Children Toys Research Articles

ORGANIZATION OF CHILDREN'S PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN KYIV (SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY – THE BEGINNING OF TNE XX CENTURY)

The article analyzes the problem of organization of childrens preschool educational institutions in the second half of the XIX century – at the beginning of the XX century in Ukraine, which was part of the Russian Empire, in particular in Kyiv. It was found that there were not enough preschools at that time, and orphanages did not solve the problem of preparing children for school and their upbringing. Preschools were opened in the green corners of Kyiv, first at the expense of philanthropists, they were called kindergartens, and then some of them were maintained at the expense of the budget of Kyiv. Much work in this direction was carried out by the Society of Kindergartens, established in Kyiv in 1907, which took care of the creation and operation of such institutions, the selection of staff for them; other public organizations, patrons. The kindergarten program included mandatory walks for children in any weather, exercises to develop hand motor skills, preparation for school. Only people with pedagogical education could work as educators in such institutions. As there were not enough of them, the Froebel Institute was engaged in preparation. There was a special school for the preparation of nannies for kindergartens, in which girls with primary education received theoretical knowledge and helped educators to cope with children. The school students were taught to cook, sew, and repair children's clothes. Lectures at the nanny school were given by well-known teachers, including Tymofiy Hryhorovych and Natalia Dmytrivna Lubenets, who worked at the school for free. The work of the Society of Folk Kindergartens was multifaceted. In Kyiv in January 1908 in the school named after M. Tereshchenko it was held an extremely interesting exhibition "Preschool Education", which contained 2 halls. The first recreated components of the "exemplary" children's room of the time. It had a corner with toys, children's works and other components necessary for the child. In the second hall the methodical materials of that time, visual aids, children's toys and a library for children and educators were collected. The exhibition was international. An exhibition of children's "folk" toys from Kyiv and Poltava regions was also organized. In cooperation with the Sikorski Institute, the organizers created an exhibition of scientific literature. At the exhibition on weekends there were also lectures by scientists on child rearing, and for preschoolers at this time organized the reading of fairy tales.

A Study to Assess the Challenges Faced and Measures Taken by the Mothers of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Selected Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal

Context: Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present a big challenge to mothers. They experience burden and lack of support and resources in child's care. Aims: This study aimed to assess the challenges faced and measures taken by mothers of children with ADHD. Settings: The present study was conducted at Outpatient Department of Manovikas Kendra, 482, Madudah. Plot 1-24, Sector - J, E. M. Bypass, Kolkata-700 107, West Bengal. Design: This was a descriptive survey approach. Subjects and Methods: Data were collected from 86 mothers included by nonprobability convenience sampling technique. Rating scale and semi-structured interview schedule were used to collect data. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive and inferential statistics was used for statistical analysis. Results: The findings revealed that only 2 (2.32%) mothers of children with ADHD faced mild (0–25), 81 (94.18%) mothers of children with ADHD faced moderate level (26–51), 3 (3.48%) mothers of children with ADHD faced severe (52–76) level of challenges, and all mothers (100%) used punishment/beating, provided the child toys for calming down, kept child under supervision, and praised their willingness to study rather than getting full marks. The computed Chi-square result showed significant association between level of challenges faced by the mothers with types of family, education qualification, and monthly family income (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Majority (94.18%) of the mothers of children with ADHD faced moderate level of challenges.

Usaha Mainan Anak Tradisional Desa Karanganyar, Kabupaten Jepara

Karanganyar Village is a village that produces traditional children's toys with toys based on coastal environmental structures. This traditional children's toy is one of Jepara's superior products that has not been developed by the Department of Industry and Trade and MSMEs in Jepara. This results in the underdevelopment of superior local products and local cultural wisdom compared to children's toy developers in other areas such as Purwakarta and Yogyakarta. The service program is a regional superior product development program in traditional children's toy producing centers, especially at Mekar Maju MSMEs. The specific objective of this program is to assist partners in developing superior local products in Karanganyar Village in the form of traditional children's toys so that they have a variety of toys with educational value and child-friendly and helping partners develop technology-based business management patterns. The main priority in this program is solutions to problems in the production process, product design, and marketing management. The results of this service activity can help MSMEs in (1) improving the business climate, (2) increasing access to productive resources, (3) developing products and marketing for MSMEs, (4) increasing the competitiveness of HR and MSMEs

Blending alginate fibers with polyester fibers for flame-retardant filling materials: Thermal decomposition behaviors and fire performance

Polyester fibers are often applied as filling materials; however, they are flammable and exhibit melt-dripping. In this work, to prepare fibers with high flame retardancy, inherently flame-retardant alginate fibers were blended with polyester fibers, without using any toxic chemicals. The blended fibers with 20 wt.% alginate fibers achieved quick self-extinguishing without any melt-dripping in the vertical flame test and a test according to Pennsylvania Stuffed Toy Regulations. During the cone calorimetry test, the blended materials with 50 wt.% alginate fibers showed a remarkable decrease in heat and smoke release, compared with the blend with 20 wt.% alginate fiber and polyester fibers. Moreover, the alginate fibers could decompose prematurely and then delay the weight loss of polyester components when the natural/synthetic blends were subjected to heating. Also, they exhibited flame-retardant activities both in the vapor phase by the fuel dilution of non-flammable gases and in the condensed phase by forming calcium-enriched residues that were incompatible with polyester melts. Given their ease of preparation and high flame retardancy, the blended fibers have the potential for applications as filling materials of children's toys, furniture, and clothing.

DC Motor Speed Control Using Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Based on Microcontroller

DC motors are included in the category of motor types that are most widely used both in industrial environments, household appliances to children's toys. The development of control technology has also made many advances from conventional control to automatic control to intelligent control. Fuzzy logic is used as a control system, because this control process is relatively easy and flexible to design without involving complex mathematical models of the system to be controlled. The purpose of this research is to study and apply the fuzzy mamdani logic method to the Arduino uno microcontroller, to control the speed of a DC motor and to control the speed of the fan. The research method used is an experimental method. Global testing is divided into three, namely sensor testing, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) testing and Mamdani fuzzy logic control testing. The fuzzy controller output is a control command given to the DC motor. In this DC motor control system using the Mamdani method and the control system is designed using two inputs in the form of Error and Delta Error. The two inputs will be processed by the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to get the output value in the form of a PWM signal to control the DC motor. The results of this study indicate that the fuzzy logic control system with the Arduino uno microcontroller can control the rotational speed of the DC motor as desired.

When Pet Snacks Look Like Children's Toys! The Potential Role of Pet Snacks in Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens in the Household.

Recent foodborne pathogen outbreaks associated with dry pet food and treats have focused the attention on these products as vehicles of pathogens for both pets and their owners. This study investigates the purchasing habits of dog owners and determines if and in what form pet snacks can be potentially dangerous for humans, especially for children. For these purposes, questionnaires collected from 406 dog owners were evaluated and microbiological analyses were performed on 120 dry pet snacks. The shape of the pet snack affects the purchase (median score, Mdn = 6.4) and the star bone was the preferred one (Mdn = 7.1). Most of the participants (76.0%; p < 0.001) stated that snacks are attractive to their children and that the possibility for children to get in contact with pet snacks is rare, but not implausible (Mdn = 3.1). Indeed, more than 6% of respondents admitted that there had been incidents of involuntary ingestion of pet snacks, with fever and gastrointestinal manifestations. Microbiological analyses showed that 119 dry pet snacks analyzed of a total of 120 (99.2%) were in good sanitary condition except for one sample where the presence of Listeria ivanovii was confirmed. The upward trend in the presence of pets in households and the strong and continuous growth in value and volume of the pet food market led researchers to analyze possible public health issues. Children and infants in particular are the most exposed subjects as they are more likely to come into contact with pet snacks, attracted by a shape similar to that of a toy. For this reason, although our findings did not highlight important microbiological contamination of pet snacks, it would be useful to standardize food safety criteria with those for human food from a One Health perspective.

Associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and sex-typed play behavior in preschool age boys and girls

Phthalates, a class of chemicals found widely in consumer products including plastic toys, food contaminants and food packaging, personal care products, cosmetics, air fresheners, and some medications, have been shown to be anti-androgenic in numerous laboratory and epidemiological studies. In a prior cohort enrolled in 2000–2002, we observed associations between prenatal urinary concentrations of di-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites and less male-typed play behavior in preschool age boys. The aim of this study was to examine phthalate exposure in pregnancy in relation to play behavior at age 4 years in a larger cohort of pregnant women enrolled in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES) between 2010 and 2012 at four study sites (Minneapolis, MN; Rochester, NY; San Francisco, CA; Seattle, WA). Maternal urinary metabolites of DEHP, DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, and DEP were measured during the first (n=498) and third trimester (n=468) and mothers completed the Preschool Activities Inventory (PSAI), a validated maternal questionnaire designed to assess child toy preference and sex-typed play behavior when children were 4–5 years of age. After adjusting for child age, maternal education, race, urine dilution, parental attitudes about opposite sex-typed play behavior, and presence of a same sex older sibling, we observed associations between first trimester (mean 10.7±2.1 weeks gestation) (log10) SpG-adjusted MnBP, MiBP, and MBzP and lower masculine scores in boys (β-coefficient [95% confidence intervals]: MnBP −2.18, [-4.16, −0.20]), MiBP −2.1[-4.3,0.1], and MBzP -2.42 [-4.12, −0.71]). In girls, first trimester maternal urinary MBzP was associated with lower masculine scores (-2.12 [-3.98,-0.25]), while third trimester (mean 32.8±3.0 weeks gestation) maternal urinary MiBP was associated with higher masculine scores (2.69 [0.68,4.70]). Third trimester maternal urinary phthalate levels were not associated with play behavior in boys. These findings in boys are largely consistent with previous studies that report that prenatal phthalate exposure is associated with less masculine play behavior. No associations in girls have been previously reported.

The detrimental effect of microplastics on critical periods of development in the neuroendocrine system.

As a result of human socio-economic activity, industrial wastes have increased alarmingly. Plastic pollution is globally distributed across the world due to its properties of buoyancy and durability. Two broad classes of plastic-related chemicals are of critical concern for human health-bisphenol-A or BPA, and additives used in the synthesis of plastics, which are known as phthalates. Our exposure to them is ubiquitous because they are used in the production of materials that we use daily such as polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, flooring, automotive parts, medical devices, dental sealants, and children's toys. Since these compounds are not covalently bound to the products, they easily leach from them, leading to high human exposure. Both, BPA and phthalates, are endocrine-disruptor compounds (EDCs) with steroidogenic activity, and can bind to different receptors, such as estrogen, androgen, PPAR-γ, and AhR. These pathways are part of the complex regulatory neuroendocrine network, since its cellular components not only express neuroendocrine receptors, but synthesize and respond to several hormones and other endocrine ligands. On the other hand, the effects of BPA and phthalates on neuroendocrine diseases have been poorly studied and the available data are inconclusive. This can be attributed to the enormous variety of animal models and the different doses used in experiments or levels found in humans. However, what is clear is that exposure to both EDCs during critical life stages induces many changes in the neuroendocrine system of exposed humans that are correlated with different reproductive and neurological diseases.

Novel strategy for disposable pipette extraction (DPX): Low-cost Parallel-DPX for determination of phthalate migration from common plastic materials to saliva simulant with GC-MS

In widespread use in commercial products as plasticizers, phthalic acid esters (phthalates) have worried researchers and society in general, given the negative impacts on living organisms, especially human health. Since they are not chemically linked to the polymeric matrix, their migration is evident for samples that come into contact with plastics that contain them, such as water, food and saliva. In this work, a new strategy is described, named parallel-disposable pipette extraction (Pa-DPX), in a fast, efficient and robust analytical method using five simultaneous extractions for the determination of migration of 6 phthalates from common plastic materials (children's toys, school supplies, dog toys and oral contact items) to saliva simulant, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimized conditions were 5 extraction cycles with 1600 μL of saliva simulant and desorption with 200 μL of ethyl acetate using 5 cycles with the same aliquot. The calibration curves resulted in determination coefficients higher than 0.9915, limits of detection at 1.5 μg L−1, and the quantification limits were 5.0 μg L−1. Excellent results were obtained for repeatability (relative standard deviation ranging from 8.7% to 20.1% for 5 μg L−1) and intermediate precision, varying the day of analyses (7.9%–16.2%). The analyte recovery ranged from 75% to 114% for two different samples, in four different levels of concentration. The Pa-DPX-GC-MS method was successfully applied to determine the migration of PAE from 21 samples. At least one PAE was detected in 81% of samples, and di-n-octyl phthalate was found in higher concentration, achieving the migration of almost 30 μg per g of sample.

Colonization of Environmental Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in a Newly Constructed Children's Outpatient Clinic

<h3>Background</h3> The purpose of this study was to examine prevalence of environmental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a newly constructed children's outpatient clinic. Viable MRSA on floors and select surfaces in waiting areas and two medical units were compared for the last 3 months of construction through the first 6 months of occupation. <h3>Methods</h3> A total of 52 locations were swabbed weekly, including common areas (floors at check-in desks, waiting rooms, and on children's toys), and on patient room floors, counters, and return air ducts in pulmonary and general medicine units (3 rooms tested in each). Testing was performed during the last 3 months of construction (October-December 2018), and the first 6 months after opening (January - June 2019). HardyCHROM MRSA selective and differential agar media was used to identify viable MRSA. <h3>Results</h3> In common areas, during construction we observed 4/80 (5%) positive swabs for MRSA. After occupation, 72 /208 (35%) positive swabs for MRSA were found in the common areas. In pulmonary unit rooms during construction we observed 3/60 (5%) positive samples for MRSA, and 52/234 (22%) positive samples for MRSA after occupation (p < 0.01). In general medicine rooms during construction we observed 10/60 (17%) positive MRSA samples and 75/234 (32%) positive samples for MRSA after occupation (p < 0.01). Significant differences in the presence of viable MRSA between construction and occupation phases were found in the the common area as well (p < 0.01). <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study shows the rapid colonization of the clinical environment with MRSA within the first 6 months of opening of a children's outpatient clinic. The potential link between environmental bacteria and healthcare-associated infections is an important area of research in infectious disease, particularly for outpatient clinics, requiring monitoring studies such as this.

Contamination by eleven harmful elements in children's jewelry and toys from Central Asian market.

Contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in children's toys and jewelry is an ongoing problem, and there is evidence in the literature that the issue is shifting towards developing countries and small markets. The present research aims (1) to characterize total concentrations of eleven PTEs (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in children's jewelry and toys purchased from the Central Asian market (n = 65), and (2) to investigate the relationship between the extent of contamination and sample categories/properties. The laboratory analyses showed that the majority of the samples had PTEs above the total and soluble limits for PTEs stated in the USA, Canadian, and the EU legislation. Particularly for metallic toys and jewelry (n = 46), the total concentrations in 45 samples exceeded the EU migration limits for one or more PTEs. In particular, Cu and Zn concentrations were extremely high (up to 100%) in many samples and highly toxic Cd and Pb were present in elevated quantities in several articles. Contamination was also present, albeit to a much lesser extent, in other toy categories: brittle/pliable toys for Co and Cr, plastic toys and jewelry for Pb, and other toys for Co. Although average values and visual observations suggested evidence, no statistically significant relationship between PTE concentrations and sample properties (color, price, and degree of appeal) could be found. The findings supported the evidence that the contamination issue in children's jewelry and toys by PTEs is an ongoing issue in developing countries. Very high total concentrations of PTEs particularly found in several metallic samples warrant further investigation of migratable concentrations. Thus, conducting bioaccessibility tests and a subsequent human health risk characterization is recommended. Overall, there is a potential risk for children in the case of exposure to PTEs from children's jewelry and toys sold on the Central Asian market. More effective enforcement of legislation for consumer goods in the region and raising public awareness regarding chemicals in children's products are recommended.

A pediatric health risk assessment of children's toys imported from China into Nigeria

Trade liberalization led to the flooding of the Nigerian markets with ‘‘made in China’’ children's toys. Information about metal contamination in toys is vital to ensure the safety of children's product. This is a pediatric health risk assessment of three toxic metals (Pb, Cd and As) in children toys purchased from Nigerian market. Thirty cheap ‘‘made in China’’ toys were purchased from stores in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Three toxic metals (Pb, Cd and As) in the thirty toys samples were determined by absorption spectrophotometry. Pb, Cd and As were present in all the toys at levels below the limits set by EU. The oral and dermal exposure risk assessment showed no significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogen health risks of public health concern. Some ‘‘made in China’’ toys imported into Nigeria may not add to the body burden of these metals in children.

Hidden risks in toys: A systematic review of pediatric toy contact dermatitis.

Toys are a reflection of the compounds used frequently in manufacturing. Allergic contact dermatitis to potties, metal toys, and children's jewelry is well known, however, there is a broad range of skin risks in toys. With the objective to identify and publicize the associated risk of contact dermatitis in children's toys, we have searched the PubMed database from creation to September 9, 2019. Studies were eligible if they reported a new case of contact dermatitis secondary to interaction with a toy in patients from birth to 18 years of age. A toy was defined as something children interact with for entertainment during leisure time. In this review of the PubMed database we filtered by age and language which may have prevented us from detecting cases in adults that could be extrapolated to children. In addition, several articles were excluded based on title alone. A total of 1312 articles were identified and reviewed manually for inclusion criteria. Review of the articles found 25 original articles for consideration. Several toys were found to be associated with contact dermatitis. These included electronics, toy cars, costume jewelry, bicycles, sqwish balls, slime, Play-Doh, and plasticine. Electronics such as video game controllers, cellphones, iPads, and computers were implicated. In conclusion, there is still an unmet need for observation of this segment of industry for labeling of contents and ongoing surveillance.

Restoring the Sense of Touch: From "Sci-Fi Dream" to Reality.

A range of remarkable prostheses are now available to give function back to people who have had hands, arms, feet, or legs amputated, but for all their capabilities, these devices are missing a critical feature: a real sense of touch. Without it, a patient has no tactile sensory feedback on whether they have stepped off a curb or onto a misplaced child's toy, or are gripping a Styrofoam coffee cup or a toddler's hand too tightly or too loosely. Research projects today, however, are coming closer to restoring the sense of touch, which will help prostheses evolve from amazing tools to true replacement body parts.

Children's exposure to hazardous brominated flame retardants in plastic toys

We report concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in 23 plastic samples from 20 new and second-hand children's toys sourced from the UK that had been previously shown to be Br-positive by XRF. The results reinforce existing evidence that the recycling of BFR-treated electronic plastics has led to the unintentional BFR contamination of articles not required to be flame-retarded. The principal BFRs detected were PBDEs (and in particular BDE-209), HBCDD and TBBP-A. PBDEs were detected in all samples with a maximum concentration of BDE-209 of 2500 mg/kg, and while TBBP-A was detected in 11 samples with a maximum concentration of 3100 mg/kg. HBCDD was detected in 14 cases and was present in four toys at concentrations (139–840 mg/kg) that would currently prevent their sale on the EU market. While estimated exposures to PBDEs via accidental ingestion of toy plastic fell well below USEPA reference doses, a child weighing 8.67 kg and ingesting 8 mg/day of a toy (the default assumption of the European Commission's Toy Safety Directive for scraped-off toy material) contaminated at our arithmetic mean concentration would be exposed to 0.2 ng/kg bw/day BDE-99. This compares closely to a health-based limit value (HBLV) proposed in The Netherlands of 0.23–0.30 ng/kg bw/day BDE-99. Of greater concern, the same child playing with a toy contaminated at the maximum concentration in this study would be exposed to 1.4 ng/kg bw/day BDE-99, thereby exceeding the HBLV. This paper is the first to consider BFR exposure via incidental ingestion of plastic from both contemporary and historical toys, revealing it to be considerable and for some children their most significant pathway of exposure.

A review of recent research in social robotics

Research in social robotics has a different emphasis from research in robotics for factory, military, hospital, home (vacuuming), aerial (drone), space, and undersea applications. A social robot is one whose purpose is to serve a person in a caring interaction rather than to perform a mechanical task. Both because of its newness and because of its narrower psychological rather than technological emphasis, research in social robotics tends currently to be concentrated in a single journal and single annual conference. This review categorizes such a research into three areas: (1) Affect, Personality and Adaptation; (2) Sensing and Control for Action; and (3 Assistance to the Elderly and Handicapped. Current application is primarily for children's toys and devices to comfort the elderly and handicapped, as detailed in Section 'Toys and the market for social robots in general'.

PENGARUH KUALITAS LAYANAN DAN SUASANA TOKO TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN TOKO TOYS CITY MALL SUMARECON, BEKASI

&lt;em&gt;This study aims to determine the effect of service quality and store atmosphere on customer satisfaction at Toys City Mall Summarecon Bekasi. This research is a quantitative research and survey research. The population of this study is the customer-owner owner of children's toys buyers Toy City Mall Mall Summarecon Bekasi. The number of samples is 60 respondents, while the sampling technique uses the saturated sample technique. The data of this research are primary data sourced from questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability, while the data analysis uses descriptive statistical analysis, simple and multiple regression, hypothesis F test and hypothesis test t. The results of this study indicate that: 1) Service quality has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction at Toys City Mall Summarecon Bekasi. 2) The atmosphere of the store has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction at the Toys City Mall Mall Summarecon Bekasi. 3) Service quality and store atmosphere together have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction at Toys City Mall Summarecon Bekasi.&lt;/em&gt;

Plasticizer migration from children's toys, child care articles, art materials, and school supplies

Dialkyl phthalates, including diisononyl phthalate (DINP), have been used as plasticizers in children's products made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), such as teethers and toys. Children may be exposed to phthalates when handling or mouthing PVC products because plasticizers are not covalently bound. The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 prohibited certain phthalates from use in child care articles and children's toys. Thus, manufacturers have changed to other plasticizers or non-PVC plastics and there is interest in evaluating the potential health risks of alternative plasticizers. In 2008, CPSC staff purchased 63 children's products comprising 129 individual pieces (articles). Plastics identified FTIR included PVC, polypropylene, polyethylene, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Plasticizers identified by in the 38 PVC articles included acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) (20); di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) (14); 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINX) (13); 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TPIB) (9); di (2 ethyhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (1); and DINP (1). Half of the tested articles contained multiple plasticizers. CPSC measured migration rates using the Joint Research Centre method. Migration rates correlated roughly with plasticizer concentration and inversely with the molecular mass of the plasticizer. We then combined the migration rates with data on mouthing duration to estimate children's exposure to plasticizers in toys and child care articles, and estimated margins of exposure. All margins of exposure were >1,000, suggesting a low risk potential. However, the plasticizers in this study have multiple uses. Exposure from other sources and routes of exposure will be considered in future work.

Children’s Toy Safety Standards in Malaysia and ASEAN: Towards Single Regional Regulation of Lead-Based Paints and Children Toys

Children’s toys have always been the primary step on the manufacturing ladder for several developing economies like Malaysia and other ASEAN member states (AMS). Apart from an ideal product to chase low cost labor, children’s toys were easy to produce with relative low-quality requirements. However, following the ‘Year of the Recall’ in 2007 which saw the greatest number of recalled products of children’s toys from markets due to higher permissible amount of lead, Malaysia and several AMS no longer taken the safety of children’s toys product lightly. Despite Malaysia has amended its regulations which requires toys available on the Malaysian markets to be tested for the presence of maximum acceptable levels of lead from toy materials and toy parts, Malaysia and several AMS still has no laws on the regulation on the amount of lead in paint. Even worse, some of AMS still has no national legislations and regulations for safety standard of children’s toys product. This qualitative research utilizes the secondary data gained from scientific database analysis and library research including documents and precedents on children toy safety regulations and analyzed this data by legal interpretation. The finding shows that AMS requires proper national and regional legislations and regulations particularly for import, export, manufacturing, adoption and sale of children toys and paints to be ratified and implemented so as to avert the availability of lead-based paints and children toys with high lead content in the market.

Стан, проблеми та перспективи розвитку ринку дитячих іграшок в Україні

The consumer toy market in Ukraine is full of products from different manufacturers, destinations, materials etc. Herewith, consumer preferences often change depending on global trends. Therefore, the study of the children's toys domestic market is relevant and important in the activities of market participants for making sound decisions. The purpose of the article is to analyze the dynamics and trends of the Ukrainian toys market, to identify problems and prospects for its development. It is determined that the toys market in Ukraine is developing dynamically, increasing by 10-15% annually. Today the share of imports on the toys market is over 85%. The lion's share of imports on the Ukrainian toys market is steadily occupied by China. Often these toys do not meet the quality and safety requirements. The domestic toys market remains scanty, but the production of plastic and wooden educational toys has been particularly dynamic recently. Leading manufacturers of toys use imported materials, equipment, technologies, produce products that meet the world quality requirements and actively seek for markets abroad. The largest quantities of Ukrainian toys are exported to Russia, Poland, USA and Latvia. It is determined that the main problems in the development of domestic toys production are the lack of state support; dependence of manufacturers on imported materials and equipment; lack of preferential lending; ineffective state control over the safety and quality of children's toys; lack of control over the psychological safety of toys; a small number of local brands and their inability to compete with global brands; dominance on the market of toys that promote a foreign culture and do not conform to the national cultural code; the complexity of the competition with cheap, non-branded, low quality Chinese toys that dominate on the market.