Dependent Children Research Articles

Unemployment, Financial Literacy, and Retirement: Evidence From National Data Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic

Unemployment rates changed dramatically and peaked at 14.7% in April 2020 in the United States. The labor market force might affect households’ retirement differently before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. By utilizing 2018 and 2021 datasets, the study mainly contributes to the following insights related to retirement decisions. First, the current study finds a positive correlation between state-level unemployment rates and retirement. Second, this study finds that both objective and subjective financial literacy, financial confidence, age, and households without a child or a financially dependent child are positively associated with retirement in both pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. Financial market participation, financial risk, and income drop are negatively associated with retirement in pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. We find different significant results regarding the annual income, savings, and the number of children in a household before and during the pandemic. The findings extend the literature on unemployment and retirement. Financial professionals and the government will apply the empirical findings to the practice.

The Effectiveness of Video Tutorials to Increase Knowledge and Practices of Brushing Teeth in Preschool Children (Study of Preschool Children at Putra Harapan and Dewi Sartika Kindergarten Tuban)

Preschool children are children aged between 3-6 years, at this age, children like to imagine that they have the strength to do any activities without help. During the development period, children will increase their independence to a greater extent. The stage of development that indicates independence is that they can brush their teeth without help. One effort to increase children's independence in brushing their teeth is by providing education about brushing their teeth using video tutorial media. Problem: Low knowledge and practices of brushing preschool children's teeth. Method: The type of research is pre-experimental with a pre-test and post-test Control Group Design, with a population of 38 preschool children. The data collection instrument used was an observation sheet. The data analysis technique uses the Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: There was a difference in the effectiveness of education using video tutorials to increase the knowledge and practices of brushing teeth in preschool children at Kindergarten Putra Harapan and Kindergarten Dewi Sartika Tuban after 21 days of observation. Conclusion: There was an increase in preschool children's knowledge and teeth-brushing practices before and after education using video tutorial media. There are differences in the effectiveness of education using video tutorials to increase the knowledge and practices of brushing teeth in preschool children.

Working with adult families of origin: On the nature of rupture and repair

AbstractIn this paper, we report on findings from a three‐part enquiry into the essence of working with families of origin where all members are adult. Findings, in conversational form, describe the nature of adult family ruptures encountered, pathways to repair and unique factors associated with the therapeutic encounter with adult families relative to those with still dependent children. In exploring emergent themes, we hoped to come to some understandings of the models and unique skill sets that characterise and enhance family therapy with adult families. We found that, unlike families with younger children, adult children are often the more motivated sub‐system and indeed the drivers of a referral for therapy. The therapeutic focus centred around legacy work from prior unresolved family traumas or disrupted developmental processes. Features of the therapeutic process included supporting new and more proportional narratives about ingrained wounds, together with redefinition of caregiving relationships and a future gaze towards becoming an independent yet connected family structure. We consider the therapist's posture in validating the adult child's experience, contextualising parent histories and clearing emotional barriers that block healthy giving and receiving of care. Key decision points in the therapist's work included how to balance the past context of the rupture with its current legacy, and the place of exoneration versus forgiveness in the progression towards secure individuation. Findings may help refine therapeutic methods in the application of systemic therapies with adult family forms, particularly on the intersection with the adult mental health system.

Structure of Advance Care Planning Practice by Home Health Nurses for Multigenerational Families With Dependent Children and Terminally Ill Grandparents

The present study aimed to identify the structure of advance care planning (ACP) practices implemented by home health nurses (HHNs) for multigenerational families with dependent children and terminally ill grandparents. Interviews of 20 HHNs were conducted. The grounded theory approach was used to describe the interactions among families with dependent children, terminally ill grandparents, and HHNs. The results showed that the structure of ACP practices for multigenerational families with dependent children and terminally ill grandparents was composed of 2 levels. First, HHNs were providing the underlying foundational “Practice of supporting end-of-life care (EOL care) at home” for family members from 2 generations: sandwich generation caregivers (SGCs) and terminally ill grandparents. Second, they were providing “Practices that connect multiple generations,” “Practices that address the children,” and “Practices that involve hands-on experience and communication” for multigenerational families with dependent children and terminally ill grandparents. Practices based on providing stability among family members from 2 generations, SGCs and terminally ill grandparents, were the nursing practice structure that activated ACP for multigenerational families with dependent children and terminally ill grandparents.

Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Parenting Concerns Questionnaire in parents with cancer.

Parenting concerns can be a major source of distress for patients with cancer who are parents of dependent children; however, these are often not addressed in health care. The Parenting Concerns Questionnaire (PCQ) is an instrument designed to assess parents' worries about the impact of cancer on their children and their ability to parent during this time. The Swedish version of thePCQ has, however, not been evaluated. This study therefore aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the PCQ in a sample of Swedish parents with cancer. A sample of 336 patients with cancer having dependent children (≤18 years) were included in a cross-sectional web-based survey. Participants completed questionnaires assessing parenting concerns, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (DASS); self-efficacy, family functioning (FAD-GF); and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Descriptive analyses, as well as reliability and validity analyses, were conducted followed by a confirmatory factor analysis of the factor structure proposed by the authors of the original version of the PCQ. The majority were mothers (94.9%) with breast cancer (66.4%) aged 40-50 years (59.5%). The results showed evidence for convergent, criterion, and known group's validity, but the original three-factor structure of the PCQ was not fully supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Evaluating parenting concerns may be an important step towards identifying patients who could benefit from targeted psychosocial interventions. However, the PCQ may require some further refinement to fully capture the breadth of parenting concerns in parents with cancer in different settings.

The Use of Loose-Part to Improve Early Childhood Self-Sufficiency

This research aims to increase independence by using loose parts. The research subjects were children aged 4-5 years, totaling 16 children. The research procedure includes planning, implementation of action, observation, and reflection of each cycle-given action in five meetings. This improvement data was collected using observation techniques and analyzed descriptively, quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that loose play can increase the independence of children aged 4-5 years. These results are indicated by an increase in the percentage of independence in action from pre-cycle to cycle 1 by 20.84%, then from cycle 1 to cycle 2 increased by 30.73%, and the average percentage of children's independence in cycle 2 was 84.38%. The results of this study can be used as a reference by kindergarten teachers in improving classroom learning related to children's self-sufficiency.

Predictors of Functional Independence in Children with Spinal Cord Tumors After Surgery: From Physiotherapist Perspective

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the factors affecting functional outcomes has an important role in the development of the care plan in children with spinal cord tumors. Retrospective study was planned to determine predictors of functional independence in children with spinal cord tumors. Data from 80 children treated for spinal cord tumors over 2001–2020-year period was analyzed. Results showed that key predictors such as younger age, higher KPS, and better initial WeeFIM scores were strongly associated with improved functional outcomes. Further multicenter prospective studies are recommended to validate these findings and explore long-term functional outcomes to enhance rehabilitation strategies for this patient population.

Work-life balance and the psychosocial work environment in Finnish working life: The case of gender and family life stages.

Work-life balance is associated with many positive effects at multiple levels and demands increased research attention. In the international literature on work-life balance, the term "gendered life-course" has been used to describe the differences between men and women in work biographies. However, whether this term applies to the Nordic work context remains underexplored. This study examined Finnish men's and women's subjective experience of the association between work-life balance and the psychosocial work environment (work demands and social support at work) across the life course, devoting special attention to family life stages encompassing the care of (young) children. Data from the Quality of Work Life Survey 2018 were utilized to conduct binary logistic regression analyses (N = 3790). Separate analyses were conducted for men and women. A significant association between family life stage and high work-life balance was found for women but not for men in the Finnish working life. Women in family life stages involving the care of young, dependent children reported the lowest odds of high work-life balance. For both men and women, a positive association between social support at work and high work-life balance was found, while a negative association was found between work demands and high work-life balance. These findings highlight the importance of psychosocial factors in both the work and family settings for work-life balance. Further, the findings call for an expanded focus on gender equality, also including issues in unpaid work in addition to issues in paid work.

The Family Talk Intervention Among Families Affected by Severe Illness: Hospital Social Workers’ Experiences of Facilitators and Barriers to its Use in Clinical Practice

Hospital social workers (HSW) play an important role in health care, providing psychosocial support to families affected by severe illness, and having palliative care needs involving dependent children. However, there are few evidence-based family interventions for HSWs to apply when supporting these families. The Family Talk intervention (FTI), a psychosocial family-based intervention, was therefore evaluated in an effectiveness-implementation study. Within the study, HSWs were educated and trained in the use of FTI in clinical practice. This study examined HSWs’ experiences of barriers and facilitating factors during their initial use of FTI in clinical practice. Altogether, 10 semi-structured focus groups were held with HSWs (n = 38) employed in cancer care and specialized palliative home care for adults, pediatric hospital care, and a children’s hospice. Data were analyzed using content analysis. HSWs considered FTI to be a suitable psychosocial intervention for families affected by severe illness with dependent children. However, the way in which the care was organized acted either as a barrier or facilitator to the use of FTI, such as the HSWs’ integration in the team and their possibility to organize their own work. The HSWs’ work environment also impacted the use of FTI, where time and support from managers was seen as a significant facilitating factor, but which varied between the healthcare contexts. In conclusion, HSWs believed that FTI was a suitable family intervention for families involving dependent children where one family member had a severe illness. For successful initial implementation, strategies should be multi-functional, targeting the care organization and the work environment.

Mixed-methods evaluation of a face-to-face educational intervention for health and social care professionals to deliver family-centred cancer supportive care when a parent with dependent children is at end of life.

To deliver and evaluate an educational intervention to equip health and social care professionals (professionals) on how best to support parents at end of life with cancer concerning their dependent children (<18). An evidence-based and theory-driven face-to-face educational intervention was developed and evaluated using three levels of Kirkpatrick's Model of Evaluation. Pre-test, post-test surveys were completed immediately before-and-after the intervention using a validated self-efficacy scale and single-item questions evaluating perceived usefulness and relevance (levels one/two). Qualitative interviews≥3-months post-intervention explored if, and how the intervention impacted professionals' practice (level three). Fourteen sessions were delivered at oncology settings to 347 professionals between 2021 and 2023. Two hundred seventy four professionals completed the pre-test survey, with 239 completing the post-test survey. Fourteen professionals were interviewed between three-and 19-months post-intervention. Quantitative findings demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in self-efficacy post-educational intervention (p<0.001). Qualitative data highlighted professionals gained new approaches to progress end of life conversations with parents, despite some familial resistance to sharing the reality of the situation with children. Positive intervention content shaping clinical practice included the bereaved parent's lived experience, communication framework and roleplay videos. Some professionals considered a booster session and opportunities to practice conversations necessary to further consolidate learning into practice. Evidence and theory-driven education can positively impact professionals' provision of family-centred cancer care. Future studies should explore the impact of this educational intervention on familial outcomes. Alongside a sustainable delivery of this intervention, advanced communication skills programmes should incorporate parent-child end of life conversations.

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM TOILET TRAINING DALAM MENUMBUHKAN KEMANDIRIAN ANAK USIA TODDLER DI KELOMPOK BERMAIN

Toilet training young children is an essential milestone in a child's journey towards independence. This study explored the implementation and outcomes of a structured toilet training program in a playgroup setting. The aim is to assess its effectiveness in fostering independence in toddlers aged 1.5 to 3 years. The program takes a gradual approach, emphasizing positive reinforcement and consistency in the routine. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study type of research. The data collection techniques used included observations of participating toddlers over six months, with data collected through interviews with teachers and direct observation during playgroup activities. The data analysis technique used is Miles and Huberman. The research results showed that, first, in the Al-Fatih KB, 5 of the 14 children had difficulty using the toilet. Second, teachers' structured and consistent approach has proven effective in helping children understand and internalize toilet use skills. Third, the supporting factors in training children's independence in using toddler toilets at Al-Fatih KB Palembang City include good cooperation between teachers and parents, mental and psychological readiness of children, mature age, and complete and adequate facilities and infrastructure in Toilet Training learning. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors include the child's age, mental and psychological not being ready to learn Toilet Training and the lack of cooperation from parents who still use disposable diapers on their children.

Parenting of Pre-Prosperous Families on The Independence of Children with Slow Learner

Background: The limitations of children with slow learner (CwSL) make them dependent on other people so that they can be improved through education at school and parenting at home. Parenting is influenced by economic conditions, including in Pre-Prosperous Families (PPS). Objective: To explore and describe parenting in PPS on the independence of CwSL. Method: Qualitative with a focus on case studies with data collection in the form of interviews, observations and documentation. The research subjects were two pairs of parents of MRC in PPS with the extended family analysis unit. The data analysis is pattern matching, explanation and time series analysis. Transferability test with data triangulation. Results: Not all parents know the obstacles and parenting methods for MRC due to busy work and lack of knowledge due to low educational background. A child's obstacles and needs can be detected from the teacher's recommendations for further examination. Conclusion: Children's social independence appears to better involve grandmothers when parents work. However, children's social development can also improve when parents receive therapy from PLDPI.AbstrakLatar Belakang: Keterbatasan anak lamban belajar (CwSL) membuat mereka bergantung pada orang lain sehingga dapat ditingkatkan kemampuannya melalui pendidikan di sekolah dan pola asuh orang tua di rumah. Pola asuh orang tua dipengaruhi oleh kondisi perekonomian, termasuk pada Keluarga Pra Sejahtera (PPS). Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan pola asuh di PPS tentang kemandirian CwSL. Metode: Kualitatif dengan fokus studi kasus dengan pengumpulan data berupa wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Subyek penelitian adalah dua pasang orang tua MRC di PPS dengan unit analisis keluarga besar. Analisis data yang dilakukan adalah pencocokan pola, penjelasan dan analisis deret waktu. Uji transferabilitas dengan triangulasi data. Hasil: Tidak semua orang tua mengetahui kendala dan metode pengasuhan MRC karena kesibukan pekerjaan dan kurangnya pengetahuan akibat rendahnya latar belakang pendidikan. Kendala dan kebutuhan seorang anak dapat diketahui dari rekomendasi guru untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut. Kesimpulan: Kemandirian sosial anak nampaknya lebih melibatkan nenek ketika orang tua bekerja. Namun perkembangan sosial anak juga bisa meningkat ketika orang tua mendapat terapi dari PLDPI.

Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Anak dalam Kehidupan Pedagang Asongan Anak di Kecamatan Binjai Kota, Kota Binjai

Children are the next generation of the nation who truly deserve to be protected and have their rights fulfilled. In Law No. 23 of 2002, this law regulates child protection in Indonesia. Through this law, children's rights are recognized and guaranteed, including the right to live, grow and develop, the right to education, the right to health, the right to protection from violence, exploitation and discrimination, and the right to participate. The aim of this research is to analyze the fulfillment of the rights of children who work as hawkers in Binjai Kota District based on theories, variables and realities that explain how children's rights are fulfilled in the lives of child hawkers. This research is of a qualitative type with data collection techniques in the research carried out by combining (triangulating) the process of in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. Then the data was analyzed by the researcher qualitatively and ended by drawing conclusions from the results of the research that had been carried out. The results of the research show that children's rights in the life of child hawkers are not fulfilled. It is recommended that the community continue to pay full attention to children who work as hawkers and also help reduce children's dependence on work as hawkers.

Studi literatur: Dampak Positif dan Negatif Pengasuhan Otoriter Orang Tua Terhadap Anak

Family behavior, especially parents, in applying parenting patterns to children greatly affects the growth and development of children, especially in the formation of their personality. Authoritarian parenting explains that parents tend to force children to do things according to their wishes. In this parenting pattern, parents set rules at home that must be obeyed by children. This study aims to investigate the positive and negative impacts of parental authoritarian parenting on children through a literature review. Authoritarian parenting is one of the parenting styles that tends to impose high control and is less supportive of children's independence. This literature review examines several studies that highlight the positive and negative impacts of authoritarian parenting. The results of this literature review provide a deeper understanding of how the positive and negative impacts of parental authoritarian parenting can affect children ranging from children's socioemotional, children's openness, children's morals and behavior, with implications for intervention development and further research in this area.

Dyslipidemia in insulin dependent diabetic children

Background: Children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are at high risk of metabolic disorders that may interfere with lipid metabolism and predispose to dyslipidemia. Objective: To detect the incidence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in children with IDDM in Diyala. Patients and Methods: This was a case-control study that included a total of 100 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) and 100 age- and gender-matched non-diabetic children who presented to the Pediatric Department/Al-Batool Teaching Hospital during the period from April 2022 to April 2023. Demographic data included the child's age, gender, weight, mother’s educational level, mother's job, child's educational level, school attendance, and physical activity. Clinical data included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c, family history of illness, disease duration, type of insulin, and insulin dose. Fasting lipid profile and hemoglobin A1c investigations were done for the study groups, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results: The overall dyslipidemia in IDDM children and controls was 46% and 8%, respectively, with a highly significant difference. The mean age and weight in diabetic patients with dyslipidemia were 8.23±3.63 years and 28.96±13.31 kg, respectively, which was higher than that of normolipidemic diabetic patients (10.72±3.23 years and 34.22±12.14 kg, respectively) with significant differences. Furthermore, 28.26% of mothers of dyslipidemia-.diabetic patients were employed, compared with only 11.11% of normolipidemic-diabetic patients, a significant difference. A family history of DM was reported in 47.83% and 27.78% of dyslipidemic and normolipidemic diabetic patients, respectively, with a significant difference. Conclusion: The incidence of dyslipidemia among diabetic children in Diyala is 46%. Older age, increased body weight, and a mother’s job as an employer are significantly associated with the development of dyslipidemia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Keywords: Dyslipidemia, Diabetes mellitus, Children, Diyala.

Dyslipidemia in insulin dependent diabetic children

Background: Children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are at high risk of metabolic disorders that may interfere with lipid metabolism and predispose to dyslipidemia. Objective: To detect the incidence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in children with IDDM in Diyala. Patients and Methods: This was a case-control study that included a total of 100 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) and 100 age- and gender-matched non-diabetic children who presented to the Pediatric Department/Al-Batool Teaching Hospital during the period from April 2022 to April 2023. Demographic data included the child's age, gender, weight, mother’s educational level, mother's job, child's educational level, school attendance, and physical activity. Clinical data included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c, family history of illness, disease duration, type of insulin, and insulin dose. Fasting lipid profile and hemoglobin A1c investigations were done for the study groups, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results: The overall dyslipidemia in IDDM children and controls was 46% and 8%, respectively, with a highly significant difference. The mean age and weight in diabetic patients with dyslipidemia were 8.23±3.63 years and 28.96±13.31 kg, respectively, which was higher than that of normolipidemic diabetic patients (10.72±3.23 years and 34.22±12.14 kg, respectively) with significant differences. Furthermore, 28.26% of mothers of dyslipidemia-.diabetic patients were employed, compared with only 11.11% of normolipidemic-diabetic patients, a significant difference. A family history of DM was reported in 47.83% and 27.78% of dyslipidemic and normolipidemic diabetic patients, respectively, with a significant difference. Conclusion: The incidence of dyslipidemia among diabetic children in Diyala is 46%. Older age, increased body weight, and a mother’s job as an employer are significantly associated with the development of dyslipidemia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

Forming Children's Independent Character through the Habituation Method in Group A Paud Satya Prawira in Academic Year 2021/2022

This study aims to describe efforts to shape children's independent character at Satya Prawira PAUD in the 2021/2022 academic year. This research focuses more on how to increase the independent character of children at the age of 4-5 years. This research is a Classroom Action Research (PTK) where the subjects in this study are group A students from PAUD Satya Prawira with a total of 10 students. The focus of this research is the independent character of children at the age of 4-5 years. In this study, researchers used a habituation method in the form of giving examples and an action that can help children's independent character to increase according to the criteria desired by the researcher. In this study for data collection only used two cycles, in which cycle I the level of children's independence was still low because there were still some children's independence had not increased significantly. In cycle I with the results of Developing as Expected (BSH) there were 3 children or equivalent to 30%, and Developing Very Well (BSB) consisted of 7 children or equivalent to 70%. In addition, there is also a cycle II as a planning improvement action which from cycle I to cycle II has increased by 10% so that children who are Developing as Expected (BSH) consist of 2 children or equivalent to 20%, and Developing Very Well (BSB) totaling 8 children or equivalent to 80%. So, with this increase, the researcher stopped his research because the researcher had obtained the right results according to the desired classical value. However, the individual scores are still less than perfect and there are still children who are below the assessment criteria.

Evaluating the relationship between income inequality, renewable energy and energy poverty in the V4 countries

The European Union has prioritized addressing energy poverty, as outlined in the “Clean Energy for all Europeans Package”. The recent international context dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia war in Ukraine, have exacerbated this issue because of the substantial energy prices growth. Since eradicating energy poverty necessitates long-term policy implementation, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of income inequality and other economic and social factors (output per capita, renewable energy use) on energy poverty as measured by three indicators (total utility bill arrears, utility bill arrears for households with dependent children, population unable to maintain adequate). The findings based on mean group estimators for the V4 (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia) countries from 2005 to 2022 suggest that income inequality, proxied by the Gini index, exacerbates energy poverty. However, sustainable economic growth has the potential to alleviate energy poverty. Policy recommendations include reducing income inequality, reforming renewable energy policies, to encourage the development of renewable energy sector and green industries.

Parenting under pressure: a cross-sectional questionnaire study of psychological distress, parenting concerns, self-efficacy, and emotion regulation in parents with cancer.

As many as one in four adults with cancer have children under 18 years. Balancing parenting and cancer is challenging and can be a source of psychological distress. This study aimed to examine psychological distress in parents with cancer and its associations with parenting concerns, self-efficacy, and emotion regulation. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire study of 406 parents (aged 25-60 years) diagnosed with cancer within the last 5 years, with at least one dependent child (≤ 18 years). Parents completed questionnaires on psychological distress (DASS-21), parenting concerns (PCQ), self-efficacy (GSE), emotion regulation (ERQ), mental and physical health, and sociodemographics. Data were analysed using multiple logistic regressions on depression (yes/no), anxiety (yes/no), and stress (yes/no). Higher parenting concerns were associated with greater odds of depression (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.64-3.31), anxiety (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.64-3.20), and stress (OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 2.20-4.69) when adjusting for health and sociodemographic factors. Poorer self-efficacy was associated with increased odds of anxiety (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-0.99, p < 0.05), whereas lower use of cognitive reappraisal and higher use of expressive suppression increased the odds of depression (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59-0.98 | OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.18-1.80). The findings highlight the complexity of parental well-being in relation to parenthood and cancer, stressing the need for interventions that address relevant psychological factors to improve overall mental health in this population.

Return Intentions of Romanian Migrants From the United Kingdom: An Exploratory Approach

Return migration is a complex phenomenon driven by a combination of individual, familial, societal, and economic factors. This study aims to discover the key reasons that limit return intentions of Romanian migrants from United Kingdom to their country of origin. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods, semi-structured interviews with experts involved in the integration of Romanians in the United Kingdom, and an online survey among Romanian migrants, this study identifies a series of factors that determine Romanian workers’ return intentions. The results indicate that available jobs in the communities of origin in Romania where they have families, and where family solidarity networks are created, are important drivers of return migration. The need to improve government measures to stimulate the return of Romanian workers must be seen in the broader context of the functionality of families with migrant workers, considering both the positive and negative consequences of labour migration for the quality of family life, and the care provision for dependents (children and elderly people).