Long-term Development Of Children Research Articles

Atosiban versus placebo in the treatment of threatened preterm birth between 30 and 34 weeks gestation: study protocol of the 4-year APOSTEL 8 follow-up

IntroductionCurrently, the majority of women worldwide with threatened preterm birth are treated with tocolytics. Although tocolytics can effectively delay birth for 48 hours, no tocolytic drug has convincingly been shown...

Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Need to Improve Diagnostic Accuracy and Evidence for a Key Role of Oxidative Stress in Neonatal and Long-Term Sequelae.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and being small for gestational age (SGA) are two distinct conditions with different implications for short- and long-term child development. SGA is present if the estimated fetal or birth weight is below the tenth percentile. IUGR can be identified by additional abnormalities (pathological Doppler sonography, oligohydramnion, lack of growth in the interval, estimated weight below the third percentile) and can also be present in fetuses and neonates with weights above the tenth percentile. There is a need to differentiate between IUGR and SGA whenever possible, as IUGR in particular is associated with greater perinatal morbidity, prematurity and mortality, as well as an increased risk for diseases in later life. Recognizing fetuses and newborns being "at risk" in order to monitor them accordingly and deliver them in good time, as well as to provide adequate follow up care to ameliorate adverse sequelae is still challenging. This review article discusses approaches to differentiate IUGR from SGA and further increase diagnostic accuracy. Since adverse prenatal influences increase but individually optimized further child development decreases the risk of later diseases, we also discuss the need for interdisciplinary follow-up strategies during childhood. Moreover, we present current concepts of pathophysiology, with a focus on oxidative stress and consecutive inflammatory and metabolic changes as key molecular mechanisms of adverse sequelae, and look at future scientific opportunities and challenges. Most importantly, awareness needs to be raised that pre- and postnatal care of IUGR neonates should be regarded as a continuum.

Navigating the landscape of Postpartum Depression: a comprehensive review

Introduction and purpose:
 The joyous occasion of childbirth is often overshadowed by the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD), a complex mental health condition affecting mothers globally. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on PPD, exploring its frequency, risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, and impact on maternal and child health.
 Description of the State of Knowledge:
 Recent studies indicate an alarming increase in PPD rates, with notable racial and socioeconomic disparities. Symptoms of PPD, ranging from mild to severe include mood disturbances, cognitive impairments, and self-harm ideation. The repercussions extend beyond the postpartum period, affecting long-term child development, breastfeeding practices, and the mother-infant bond. Advancements in screening tools, particularly the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), have facilitated early detection. However, creating an environment conducive to open communication about mental health remains a significant challenge. Interventions for PPD include psychotherapeutic approaches, pharmacological interventions, and complementary therapies. Brexanolone, the first FDA-approved drug for PPD, represents a significant breakthrough. Community-based and peer support programs, alongside a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals and support networks, have shown promise in alleviating PPD symptoms.
 Summary:
 In conclusion, PPD remains a substantial public health concern. Increased awareness of its multifaceted nature has led to improved screening, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Ongoing dialogue, supportive environments, and refined treatments are essential for enhancing the well-being of both mothers and their infants in the postpartum period.

A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of an Economic Strengthening Intervention to Enhance Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence among Adolescents Living with HIV.

We examined the impact of an economic empowerment intervention on ART adherence among ALHIV. We used data from 455 ALHIV, randomized into intervention, n = 111, and control n = 344. ALHIV were aged 12-16 and recruited from 39 clinics in Uganda between January 2013 and December 2015. The intervention comprised a long-term child development account (CDA), micro-enterprise workshops, and educational sessions. Adherence was measured using unannounced pill counts. We used mixed-effects logistic regression analysis to examine the effect of the intervention on ART adherence. The mean age was 12.6 years. Despite observing non-significant group main effects, we found significant group-by-time interaction effects χ2(5) = 45.41, p < 0.001. Pairwise comparisons showed that compared to the control group, participants who received the intervention had significantly higher adherence at visit four, OR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.07-2.18), p = 0.020; visit five, OR = 1.59 (95% CI: 1.06-2.38), p = 0.026; and visit six, OR = 1.94 (95% CI: 1.24-3.04), p = 0.004. Efforts to support ALHIV to live longer and healthier lives should incorporate components addressing poverty. However, declining adherence raises concerns over ALHIV's long-term well-being. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number NCT01790373, with a primary outcome of adherence to HIV treatment.

Review of the Impacts of Parental Divorce on Outsprings

The divorce rate around the world has risen, though only a few investments can be found that have complete conclusion to the future effects on children of the separation of parents. Therefore, in the present study, the impacts of divorce on the next generations are examined by searching and collecting the previous research. The research found that parents’ separation could influence children’s recent psychological state. More significantly, the separation of parents can also have a critical influence on a children's long-term development, an impact that was proven in research to persist into adulthood. Mental illness, worse academic achievements, suicide thoughts, fragile marriage and higher probability of crime are all the impacts of parental divorce. In summary, the consequences of parental divorce are widespread and long-lasting. Based on this, the paper provides suggestions on how to prevent the impact of parental divorce on individuals in youth from the perspective of the family, the school, and the individual.

Pregnancy after kidney transplantation: an observational study on maternal, graft and offspring outcomes in view of current literature.

Pregnancy after kidney transplantation (KTx) is considered to have a high risk of non-negligible complications for the mother, the allograft, and the offspring. With an increased incidence of these pregnancies over the past decades, transplant nephrologists and specialized obstetricians face increasing challenges, with scarce literature regarding long-term outcomes. We retrospectively collected data from all women with at least one live birth pregnancy after KTx who were followed at our tertiary hospital between 2000 and 2021 to study maternal, graft and fetal outcomes. Ten patients underwent 14 live birth pregnancies after KTx. Preponderant maternal complications were stage 1 acute kidney injury (43%), urinary tract infections (UTI, 43%), progression of proteinuria without diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia (29%), and preeclampsia (14%). Median baseline serum creatinine at conception was 126.5 µmol/L [median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 49 mL/min/1.73m2], and eGFR tended to be lower than baseline at follow-ups. Overall, there was no increase in preexisting or occurrence of de novo donor-specific antibodies. No graft loss was documented within the 2-year follow-up. There were nine premature births (64%), with a median gestational age of 35.7 weeks. The median birth weight, height, and head circumference were 2,560 g, 45.5 cm, and 32.1 cm, respectively. These measurements tended to improve over time, reaching a higher percentile than at birth, especially in terms of height, but on average remained under the 50th percentile curve. Overall, pregnancies after KTx came with a range of risks for the mother, with a high prevalence of cesarean sections, emergency deliveries, UTI, and preeclampsia, and for the child, with a high proportion of prematurity, lower measurements at birth, and a tendency to stay under the 50th percentile in growth charts. The short- and long-term impact on the allograft seemed reassuring; however, there was a trend toward lower eGFR after pregnancy. With these data, we emphasize the need for a careful examination of individual risks via specialized pre-conception consultations and regular monitoring by a transplant nephrologist and a specialist in maternal-fetal medicine during pregnancy. More data about the long-term development of children are required to fully apprehend the impact of KTx on offspring.

성장기 아동을 위한 러닝화 디자인 개발연구

As the increase of number of childrens under China’s three-child policy, the demand for children’s running shoes is also expected to rise. In consideration of the physiological function, developmental characteristics, and biomechanical characteristics during children’s development, the running shoes are designed to protect their feet and accelerate their development. Subject to the biomechanical characteristics and preference of design, children’s running shoes have to be designed systematically. Considering the features of children’s feet, all-around researches and analysises were conducted to develop shoes that protect children’s feet. To protect the feet and the long-term development of children from pes valgus and flatfoot, the development of running shoe with protection was proposed. As the development direction, the outsole design should be in form with anti-slippery and force dispersion features while the midsole was air cushion structure to relieve the possible pressure from body weight and generated during movements. Secondly, it was a shape that support the ankle joint of the shoe upper.&#x0D; As a method of the experiment, two types of running shoes of the related comparative experimental group were selected, performance analysis, and subjective preference analysis were conducted. In the preference analysis, prototype running shoes were more aesthetic than the other two types of running shoes, and in terms of stability, the range of joint activity was better than that of the comparative group, and in terms of force absorption, prototype running shoes were higher than that of the comparative control group. Combining the research and developing running shoes for the protection of growing children's feet through biomechanical experiments can help to protect their feet more effectively, convincing consumers through persuasive marketing approach, and establishing a helpful design process for developing running shoe.

PCR1 Comparison of Infant’s CRY/Fuss Report Between Parental Perception and Recording Analysis, and Its Potential Implications on Parental Mental Health

Infant crying judged to be excessive can trigger premature termination of breastfeeding, over-feeding, parental distress/depression, poor parent-child relationships, issues with long-term child development, and may lead to infant abuse. Mothers reporting >20min of inconsolable cry/day also report possible depression (OR= 4.0). Historically, over-reporting of baby’s cry/fuss by parents and tedious work of listening to lengthy recordings for assessment has been an issue experienced by clinicians and researchers. In our pilot study, we aimed to study the parental perception of the baby's crying/fussing episodes via electronic diaries (e-diaries) compared to software-analyzed baby's vocal recordings.

Genetic and environmental influences on temperament development across the preschool period.

Preschoolers' temperament characteristics are associated with children's long-term development. Such links underscore the importance of understanding factors that shape temperament during preschool. This is the first study to examine genetic and environmental sources of developmental growth in three temperament dimensions: surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control, during the preschool period. Biometric latent growth curve modeling was used to examine genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental contributions to the invariant level of and developmental growth in temperament, using a sample of 310 same-sex twin pairs (MZ = 123, DZ = 187) assessed at 3, 4, and 5 years of age. Temperament was assessed using primary caregiver's report on the Child Behavior Questionnaire-Short Form. All three temperament dimensions demonstrated linear increases from ages 3 to 5 years. The invariant levels of all three temperament dimensions were explained by genetic and nonshared environmental factors. Growth in surgency was fully explained by nonshared environmental factors, while growth in negative affectivity was mainly explained by genetic factors. Growth in effortful control was explained by genetic and nonshared environmental factors, although neither were significant due to large bootstrap standard errors. For negative affectivity and effortful control, the genetic factors that contributed to developmental growth were independent from those associated with their invariant levels. Collectively, these findings indicate that both genetic and nonshared environmental factors play important roles in the invariant levels of temperament. Findings also accord a critical role of children's nonshared environment in the development of surgency and to a lesser extent negative affectivity and effortful control. It is also notable that novel genetic effects contribute to developmental growth in negative affectivity and effortful control as children age, emphasizing the importance of integrating developmental models in genetic research.

O-269 Long-term development of children born from CAPA-IVM and IVF: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Study question Is there any difference in developmental outcomes in children born after capacitation in vitro maturation (CAPA-IVM) compared with conventional in vitro fertilization (cIVF)? Summary answer Overall development up to 24 months of age was comparable in children born after CAPA-IVM compared with cIVF. What is known already IVM has been shown to be a feasible alternative to conventional IVF in women with a high antral follicle count (AFC). Data from a randomized clinical trial did not show non-inferiority of CAPA-IVM compared with cIVF with respect to live birth rate, although the findings did approach inferiority for IVM versus IVF when cumulative outcomes were considered (cumulative ongoing pregnancy rates of 44% versus 63%). In addition to live birth rate, childhood development is also a relevant metric to compare between the two approaches to assisted reproductive technology (ART) and there are currently no data on this. Study design, size, duration This study was a follow-up of babies born to women who participated in a randomized controlled trial comparing CAPA-IVM with cIVF (Vuong LN et al, Hum Reprod 2020;35:2537-2547). Developmental assessments were performed on children over 24 months of follow-up. Participants/materials, setting, methods Randomized trial participants had an indication for ART and a high AFC (≥24 follicles in both ovaries) were randomized to undergo one cycle of either CAPA-IVM (n = 273) or IVF (n = 273). Of these, 96 women and 118 women, respectively, had live births. Seventy-six women (94 children, 79.2%) and 104 women (137 children, 88.1%), respectively, completed Ages &amp; Stages Third Edition (ASQ-3) Questionnaires, and assessment of Developmental Red Flags at 6, 12 and 24 months of age. Main results and the role of chance Baseline characteristics of follow-up study participants in the CAPA-IVM and IVF groups were comparable. Overall, there were no significant differences in ASQ-3 scores at 6, 12 and 24 months between children born after CAPA-IVM or IVF. The proportion of children with developmental red flags was low and did not differ between groups. The only significant difference between the CAPA-IVM and IVF groups was for ASQ-3 scores in problem solving and personal-social in twins only at 6 months. These scores were slightly lower in the CAPA-IVM versus IVF group but were still within the normal range and had caught up to the IVF group in the 12- and 24-month assessments. Twenty-eight babies in the IVM group and 26 in the IVF group had an abnormal ASQ-3 on at least one occasion (36% versus 25%, relative risk [RR] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99–2.5, p = 0.08). All babies with abnormal ASQ-3 were referred to a specialist. Four babies in the IVM and two in the IVF group were confirmed to have abnormal mental and/or motor development (RR 2.9, 95% CI 0.54–15.6, p = 0.23). Children in both groups showed normal and comparable growth with respect to body weight over the first 24 months. Limitations, reasons for caution This study is an open-label follow-up of participants in a randomized controlled trial, and not all original trial subjects took part in the follow-up. Wider implications of the findings These data add to the evidence available to physicians when considering different approaches to fertility treatment and justify further surveillance. Trial registration number NCT04296357

Association of Maternal Preconception Hemoglobin Concentrations with Child Health and Development From Birth Through 6 y

ObjectivesThe long-term impact of maternal nutritional status before pregnancy on child health and development (CHD) is unclear. We examined associations between maternal preconception hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and anemia with CHD from birth through 6 y. CHD outcomes included: a) birth outcomes (birth weight, birth length, preterm, gestational age, or small for gestational age) b) child Hb at 3 mo, 1 y, and 2 y c) motor and mental development at 1 y and 2 y (Bayley scales for infant development) and cognitive functioning at age 6 y (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children).MethodsWe used data from a randomized controlled trial (PRECONCEPT) that was conducted in Vietnam. Over 5000 women of reproductive age who were intending to get pregnant were recruited of whom birth outcome data were obtained prospectively for 1599 mother-infant pairs who were followed through age 6 y (n = 1266). Multivariable linear regressions and logistic regression were used to assess the association between preconception Hb on CHD outcomes and adjusted for confounding variables at the maternal, child and household levels.ResultsAt preconception enrollment, 20% of the women were anemic. Neither preconception anemia or maternal Hb was significantly associated with birth outcomes. Maternal preconception Hb was positively associated with child Hb at 3 mo (0.06; 95% CI: 0.01,0.11), 6 mo (0.08;; 95% CI: 0.03,0.13) and 12 mo (0.10;; 95% CI: 0.05–0.15) but not 24 mo. Likewise, maternal preconception Hb was associated with a reduced risk of child anemia at 6 mo (0.90; 95% CI: 0.82–0.98) and 12 mo (0.84; 95% CI: 0.77–0.92). Maternal preconception Hb was also positively associated with child motor development at 12 months (0.26; 95% CI: 0.06,0.47) but not with child cognition and language. At 6–7 years, maternal preconception Hb was not significantly associated with child development.ConclusionsMaternal preconception Hb is associated with child hemoglobin concentrations across the first year of life. However, in this cohort from Vietnam, preconception Hb was not a significant predictor of birth outcomes or long-term child development.Funding SourcesNIH (1R03HD102513-01), Nestle Foundation, Micronutrient Initiative, Mathile Institute for Advancement of Human Nutrition.

Early relational health - A promising approach for equitable systems change in pediatrics: A commentary.

Pediatric primary care plays a critical role in supporting the healthy development of young children. Wisdom and research suggest that every developmental domain is shaped by the quality of close relationships, particularly the caregiver-child relationship. Therefore, pediatric primary care has a unique opportunity to support and nurture early relationships using the Early Relational Health (ERH) framework and its applications Early Relational Health Screen, and Early Relational Health Conversations. ERH and its applications recognize years of innovation focused on the promotion of the wellbeing of caregiver-child relationships, and children's long-term development. Central to enhancing and elevating pediatric practice is intentional effort in using diversity-informed, anti-racist, equitable systems of care frameworks. This Commentary offers a call to action for pediatric primary care to create more equitable and inclusive practice via ERH. The call to action includes deepening self and institutional awareness; allocating resources for systems change, including infusing greater equity into departmental structures; and, building authentic relationships with patients, families, and communities. This will result in intentional systems change centered on equitable practice.

Child Anthropometrics and Neurodevelopment at 2 and 3 Years of Age Following an Antenatal Lifestyle Intervention in Routine Care-A Secondary Analysis from the Cluster-Randomised GeliS Trial.

Maternal characteristics around pregnancy may influence obesity risk and neurodevelopment in children. To date, the effect of antenatal lifestyle interventions on long-term child development is unclear. The objective was to investigate the potential long-term effects of an antenatal lifestyle intervention programme conducted alongside routine care on child anthropometrics and neurodevelopment up to 3 years of age. Mother-child pairs from the cluster-randomised GeliS trial were followed up to 3 years of age. Data on child anthropometrics in both groups were collected from routine health examinations. Neurodevelopment was assessed via questionnaire. Of the 2286 study participants, 1644 mother-child pairs were included in the analysis. Children from the intervention group were less likely to score below the cut-off in Fine motor (p = 0.002), and more likely to have a score below the cut-off in Problem-solving (p < 0.001) compared to the control group at 3 years of age. Mean weight, height, head circumference, body mass index, and the respective z-scores and percentiles were comparable between the groups at 2 and 3 years of age. We found no evidence that the lifestyle intervention affected offspring development up to 3 years of age. Further innovative intervention approaches are required to improve child health in the long-term.

Gestational Age, Newborn Metabolic Markers and Academic Achievement.

Background: Gestational age is associated with greater school achievement and variation in newborn metabolic markers. Whether metabolic markers are related to gestational age differences in achievement is unknown. This study examines whether newborn metabolic markers are associated with gestational age differences in performance on standardized school tests. Methods: This retrospective cohort study linked birth certificates of children born in Iowa between 2002 and 2010 to newborn screening records and school tests between 2009 and 2018. The analytical sample includes up to 229,679 children and 973,247 child-grade observations. Regression models estimate the associations between gestational age and 37 newborn metabolic markers with national percentile ranking (NPR) scores on math, reading comprehension, and science tests. Results: An additional gestational week is associated with 0.6 (95% CI: 0.6, 0.7), 0.5 (95% CI: 0.4, 0.5), and 0.4 (95% CI: 0.4, 0.5) higher NPRs on math, reading, and science, respectively. Compared to full term children (37–44 weeks), preterm children (32–36 weeks) have 2.2 (95% CI: −2.6, −1.8), 1.5 (95% CI: −1.9, −1.1), and 1.0 (95% CI: −1.4, −0.7) lower NPRs on math, reading comprehension, and science. Very preterm children (20–31 weeks) have 8.3 (95% CI: −9.4, −7.2), 5.2 (95% CI: −6.2, −4.0), and 4.7 (95% CI: −5.6, −3.8) lower NPRs than full term children on math, reading, and science. Metabolic markers are associated with 27%, 36%, and 45% of gestational age differences in math, reading, and science scores, respectively, and over half of the difference in test scores between preterm or very preterm and full term children. Conclusions: Newborn metabolic markers are strongly related to gestational age differences in school test scores, suggesting that early metabolic differences are important markers of long-term child development.

Cohort profile: early school years follow-up of the Asking Questions about Alcohol in Pregnancy Longitudinal Study in Melbourne, Australia (AQUA at 6)

PurposeThe Asking Questions about Alcohol in Pregnancy (AQUA) study, established in 2011, is a prebirth cohort of 1570 mother and child pairs designed to assess the effects of low to...

Maternal depression is the predominant persistent risk for child cognitive and social-emotional problems from early childhood to pre-adolescence: A longitudinal cohort study

RationaleBrain development occurs rapidly during early childhood and continues throughout middle childhood. Early and later windows of opportunity exist to alter developmental trajectories. Few studies in low- and middle-income countries have examined the importance of the timing of exposure to risks for poor pre-adolescent cognitive and social-emotional outcomes. MethodsWe assessed 359 children who participated in two follow-up studies of the Supplementation with Multiple Micronutrients Intervention Trial conducted in Indonesia in 2001–2004: at 3.5 years in 2006 and 9–12 years in 2012–2014. Using structural equation models, we examined indicators of early childhood (3.5 y) and pre-adolescent (9–12 y) exposure to risks (child height-for-age z-score [HAZ], hemoglobin [Hb], maternal depressive symptoms [MDS], home environment [HOME]), with two developmental outcomes: cognitive ability and social-emotional problems. We characterized patterns of change by calculating residuals of indicators measured earlier (3.5 y) predicting the same indicators measured later (9–12 y), for example, the residual of 3.5 y MDS predicting 9–12 y MDS (rMDS). ResultsThree early risk indicators (HOME, Hb, and MDS) were indirectly associated with pre-adolescent cognitive scores through early cognitive scores (HOME: 0.15, [95% CI 0.09, 0.21]; Hb: 0.08 [0.04, 0.12], MDS: −0.07 [-0.12, −0.02]). Pre-adolescent cognitive scores were also associated with change in MDS (rMDS: −0.13 [-0.23, −0.02]) and Hb (rHb: 0.10 [0.00, 0.20]) during middle childhood. For pre-adolescent social-emotional problems, both early childhood MDS (0.31 [0.19, 0.44]) and change in MDS during middle childhood (rMDS: 0.48 [0.37, 0.60]) showed strong direct associations with this outcome. ConclusionsOur findings confirm those of previous studies that prevention of risk exposures during early childhood is likely to support long-term child development. It also adds evidence to a previously scarce literature for the middle childhood period. Prevention of maternal depressive symptoms and child anemia during middle childhood should be assessed for effectiveness to support child development.

Pregnancy Outcomes in Refractory Epilepsy Patients with Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Long-Term Single-Center Experience.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been employed worldwide as an adjunctive therapy in drug-resistant epilepsy patients. However, the mechanisms of VNS action potentially increase the risk of obstetric complications. The study presents the long-term single-center experience with pregnancies and childbirth in women with VNS for refractory epilepsy based on prospectively collected epileptologic data and a retrospective analysis of pregnancy, childbirth, and data about long-term child development. From a group of patients with VNS implanted for refractory epilepsy between October 1999 and January 2018, all the women of childbearing age (younger than 40 years) were identified. After checking their hospital records for data about any pregnancies, the women with confirmed childbirth during active VNS stimulation and their general practitioners were interviewed based on a prepared questionnaire regarding their gynecologic history, the course of pregnancy and childbirth, gestational week, birth weight and length, any congenital anomalies of the child, and the child's psychomotor development, school performance, and somatic health problems. From the group of 257 patients implanted with VNS for refractory epilepsy, 4 women (1.5%) became pregnant and gave birth (all on polypharmacotherapy). The mean interval from VNS implantation to birth was 44.3 months. Slight seizure worsening during the last trimester was reported in one woman. In one patient, acute caesarean section was required due to placental separation. Planned birth induction and caesarean section were used in the other two women because of their seizure disorder. No malfunction of the stimulation system was detected during pregnancy or after birth. No congenital malformations were observed. The two children who were of school age at the time of this study require special schooling. The study results confirmed a high rate of obstetric interventions in patients with VNS. Although no teratogenic effect of VNS has been proven, the higher incidence of children exposed to VNS needing special education requires attention.

Intimate partner violence and child and adolescent adjustment: The protective roles of neighborhood social processes.

Parental intimate partner violence (PIPV) is a serious public health problem that can have deleterious effects on children. However, little is known about the implications of PIPV for long-term child development, or about the neighborhood social resources that may mitigate its negative effects. Taking an ecological approach, this study addresses gaps in the literature by examining associations between physical PIPV and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems from childhood through adolescence (ages 6-18) and explores the protective roles of neighborhood social cohesion and social control. Data came from 1,673 primary caregivers with children (mean youth age at wave 1 = 8.94, SD = 2.47; 50% female) who participated in three waves of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Multilevel growth curve models revealed positive associations between PIPV and levels of youth internalizing and externalizing problems. PIPV was not related to rates of growth in internalizing or externalizing problems, and there were no differences for boys versus girls. Neighborhood social cohesion reduced the strength of association between PIPV and internalizing and externalizing problems, and social control was protective for externalizing problems but only during adolescence. The discussion centers on the role of neighborhood context for youth who experience physical PIPV and sheds light on avenues for intervention for children and adolescents in violent households. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Evidence on Child Nutrition Recommendations and Challenges in Crisis Settings: A Scoping Review.

Adequate child nutrition is critical to child development, yet child malnutrition is prevalent in crisis settings. However, the intersection of malnutrition and disasters is sparse. This study reviews existing evidence on nutrition responses and outcomes for infants and young children during times of crisis. The scoping review was conducted via two approaches: a systematic search and a purposive search. For the systematic search, two key online databases, PubMed and Science Direct, were utilized. In total, data from 32 studies were extracted and included in the data extraction form. Additionally, seven guidelines and policy documents were included, based on relevance to this study. Overall, the existing evidence demonstrates the negative impacts of crises on nutritional status, diet intake, anthropometric failure, and long-term child development. On the other hand, crisis-related interventions positively affected nutrition-related knowledge and practices. Further studies should be carried out to explore the sustainability of the interventions and the success of existing guidelines. Since this study focuses only on nutrition among children under three, further studies should likewise consider an extended age range from three to five years.

Associations between childhood maltreatment and educational, health and economic outcomes among middle-aged Chinese: The moderating role of relative poverty

BackgroundDespite substantial evidence in developed countries showing that child maltreatment can lead to serious life-long consequences, relatively few studies so far have examined the associations between childhood maltreatment and adulthood outcomes in developing countries, such as China. It also remains unclear as to the impact of relative poverty on the long-term development of maltreated children. ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the associations between childhood maltreatment and educational, health, and economic outcomes among middle-aged Chinese, as well as explore the moderating effects of relative poverty. Participants and settingThe participants of this study were the middle-aged respondents (aged 45 to 59) in the 2011, 2013, and 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Studies (CHARLS) and the CHARLS Life History Survey (N = 24,114). MethodsPhysical abuse and emotional neglect were measured to investigate childhood maltreatment. Subjective and objective indicators were used to examine relative poverty. A broad range of midlife outcomes were explored, including educational attainment, physical health, mental health, cognitive functions, labor force participation, wage expenditure, and financial strain. Data analyses were conducted using fixed effects model for panel data and a propensity score matching approach. ResultsChildhood physical abuse and emotional neglect were both significantly associated with lower levels of midlife educational attainment, cognitive functions, individual wages, and household expenditures, as well as higher rates of chronic diseases, depressive symptoms, poverty, and welfare involvement. Childhood physical abuse also predicted higher risks of difficulty performing the activities of daily living (ADL), unemployment, and fewer work hours. Early-life exposure to relative poverty was linked to a greater likelihood of childhood maltreatment and mid-life adversities. It further aggravated the negative impacts of childhood maltreatment on middle-age outcomes. ConclusionChild maltreatment had a profound effect on long-term child development and midlife outcomes in Chinese contexts. Relative poverty in early life was a moderator that exacerbated the outcomes associated with childhood maltreatment.