiveness of Drip Irrigation Technique Design in Chili Cultivation on Dry Land

Comparative Risk and Income Analysis of Cultivation of Cayenne Pepper and Large Chilli in East Lombok District

This study aims to analyse the production, income differences and farming risks of cayenne pepper and large chilli in East Lombok Regency. The research used descriptive quantitative methods and data collection using survey techniques. The research location was determined by multistage purposive sampling based on the altitude of the place and the highest production of cayenne pepper and large chilli. Respondent farmers were determined as many as 60 people selected by quota sampling. Selection of respondents using random sampling method. Production and farm income were analysed descriptively quantitatively. Risk measurement uses variance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Differences in income and risk of cayenne pepper and large chilli farming were analysed statistically with the Z test. The average production of cayenne pepper in East Lombok Regency was found to be 3,962 kg/ha and 6,044 kg/ha respectively in the rainy season and dry season. While the average production of large chilli in the rainy season and dry season was 3,297 kg/ha and 4,546 kg/ha. The average income of cayenne pepper farming is in the rainy season of Rp. 106 million/ha and the dry season of Rp. 11 million/ha is high and significantly different compared to the income of large chilli farming in the rainy season of Rp. 30 million/ha and the dry season of Rp. 15 million/ha. Production risk in cayenne pepper and large chilli farms is in the low category with a coefficient of variation (CVq) smaller than 0.50; however, the risk of cayenne pepper production is lower (CVq =0.33) than the risk of large chilli production and significantly different from the risk of large chilli production (CVq=0.40). While at price risk, cayenne pepper farming is at high risk (CVp = 0.54), while in large chillies the risk is lower (CVp = 0.39) and significantly different. The benefits of the research are (1) Farmers, as a material consideration in dealing with the risks in the cayenne pepper and large chilli farms carried out. (2) Government and related agencies, as information material for policy making related to risk issues in cayenne pepper and large chilli farms. (3) Other researchers, as a material consideration and information for similar research.

Application of the Multi-Objective Optimization By Ratio Analysis (MOORA) Method in the Chili Seed Selection System (Case Study of Asuli Village, East Luwu Towuti District)

Currently chili plants are plants that are needed by the community, these plants can be processed into cooking spices, the food industry and medicines. In East Luwu Regency chili plants are also the main commodity in agriculture, many farmers make chili plants as a business opportunity, but the production of chili plants in East Luwu Regency has decreased, this decrease in production is due to the lack of yields of chili farmers. So that the supply of chili is reduced and can not meet market demand. The lack of yields was caused by farmers using different types of chili seeds because farmers still had difficulty in determining the right type of chili seeds to develop which resulted in chili cultivation failing to harvest. For this reason, a system is needed that can assist farmers in determining chili seeds that are suitable for cultivation in Asuli Village, East Towuti Luwu District. The criteria used in determining the location of the business are harvest time, number of stalks, weight of chilies, altitude and longevity. This study aims to produce a decision support system in recommending the best chili seeds so that they can help farmers increase red chili production among farmers. The method used is the MOORA method, this method was chosen because this method is very simple, stable, and robust, even this method is able to determine goals from conflicting criteria, where criteria can be of beneficial or unfavorable value (cost). In addition, MOORA also has the ability to easily separate subjective elements from an evaluation process into weighted decision criteria that have several decision-making attributes. The results showed that Salo Dua chili seeds were suitable for cultivation in Asuli Village, East Luwu Towuti District

Fostering Biodiversity: Unleashing the Potential of Refugia to Enhance Arthropod Diversity in Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Farms

Background: The utilization of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) offers a solution to chili cultivation pest challenges by implementing ecological engineering strategies, such as planting refugia. These refugia serve as SNAP (Shelter, Nectar, Alternative Food, and Pollen) sources for beneficial insects. This study aimed to assess the impact of refugia planting on arthropod-type diversity and explore the influence of abiotic factors on arthropod populations. Methods: Conducted from February to May 2023, the research utilized various traps (sweep net, yellow trap, pitfall trap, and light trap) and visual control for specimen collection. Results: The identification revealed the presence of three classes, ten orders, and 31 families. Arthropod populations in chilli fields with refugia totaled 867 individuals, whereas those without refugia amounted to 475. Conclusions: Planting refugia led to an elevated diversity index and evenness of arthropods, coupled with a lower dominance index compared to fields without refugia. Surprisingly, temperature and air humidity did not exhibit a significant impact on the arthropod population in chilli fields.

Education on the use of compost blocks for chili cultivation for coastal sand farming groups

High temperatures in the land are one of the obstacles faced in cultivating chilies on coastal sand, resulting in nutrients being easily lost and not lasting long. An alternative solution to overcome this problem is to use compost block planting media. This service activity aims to provide knowledge and skills in utilizing agricultural waste for compost as a medium for planting chilies in beach sand. The service methods used are (1) Counseling and Focus Group Discussions about compost blocks; (2) training and demonstration on making block compost; (3) demonstration plot for the use of compost blocks for chili plants, and (4) monitoring and evaluation before, during, and after the activity takes place. The results of service activities show that partners are very enthusiastic about participating in all activities, as shown by an increase in partners' knowledge about compost blocks by 47%. There are 12% of chili plants that die when planted using compost blocks. Meanwhile, chili plants planted conventionally without compost blocks produced more dead plants, namely 30%.

Determining Factors for Farmers’ Decision in Crop Selection (Case Study: Post-Harvest Tobacco Cropping Pattern and Red Chili Cropping Pattern in Jember Regency)

This research aims to analyze the determining factors in the selection of planting patterns for post-harvest tobacco and red chili. The study was conducted in the Ambulu District and Wuluhan District, Jember Regency, Indonesia, as both areas are centers for post-harvest tobacco and red chili cultivation. The research utilized a sample size of 50 respondents from the Ambulu District and 50 respondents from the Wuluhan District, totaling 100 respondents. The sampling technique employed was snowball sampling. Data analysis tools included binary logit regression, R/C ratio, and independent t-test. The research findings indicate that the determining variables influencing farmers’ decisions in selecting planting patterns are land area, income, and farming experience. Based on financial analysis, the income of post-harvest tobacco farmers is greater than that of red chili farmers. Furthermore, there is a significant difference between the income of post-harvest tobacco farmers and red chili farmers.

Elaboration of “Cacho De Cabra” Chilli Snacks (Capsicum annum L.) with Tomatoe Formulations and Tomatoe- Oregano Formulations

“Cacho de cabra” chilli cultivation has potentially increased in Chile due to the different variety of gourmet products that are used with it. New industrialization projects are being looked for in order to use it due to the increasing demand of its use. It can also be adapted to the new tendencies in the consumption habits of consumers, which are mainly oriented towards an attractive food, to a quick consumption and preparation which can supply nutrients and provide some benefit to human health. Snack products including the use of fruits have a positive response to these requirements; they also provide alternative commercialization to the surplus of fruit trees exportations. For the reasons stated above, this research was carried out considering snack elaboration based on “cacho de cabra” chilli with the incorporation of tomatoe and oregano to increase the palatability and sensorial quality of the final product. The following formulations were used: only chilli (T1); chilli and tomatoe (T2); chilli, tomatoe and oregano (T 3). The latter was characterised because it presented good flavour and smell. A great amount of its water content with forced hot air was eliminated from the fruits. A product without chemical preserves was obtained, it had physical and chemical parameters like those required for the existing foods that are in the market nowadays. The formulations where oregano was added presented a good sensorial attribute and acceptability, higlighting from the rest of the treatments. The colour of the snack was kept according to the panelists even at the end of the dehydration process.

Analysis and Strategy of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) Cultivation of Rawit Capsicum (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Tidore Eastern

Farmers in Tidore City of the Islands grow a lot of capsicum frutescens as a horticultural product. Initiatives to increase production and close the production gap between the regions must go hand in hand with the government's efforts to make Tidore Island City a ravit pepper supplier in Northern Maluku. The cultivation technique is one of the reasons for the variance in raw pepper production. The study's goal is to investigate the level of application of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) in pepper growing in the Eastern Tidore district and the techniques that can be used to affect GAP implementation. The study was conducted in Tidore City Eastern District, Northern Maluku Province. Purposive sampling is a sample-taking approach in which respondents were chosen at random from among 100 farmers, with the criterion of farmers who had been attempting to rawit pepper for more than 5 years. Land location (X1), soil preparation and planting media (X2), seed quality (X3), planting and maintenance (X4), fertilizer (X5), plant protection (X6), pesticides (X7), harvest (X8), post-harvesting (X9), and waste and rubbish handling (X10) are the ten assessment parameters. Descriptive analysis, Likert scale, and SWOT analysis were used to analyze the data. According to the study findings, farmers' grasp of GAP is rather excellent, and the rate of GAP implementation has an average score of 2.70 in the reasonably good category. The S-O strategy, which, with soil fertility, has both the potential to expand the development of horticultural crops as well as the knowledge and skills of farmers sufficiently skilled in chili cultivation techniques, can increase the production of chili rawit in the Eastern Tidore district.

K-Nearest Neighbor for Gorontalo City Chili Price Prediction Using Feature Selection, Backward Elimination, and Forward Selection

This study addresses chili price volatility, an important concern that impacts the national economy and societal welfare. Fluctuations in chili prices in the retail market greatly influence market demand, thereby influencing farming decisions, especially chili cultivation. To help make better decisions, Researchers use forecasting, which is defined as the projection of future trends based on the analysis of historical data, using statistical methods. The K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) algorithm is used because of its resistance to high noise on large training datasets. However, challenges arise in determining the optimal value of 'k' and selecting related attributes. To overcome this, Feature Selection is applied to refine the model by removing irrelevant features, resulting in a significant reduction in the model error rate. This improvement indicates an increase in the efficiency of the K-NN algorithm with the incorporation of Feature Selection. Our findings show that the model, with backward elimination in Feature Selection, achieves a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.202, outperforming the model using forward selection. The prediction accuracy of this model reaches an average of 78.86%, which is much higher than the baseline data of 50%. This shows the success of the proposed method in predicting chili prices.

Analysis of Curly Red Chili Farming at Farmer-Level in Kerinci Highland

Curly red chili (Capsicum annum L.) is a horticultural commodity with high economic value and a big role in domestic needs, export commodities, and the food industry. Chili production at Kerinci farmer level still needs to be increased due to low knowledge of chili cultivation technology, pest attacks, and the use of superior varieties. This research aims to determine cultivation technology and farming analysis of curly red chili in Kerinci Highlands. The research was carried out at the chili production center in Sungai Lintang Village, Kayu Aro Barat District, Kerinci Regency, from October to December 2022. Brief understanding of rural areas by meeting with village community leaders and chili producers followed by interviews with selected respondents using a questionnaire of 30 farmers consisting of three groups. Each group consists of 10 farmers based on the chili planting time in early 2022. Analysis of chili farming that uses plastic mulch with productivity of 8,860 kg/ha and without plastic mulch with 6,480 kg/ha. Economically, chili farming at the farmer level in Kerinci is profitable with an R/C ratio of 1.47 and a B/C ratio of 2.47 for respondents using plastic mulch and an R/C ratio of 0.83 and B/C ratio of 1.83 for respondents without plastic mulch.

PKM for Improving Food Security at PKK Bongan Village Tabanan District, Tabanan District-Bali Province

The problems faced are that chili cultivation techniques are not yet understood, chili processing has not been carried out, equipment and materials for cultivation and chili processing are not yet complete, and the importance of strengthening organizational management. The solution is that the partner group needs to be facilitated from the technological aspects of chili cultivation, chili processing, post-harvest and processing processes, and business management of the partner group. The aim of the activity is: to increase the knowledge and skills of partners in an effort to increase food security by cultivating in the yard and utilizing chili products to be processed into processed products with high economic value which can increase people's income.

Enhancing Coastal Saline Soil Productivity: Innovative Irrigation and Mulch Strategies for Improved Chili Cultivation

Coastal saline soils in the West Bengal region present intricate challenges to agricultural productivity, primarily stemming from the limited availability of high-quality irrigation water. To address this issue, potential solutions encompass the utilization of saline water through appropriate irrigation techniques and schedules. This study investigates the synergistic effects of combining saline and fresh water via tillage practices and the selection of salt-resistant crop varieties. The experiment comprises eight treatment combinations, each replicated four times, involving the application of both saline and fresh water using 10-liter capacity pitchers placed strategically between four plants. Additionally, two distinct tillage methods, conventional and mulch, are employed. The chosen crop variety for experimentation is Bullet lanka-3 variety. The results underscore substantial enhancements in both soil physicochemical properties when implementing diverse pitcher irrigation methods alongside varying tillage strategies. These improvements contribute to ameliorated soil conditions and heightened nutrient accessibility, consequently fostering crop growth and yield. Noteworthy gains are observed in chili production, with yields ranging from 4.04 t ha-1 to 8.81t ha-1 across the initial seven harvesting intervals, in comparison to the control plot. This research sheds light on innovative techniques to mitigate the challenges posed by coastal saline soils, paving the way for improved agricultural sustainability and productivity.

Growth and Yield Performance of Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) on Rooftop of Different Height of Buildings

In urban agriculture, rooftop gardening is a remarkable part which is practiced to overcome the food crisis and climate change; if it is not economically viable on the basis of productivity, then rooftop garden will not enhance and sustain. So, a pot experiment was conducted during November 2021 to April 2022 on the rooftop of different height of buildings and Agroforestry research field at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 to study the productivity of chili (BARI Morich 3). The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications. The treatments of this experiment were T1= Control (Ground, 0.0 m), T2= Rooftop of three storied building (11.28 m), T3 = Rooftop of six storied building (21.34 m) and T4 = Rooftop of ten storied building (34.75 m). Results indicated that soil moisture content, plant height, stem diameter, number of (leaf, branch and fruit), fresh and dry weight of plant, single fruit (weight, length and diameter), fresh and dry weight of yield per plant were significantly decreased with the increased of building height (T1>T2>T3>T4) and air temperature, soil temperature and light intensity were significantly increased with the increased of building height (T4> T3> T2> T1). As gradually increased the height of building rooftop, sequentially decreased the growth, yield and yield contributing characteristics of chili plant. Although ground performed the best productivity, up to rooftop of three storied building can be selected as an appropriate height for chili (BARI Morich-3) cultivation to increase the rooftop gardening.

Segmentasi Wilayah Indonesia Yang Berpotensi Budidaya Cabai Dengan Hierarki Clustering

Chili is one of the most widely consumed and highly price-volatile horticultural vegetables in Indonesia. In terms of consumption, it is a staple ingredient in the daily diet of most Indonesians. When chili prices surge, it not only affects the purchasing power of the population but also disrupts economic stability. Daily chili price data from the Department of Trade for the period of January 2010 to December 2015 demonstrates significant price fluctuations, primarily influenced by seasonal variations driven by weather conditions. Policy recommendations include promoting off-season chili cultivation, regulating production, and fostering farmer-industry partnerships. In pursuit of these objectives, mapping chili production regions in Indonesia using big data and data mining techniques, particularly hierarchical clustering, emerges as a valuable approach. This methodology allows the creation of models identifying optimal areas for chili cultivation, taking into account soil conditions conducive to optimal growth.The hierarchical clustering process employs average linkage and cosine distance to group regions based on climatic and environmental characteristics. The analysis reveals that Cluster C4, encompassing various provinces across Indonesia, exhibits the most favorable conditions for chili cultivation. This conclusion offers valuable guidance to farmers and researchers in determining the optimal locations for chili cultivation. Furthermore, the approach holds potential for application to other agricultural commodities, contributing to increased domestic production and price stability in the market.

Evaluating the Dynamics of Mycorrhizal Populations and Wilt Severity in Chili Cultivation Regions

Chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are a widely cultivated spice and vegetable globally, with their origins rooted in Mexico. The primary diseases impacting chili production encompass Anthracnose, Phytophthora, Leaf blight, Fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt, damping-off, and root rot, among others. In recent years, there has been a growing concern surrounding Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum. This study aimed to investigate the fluctuations in mycorrhizal populations and the severity of wilt in chili farming regions within the state during the 2017-18 growing season. In each district, ten fields were examined, with two to three fields representing each village. The most substantial mycorrhizal colonization rate and the number of sporocarps in the soil were identified in Mahendragarh, with a mycorrhizal colonization rate of 17.3% and 260 sporocarps per 200 g of soil. Fatehabad district followed with a mycorrhizal colonization rate of 13.1% and 182 sporocarps per 200g of soil. The lowest values were recorded in Hisar district, with a mycorrhizal colonization rate of 11.5% and 138 sporocarps per 200g of soil. Wilt severity was most pronounced in Fatehabad district at 7.9%, followed by Mahendragarh at 7.3%, and was least severe in Hisar at 5.2%.

In-vitro Evaluation of Botanicals and Fungicides against Cercospora capsici Causing Leaf Spot of Chilli

One of the most significant spice crops worldwide is the chilli. It is also the most significant spice crop in India and belongs to the Solanaceae family, which has nutritional benefits and is particularly rich in vitamin C. The low yield of the country's chilli crop is caused by a variety of reasons, but fungi-induced diseases constitute a major contributor. One of the main issues with chilli cultivation in India is the fungal disease Cercospora leaf spot. In the present investigation, five botanicals viz., Azadirachta indica leaf, Alium cepa bulb, Citrus lemon leaf, Datura fastussa leaf and Mamordica charantia leaf and five fungicides viz., Mancozeb 75% WP, Carbendazim 50% WP, Difenoconazole 25% EC, Fluciazole - 40%EC and Azoxystrobin 23% SC were evaluated against the growth of Cercospora capsici. Azadirachta indica leaf and Datura fastussa leaf were found effective among all the botanicals and Difenoconazole 25% EC was found most effective among all the fungicides.

Analysis of the Marketing Status of Insecticide Brands and Buying Behavior of Chilli Growers in Rajkot District, Gujarat, India

The present study was undertaken in Gondal, Jamkandorna, Upleta and Dhoraji talukas of Rajkot district, as all four talukas have higher areas under chilli cultivation. A total of 120 chilli growers and 20 insecticide dealers were selected with the help of a multistage sampling method. The study was mainly based on primary data, which were collected through personal interviews with the help of a well-structured survey schedule. The results showed that the highest percentage of chilli growers belonged to middle age group and had higher secondary education. The majority of the chilli growers belonged to small and semi-medium land-holding categories and had annual incomes between ₹2,59,036 to ₹5,91,582. Near about two-thirds (66.67 %) of chilli growers belonged to the nuclear family. The majority (37.50%) of the chilli growers were found engaged in farming with business as their occupation and the majority of chilli growers had farming experience of more than 15 years. Bore wells (56.87%) were reported as the main source of irrigation in the study area. The study also revealed that the highest market share was captured by Nagarjuna Agrichem Limited company followed by Bayer Crop Science and United Insecticides Pvt. Ltd. company. With regard to the mode of purchase of insecticides most of 40.00 per cent of the chilli growers used to purchase insecticides on a credit basis. So, companies should define and ease the conditions for credit availability, to make it convenient and affordable for both farmers and dealers. Most of the chilli growers were buying insecticides from retailer’s shops. The majority (45.83%) of chilli growers preferred to use the same brand with the same quantity when prices of selected insecticides changed (increased) and in the absence of the required insecticide brand; most (85.83%) chilli growers shifted to other insecticide brands. The insecticide companies should make the product available in the market as per the season and demand because if the grower will not get the desired product at the right time, they may switch to an alternative product.

Humic Acid and Selenium Supplementation Modulate the Growth and Antioxidant Potential of Chili under Cadmium Stress

Maximizing food production under adverse conditions is a major challenge to food security and sustainability in the face of population growth and climatic change. The use of amendments applied as a supplement under adverse conditions may play a significant role in the mitigation of biotic and abiotic stress. This study aimed to explore the morpho-physio-biochemical changes in chili in response to cadmium (Cd) stress. The present study investigated the effects of foliar-applied selenium (Na2SeO4) (3 µM) and soil-applied humic acid (250 mg kg−1 w/w soil) in the sole and synergistic form under varying levels of cadmium stress (0, 2, and 4 mM using CdCl2) in chili. Results revealed that a linear decrease was noticed in the growth, biomass, and phenological attributes of chili plants by increasing the Cd stress. More reduction was noticed at the higher levels of Cd stress as compared to control due lowering plant dry weight (18.15 and 39.67%), relative water content (RWC) (10.73 and 24.17%), total chlorophyll concentrations (16.01 and 31.44%) and increased electrolyte leakage (49.44 and 129.35%) and malonaldehyde contents (MDA) (68.41 and 104.04%). Dry biomass significantly increased with humic acid and selenium treatments, regardless of cadmium level. The reduced enzymatic activities associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, underscores the pivotal role of Se and humic acid in maintaining redox homeostasis. The combined effect of selenium and humic acid proved better results as compared to the sole application in minimizing Cd uptake in roots and fruit. This study demonstrates that the application of humic acid and selenium activates physio-biochemical defense responses against cadmium stress in chili plants and provides significant pavement for the cultivation of chili in cadmium-containing soils with a target of high-yielding and quality.

Percentage of Flower and Fruit Fall, and Red Chili Production in Ultisol Applied Biostimulants and Inorganic Fertilizers

Ultisol has main problem of low nutrient availability causing a high percentage of flowers and fruit fall and reducing red chili production. This study aimed to find out effectiveness of biostimulants in reducing percentage of flower and fruit fall, use of inorganic fertilizer doses, and their role in increasing production red pepper in Ultisol. The method used experimental and randomized block design with 9 treatments. The treatment used application of flush biostimulants and without watering into soil with various doses inorganic fertilizers. The fertilizer doses were 100%, 75%, and 50% based on fertilization recommendations. The study results showed that application of biostimulants combined with inorganic fertilizers of various doses had a significant effect on fruit weight/plant and red pepper production, but had an insignificant effect on the percentage of flowers and fruits, as well as number of fruits/plant. Application of biostimulants and various doses of inorganic fertilizers tended to increase fall of flowers, number of fruits/plant, and the percentage of fruit fall. Biostimulants combined with inorganic fertilizers were able to reduce fertilizer use as much as 50%. Production of red pepper with application of biostimulants and 50% of inorganic fertilizers reached 5.36 tons/ha. The results of the economic feasibility analysis of red chili peppers were 1.69 R/C and 0.69 B/C ratio, meaning that the cultivation of red chili with application of biostimulants was profitable and worthy of development. So, application of biostimulants is able to reduce fertilizers by 50% and increase production of red peppers.

Exploration and macroscopic characterization of microbiomes (fungi and bacteria) on anthracnose-Infected chili plants in lowlands fields of Deli Serdang North Sumatra

Anthracnose is one of the main obstacles in chili cultivation. This disease reduces chili production by 40% to 100% during the rainy season. Most techniques used to control anthracnose is using synthetic fungicides that potentially cause resistance and environmental pollution. Disease management by the microbiome of plants with antagonistic properties is an alternative biological control. The aim of the study was to explore the diversity of the microbiome (fungi and bacteria) in various tissues (rhizosphere, endosphere and phylosphere) of large red chili plants infected with anthracnose macroscopically. The object of this research was the leaves, stems, and roots of 5 months old of chili plants affected by anthracnose from two different locations of planting areas. The exploration of the microbiome of anthracnose- infected chili plants in a lowland area in Sumatera Utara in 3 DAI discovered 13 fungi and 12 bacteria, whilst 10 fungi and 11 bacteria in the second location by tissue cropping technique. Besides that, by grinding technique, resulted in 14 fungi isolates dan 13 bacteria in the first location and 16 fungi isolates and 14 bacteria in the second location. At 7 DAI, there found 130 bacteria in the first location and 146 bacteria in location 2 by grinding technique. By tissue cropping technique, there were 124 bacteria in the first location and 102 bacteria in the second location. Morphologically, fungi were identified as Fusariumsp, Aspergillus sp, Penicillum sp, Trichoderma sp, Humicola sp, Colleotetrichum sp, Idriella sp, Alternaria sp, Rhizopus sp and Curvularia sp while the bacteria obtained 9 different isolates based on the morphology of colony.