Child Behavior Research Articles

Examining emotional and behavioural trajectories in siblings of children with life-limiting conditions

BackgroundHealthy siblings of children with life-limiting conditions often experience emotional and behavioural struggles over the course of the ill child’s condition(s). Resources to support these siblings are limited due to a lack of understanding about their needs. Therefore, this study was designed to characterize the emotional and behavioural trajectories among siblings of children with progressive, life-limiting genetic, metabolic, or neurological conditions over a 12-month observation period.MethodsSeventy siblings were recruited from a large-survey based study (Charting the Territory) that examined the bio-psychosocial health outcomes of parents and siblings. Linear mixed effect models were used to assess the association between siblings’ emotions and behaviour trajectories and selected demographic variables. Siblings’ emotions and behaviour were measured with Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL).ResultsSiblings’ mean age was 11.2 years at baseline and Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Behaviour Problems mean scores were within normal ranges across time. However, 7–25% of siblings had scores within the clinical range. Brothers had higher levels of Internalizing Problems than sisters, whereas sisters had higher levels of Externalizing Problems than brothers. When treatment was first sought for the ill child less than a year prior to study participation, siblings had higher levels of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems compared with siblings who participated more than one year after treatment was sought.ConclusionHealthy siblings experience emotional and behavioural problems early in the child’s disease trajectory. Although these problems improve with time, our findings show that brothers and sisters experience different types of challenges. Therefore, timely support for siblings is important as they navigate through the uncertainties and challenges.

Sosialisasi Peran Orang Tua dalam Melindungi dan Memenuhi Hak-Hak Anak

Parents in an effort to create or shape good child behavior, of course, will be a responsibility and challenge in itself. Given that lately, there have been many cases of violence against children by their own parents, under the pretext of educating, there are also cases of parents who neglect their children for various reasons, this is certainly a serious concern. The purpose of this activity is to provide education to the community, especially parents, about their role in protecting and fulfilling children's rights. The method used is to provide counseling and simulations to parents. Related The results of this activity are able to provide a conceptual picture related to the protection and fulfillment of children's rights.

Co-production of the ‘EPIC’ multidimensional tool-kit to support neurodivergent children and young people at home and school: a feasibility and pilot study

BackgroundInterventions focused on cognitive function in neurodivergent children typically focus on single functions, e.g. working memory training. They are often focused on ‘deficit’ models and lack an emphasis on understanding areas of individual strengths and difficulties as a prerequisite to appropriate support. The multidimensional nature and phenotypic variability of cognitive profiles in these children indicate a need for a multicomponent-tailored intervention programme focused on understanding and supporting an individual child’s cognitive functioning.AimsThe ‘EPIC’ intervention (Edinburgh Psychoeducation Intervention for Children and Young People) is focused on improving cognition, learning and behaviour in neurodivergent children such as those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or who are autistic. Building on our previous co-production work, this study aimed to use a participatory methods approach to develop EPIC practices and materials in relation to our key principles which include psychoeducation, multicomponent, individualised approach, strengths and difficulties profiling and pairing of a child’s individual strengths and difficulties with internal and external strategies. We also set out to assess the feasibility and acceptability of EPIC, and pilot this novel tool-kit intervention with neurodivergent children and their parents and teachers.MethodsThe intervention practices, materials and strategies of EPIC were co-produced with neurodivergent children, their parents, teachers and clinicians taking a strengths and difficulties approach. Identification of psychoeducation activities and strategy practices (e.g. mind-maps, chunking), testing of feasibility and collection of pilot data were conducted over a bi-weekly 8-week programme. Eleven neurodivergent children aged 7 to 12 completed the 16-session individualised programme. Acceptability and feasibility were ascertained via qualitative reports elicited within child and teacher interviews and child ratings of enjoyment. Pilot evaluation data was collected pre- and post-intervention participation, and across cognitive assessments (CANTAB, BRIEF), educational attainment (WIAT) and parent and teacher questionnaires measuring clinical symptoms and behaviour (Conners, AQ, SDQ, self-perception). Data was compared with a matched neurodivergent treatment-as-usual control group (N = 9).ResultsThe co-produced EPIC intervention was both feasible to deliver and acceptable to children, parents and their teachers. Pilot data identified that the 8-week intervention improved cognition (short-term and working memory) and literacy (receptive vocabulary, oral word fluency, listening comprehension). Improvements in the intervention group were also found for parent-reported child behavioural difficulties and aggression, and teacher-reported scholastic competence. Effect sizes generated (Cohen’s d) ranged from 0.65 to 2.83. Parents reported continuing to use EPIC strategies when interviewed over a year after participating in the programme.ConclusionThe current study met our objectives fully. ‘EPIC’ (Edinburgh Psychoeducation Intervention for Children and Young People) is feasible in home and school contexts and improves a range of aspects of cognition, learning and behaviour in neurodivergent children. Our findings show EPIC is suitable to be assessed within a full-scale trial.

Testing Parenting Self-Esteem as an Indicator of Mothers and Fathers Who Are at Risk for Aversive Responses to Disruptive Child Behavior.

Extensive literature demonstrates that parents of children with disruptive behaviors consistently report lower parenting self-esteem (i.e., satisfaction and efficacy) compared to parents of children without disruptive behaviors. However, little is known about whether having low parenting self-esteem results in negative parenting behavior while managing disruptive child behavior, and whether associations vary in strength depending on the clinical significance of the child's disruptive behavior. The current study examines 90 parent couples who were randomly assigned to interact with a 9- to 12-year-old confederate exhibiting either typical or disruptive behaviors. Parenting self-esteem moderated the association between disruptive child behavior and positive parenting behavior, such that mothers with low efficacy had a stronger positive association between disruptive child behavior and positive parenting behaviors. However, fathers with low efficacy had a stronger negative association between disruptive behaviors and positive parenting behavior. Exploratory analyses yielded mixed results. Specifically, mothers with low self-esteem and a child with ADHD had a stronger negative association between disruptive child behaviors and positive parenting compared to mothers who interacted with a confederate or did not have a child with ADHD. Results from the current study extend findings regarding the influence of parenting self-esteem on the association of disruptive child behavior and parenting behaviors, as moderating effects of parenting self-esteem was demonstrated for both mothers and fathers within the study.

Capturing the complexity of child behavior and caregiver-child interactions in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study using a rigorous and equitable approach

The HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study, a multi-site prospective longitudinal cohort study, will examine human brain, cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional development beginning prenatally and planned through early childhood. This article outlines methodological considerations and the decision-making process for measurement selection for child behavior, parenting/caregiver-child interactions, and the family/home environment for HBCD. The decision-making process is detailed, including formation of a national workgroup (WG-BEH) that focused on developmentally appropriate measures that take a rigorous and equitable approach and aligned with HBCD objectives. Multi-level-observational and caregiver-report measures were deemed necessary for capturing the desired constructs across multiple contexts while balancing the nuance of observational data with pragmatic considerations. WG-BEH prioritized developmentally sensitive, validated assessments with psychometrics supporting use in diverse populations and focused on mechanistic linkages and prediction of desired constructs. Other considerations included participant burden and retention, staff training needs, and cultural sensitivity. Innovation was permitted when it was grounded in evidence and filled key gaps. Finally, this article describes the rationale for the selected constructs (e.g., temperament, social-emotional development, parenting behaviors, family organization) and corresponding measures chosen for HBCD visits from early infancy through 17 months of age.

Autistic Characteristics, Cognitive Impairment, and Sex as Predictors of Anxiety and Depression among Autistic Youth.

Although it is well established that autistic youth are at high risk for anxiety and depression, factors associated with heightened risk within this population are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether autistic characteristics and cognitive impairment interact to predict anxiety and depression symptoms, and whether the impacts of autistic characteristics and cognitive impairment on anxiety and depression differ for male and female children. Participants comprised 7989 youth (M = 11.23 years) enrolled in SPARK, a national cohort of autistic individuals. Autistic characteristics were assessed via the Social Communication Questionnaire. Anxiety and depression were assessed via the Child Behavior Checklist. Linear regressions were conducted to examine associations between autistic characteristics, cognitive impairment, and symptoms and to test for interactions. The effect of parent-reported autistic characteristics on anxiety was stronger for males than for females, while the effect of cognitive impairment on anxiety was stronger for females than for males. A different pattern was observed for depression. The effect of autistic characteristics on depression was the same for males and females, while cognitive impairment was not associated with depression per parent report. Findings indicate that both male and female children with high levels of autistic characteristics are susceptible to experiencing anxiety and depression, and that autistic female children with intact cognitive abilities are uniquely vulnerable to experiencing anxiety based on parent report. Results have implications for the prevention of internalizing problems in autistic youth, and highlight future directions for longitudinal work examining mechanisms of comorbidity.

Parenting Patterns and Child Behavior

This study aims to compare the parenting patterns of single and full parents and their impact on child behavior in Sementara, Pantai Cermin Sub-district, Serdang Bedagai Regency, Indonesia. Parenting plays a crucial role in shaping a child's personality and future. Based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the home environment, especially parental parenting, has the greatest influence on child development. This study focuses on three parenting styles: authoritarian, democratic, and permissive. Authoritarian parenting is characterized by strict rules and limited freedom, while democratic parenting prioritizes the child's interests and involves discussions between parents and children. Permissive parenting provides loose supervision and unrestricted freedom for children to behave and act as they wish. Previous studies have shown that single mothers tend to apply authoritarian parenting, resulting in spoiled children with difficulty interacting, while single fathers tend to apply permissive parenting, leading to more independent children who are easier to make friends. Additionally, authoritarian, democratic, and permissive parenting styles have been associated with aggressive behavior in children, obtained through social learning. Democratic parenting has been found to increase children's motivation and achievement at school, while authoritarian parenting inhibits children's socialization skills. This study provides important insights into the impact of parenting patterns on child behavior in the context of single and full parents in Sementara, Indonesia.

Interdependent versus independent inconsistency: Cultural differences in how East Asian and Western people attribute hypocrisy.

Humans worldwide have long deplored hypocrisy, a concept that has been mentioned in texts dating back 100-1,000 years (e.g., the Analects of Confucius, the Tao Te Ching, the Bible, and the Qur'an). However, what influences the extent of hypocrisy attribution or counts as hypocrisy may differ as a function of culture. Previous studies have shown that Westerners attribute greater hypocrisy for within-person attitude-behavior inconsistency than East Asians. Building on this, we predict that East Asians' (vs. Westerners') hypocrisy attribution is more heavily influenced by social relationships. Consistent with past research, this can lead to greater leniency. However, as we show, this can also result in the novel finding we present that attributions of mild-to-moderate hypocrisy are made even when no explicit within-person attitude-behavior inconsistency is present. Across six experiments, we found that Koreans (vs. participants from the United States) attributed more hypocrisy to attitude-contradicting behavior when the person enacting the behavior was not the person who stated the attitude but was someone who shared social bonds with that person (i.e., cross-person, within-relationship attitude-behavior inconsistency; "relational hypocrisy"). Specifically, Koreans attributed more hypocrisy than Americans when a child's behavior contradicted their parent's views (Experiments 1a and 1b) or when attitude-contradicting behavior was enacted by the child of a close friend (Experiment 2). Experiments 3-5 replicated the findings from Experiments 1-2 using additional social contexts (e.g., a spousal relationship). Supplementary analyses showed that differences in hypocrisy attribution between Americans and Koreans were mediated by cultural differences in their perceptions of shared responsibility within relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Postoperative care for children after ventilation tube surgery: A qualitative study of parents' experiences over time in Norway

ObjectiveTo explore the parents' experience of postoperative care during the first two years after ventilation tube (VT) surgery in a setting where the check-ups were conducted either by otolaryngologists or their regular general practitioner (GP). Methods55 individual interviews of parents at up to three different time points (<1, 6, and 24 months) after their child received VT-surgery, analyzed with reflexive thematic analysis. Results1. Parents' trust in the healthcare system and responsibility for booking check-ups. Nearly all parents seemed to maintain trust in the healthcare system and felt safeguarded regardless of where they had their check-ups. Still, they would prefer otolaryngologist-led care if they could choose from the top shelf. They took responsibility for seeking healthcare when needed and experienced that their GP referred their child if necessary. 2. As time goes by, parental worries are reduced. Most experienced that their child stayed healthy after surgery, and their demand for postoperative check-ups decreased. For the children who faced ongoing issues, most parents experienced that their child's challenges had been handled professionally, and they became less worried. Some parents attribute other diagnoses to their child's behavior or speech delays, refining their understanding of their child's condition. 3. The desire for closure. Parents sought reassurance about their child's recovery and desired professional evaluation for closure. While some advocated for audiometry, others trusted their own assessments about hearing. The transition to school marked a pivotal time, prompting concerns about social inclusion. ConclusionOverall, the parents experienced that their child was safeguarded irrespective of whether postoperative care was provided by otolaryngologists or GPs. Still, many preferred check-ups by an otolaryngologist. The parental worries and focus on the VTs were reduced as time went by after surgery, but even so many wanted a ‘closure’ to be sure that the hearing was as good as it could be and the VTs rejected. We advocate for an individualized approach to postoperative care that addresses specific medical needs without imposing unnecessary check-ups.

Large-scale proteomics in the first trimester of pregnancy predict psychopathology and temperament in preschool children: an exploratory study.

Understanding the prenatal origins of children's psychopathology is a fundamental goal in developmental and clinical science. Recent research suggests that inflammation during pregnancy can trigger a cascade of fetal programming changes that contribute to vulnerability for the emergence of psychopathology. Most studies, however, have focused on a handful of proinflammatory cytokines and have not explored a range of prenatal biological pathways that may be involved in increasing postnatal risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties. Using extreme gradient boosted machine learning models, we explored large-scale proteomics, considering over 1,000 proteins from first trimester blood samples, to predict behavior in early childhood. Mothers reported on their 3- to 5-year-old children's (N = 89, 51% female) temperament (Child Behavior Questionnaire) and psychopathology (Child Behavior Checklist). We found that machine learning models of prenatal proteomics predict 5%-10% of the variance in children's sadness, perceptual sensitivity, attention problems, and emotional reactivity. Enrichment analyses identified immune function, nervous system development, and cell signaling pathways as being particularly important in predicting children's outcomes. Our findings, though exploratory, suggest processes in early pregnancy that are related to functioning in early childhood. Predictive features included far more proteins than have been considered in prior work. Specifically, proteins implicated in inflammation, in the development of the central nervous system, and in key cell-signaling pathways were enriched in relation to child temperament and psychopathology measures.

The Effects of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Parent Feeding Practices and Children’s Problematic Mealtime Behaviors

Many children are fussy or demanding about food, and managing these behaviors can be difficult and distressing for parents. Yet, no previous study had examined whether Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an interactive parenting support program that coaches caregivers while they interact with their young children, improves problematic mealtime behaviors and food-related parenting practices. In this study, 178 parents in Australia (Mage = 35.1 years, SD = 7.5 years; 93% female) of young children (Mage = 4.5 years, SD = 1.3, 76% male) completed up to two baseline surveys (prior to a waitlist, pre-PCIT) and a third survey after PCIT. The surveys included measures of their parenting practices in general and related to feeding and mealtimes, beliefs about eating, and children’s mealtime behavior (e.g., food avoidance, mealtime aggression) and general externalizing symptoms. Using paired t-tests, no changes were found during baseline (pre-waitlist to pre-PCIT), but from pre- to post-PCIT, medium to large improvements were found in parent mealtime demandingness and responsiveness, aversion to mealtime, child eating behaviors, general parenting practices, and child externalizing behavior. However, positive mealtime environment did not improve and improvements in general parenting and behavior were larger than for eating-related parenting and child behavior. The findings suggest that PCIT can be effective for reducing most problematic mealtime behaviors and can improve multiple parental feeding practices.

Autologous umbilical cord blood infusion for the treatment of autism in young children: A within-subjects open label study on safety (assessed via caregiver report) and efficacy.

This study aimed to document the safety and efficacy of a single infusion of autologous umbilical cord blood (UCB) in 20 autistic children aged 24-72 months. A pre-post treatment within-subjects open label design was used. At T = 0, 6, 12, and 18 months, participants underwent detailed and structured safety evaluations (via caregiver report), Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Vineland-3), Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale (SB-5), Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC), Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Behavior Inventory, Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised, Sensory Experience Questionnaire (SEQ-2.1), Child Behavior Checklist, Clinical Global Impression-Severity and Improvement (CGI-I) Scales, and eye-gaze tracking. UCB infusion was conducted at T = 6 months, hence, 0-6 months was the control period, and 6-18 months the follow-up period. Of 20 children recruited, 19 completed the study and 1 was withdrawn due to UCB not meeting quality control criteria for infusion. There were 15 males and 4 females with an overall mean (SD) age of 4.15 (0.62) years. Mean (SD) cell dose administered was 38.16 (9.82) million cells/kg. None suffered serious adverse events although there were mild behavioral side effects and one unit grew coagulase negative staphylococcus from a post-thaw sample. There were no significant differences in Vineland-3, SB-5, BOSCC, and SEQ-2.1 scores at T = 12 and T = 18 months. Twelve participants had T = 18 CGI-I scores of 2-3 (minimally to much improved), seven participants had scores of 4 (no change). Autologous UCB infusion in autistic children is generally safe but not without risks, including that of infection. In this within-subjects study, some children showed global symptom improvements while others showed no change. Stem cell therapies for autism should only be conducted under strict clinical trial conditions with clear risk discussions.

Internalizing and externalizing behaviors in children and adolescents with Wilson's disease in the context of quality of life.

Patients with Wilson's disease (WD) are at increased risk of poor quality of life (QoL) and social-emotional outcomes. The above data has been well established in the adult population. What are the predictors of QoL in children and adolescents with WD are unknown. Our study examined whether subjective feelings about QoL are related to the psychosocial functioning in paediatric patients. A cross-sectional study among 50 children with WD, aged 7-18 years. Participants completed the KINDL QoL questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist assessing internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Internalizing and externalizing behaviors and their interaction are significant in predicting the QoL of children with WD. Internalizing behaviors are significant predictor of the QoL β = -0.328 (p < 0.05). The effect of internalizing behavior on the QoL varies with the level of externalizing behavior β = -0.344* (p < 0.05). Simple effects analysis indicates that the highest QoL for children with WD is in the group characterized by both low levels of internalizing and medium levels of externalizing behaviors, t = -3.052 (df = 46) and p < 0.01, or high levels of externalizing behaviors, t = -2.725 (df = 46) p < 0.01. The interaction between internalizing behaviors explained an additional 7.5% of the variance in scores on the QoL scale. Overall, the final regression model explained 14.9% of the scores on the QoL scale. Monitoring internalizing and externalizing behaviors will allow a better understanding of the course of treatment. In chronic disease, the QoL is an aspect that determines the doctor-patient relationship and often determines the course of the therapeutic process.

Feasibility and success of a non-sedated brain MRI training protocol in 7-year-old children from rural and semi-rural Colombia.

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a crucial tool for clinical evaluation of the brain and neuroscience research. Obtaining successful non-sedated MRI in children who live in resource-limited settings may be an additional challenge. To present a feasibility study of a novel, low-cost MRI training protocol used in a clinical research study in a rural/semi-rural region of Colombia and to examine neurodevelopmental factors associated with successful scans. Fifty-seven typically developing Colombian children underwent a training protocol and non-sedated brain MRI at age 7. Group training utilized a customized booklet, an MRI toy set, and a simple mock scanner. Children attended MRI visits in small groups of two to three. Resting-state functional and structural images were acquired on a 1.5-Tesla scanner with a protocol duration of 30-40minutes. MRI success was defined as the completion of all sequences and no more than mild motion artifact. Associations between the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC), Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS) scores and MRI success were analyzed. Mean (SD) age at first MRI attempt was 7.2 (0.2) years (median 7.2 years, interquartile range 7.1-7.3 years). Twenty-six (45.6%) participants were male. Fifty-one (89.5%) children were successful across two attempts; 44 (77.2%) were successful on their first attempt. Six (10.5%) were unsuccessful due to refusal or excessive motion. Age, sex, and scores across all neurodevelopmental assessments (MABC, TVIP, ABAS, BRIEF, CBCL, NIH Toolbox Flanker, NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison, WPPSI) were not associated with likelihood of MRI success (P=0.18, 0.19, 0.38, 0.92, 0.84, 0.80, 1.00, 0.16, 0.75, 0.86, respectively). This cohort of children from a rural/semi-rural region of Colombia demonstrated comparable MRI success rates to other published cohorts after completing a low-cost MRI familiarization training protocol suitable for low-resource settings. Achieving non-sedated MRI success in children in low-resource and international settings is important for the continuing diversification of pediatric research studies.

Longitudinal Changes in Youth Mental Health From Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Robust longitudinal studies of within-child changes in mental health associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are lacking, as are studies examining sources of heterogeneity in such changes. To investigate within-child changes, overall and between subgroups, in youth mental health from prepandemic to midpandemic. This cohort study used longitudinal prepandemic and midpandemic data from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, collected between January 1, 2015, and March 12, 2020 (prepandemic), and between March 13, 2020, and August 31, 2022 (midpandemic). Data were analyzed between December 1, 2022, and June 1, 2024. The sample included 9 US-based observational longitudinal pediatric ECHO cohorts. Cohorts were included if they collected the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) School Age version before and during the pandemic on more than 20 participants of normal birth weight aged 6 to 17 years. The COVID-19 pandemic. Prepandemic to midpandemic changes in CBCL internalizing, externalizing, depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) scores were estimated, and differences in outcome trajectories by child sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and poverty level) and prepandemic mental health problems were examined using established CBCL clinical score thresholds. A total of 1229 participants (mean [SD] age during the pandemic, 10.68 [2.29] years; 625 girls [50.9%]) were included. The sample was socioeconomically diverse (197 of 1056 children [18.7%] lived at ≤130% of the Federal Poverty Level; 635 (51.7%) identified as White, 388 (31.6%) as Black, 147 (12.0%) as multiracial, 40 (3.3%) as another race, and 118 (9.6%) as Hispanic). Generalized linear mixed-effects models revealed minor decreases in externalizing problems (β = -0.88; 95% CI, -1.16 to -0.60), anxiety (β = -0.18; 95% CI, -0.31 to -0.05), and ADHD (β = -0.36; 95% CI, -0.50 to -0.22), but a minor increase in depression (β = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.35). Youth with borderline or clinically meaningful prepandemic scores experienced decreases across all outcomes, particularly externalizing problems (borderline, β = -2.85; 95% CI, -3.92 to -1.78; clinical, β = -4.88; 95% CI, -5.84 to -3.92). Low-income (β = -0.76; 95% CI, -1.14 to -0.37) and Black (β = -0.52; 95% CI, -0.83 to -0.20) youth experienced small decreases in ADHD compared with higher income and White youth, respectively. In this longitudinal cohort study of economically and racially diverse US youth, there was evidence of differential susceptibility and resilience for mental health problems during the pandemic that was associated with prepandemic mental health and sociodemographic characteristics.

Maternal Phubbing and Problematic Media Use in Preschoolers: The Independent and Interactive Moderating Role of Children's Negative Affectivity and Effortful Control.

Given that mother plays the main nurturing role in a family unit and their unique influence on children's development, the current study aimed to examine the influence of maternal phubbing on children's problematic media use and the independent and interactive moderating role of children's negative affectivity and effortful control. Participants were 1986 children aged 3 to 6 years in Shanghai, China. Their mothers were asked to complete a series of questionnaires including parental phubbing scale, problematic media use measure, and child behavior questionnaire. To investigate the moderating influence of children's negative affectivity and effortful control, hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted using SPSS 24.0. Simple slopes analyses and the Johnson-Neyman technique were further used to depict moderation effects. Maternal phubbing was associated with higher levels of problematic media use in preschool children (β = 0.18, p <.001, [0.14, 0.22]). Children's negative affectivity acts as a risk factor, exacerbating the adverse effects of maternal phubbing on children's problematic media use (β = 0.05, t = 2.69, p < 0.05), whereas children's effortful control acts as a protective factor, buffering the link between maternal phubbing and children's problematic media use (β = -0.10, t = -5.00, p < 0.001). These results suggest that interventions seeking to promote appropriate digital development in preschoolers should take the child's temperament into account and be complemented by active parental mediation and involvement.

Anxiety and Depression Symptoms, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Persistent/Recurrent Pain Across Early Adolescence

ObjectiveTo determine whether anxiety and depression symptoms are mechanisms through which adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute toward persistent/recurrent pain (PRP) across early adolescence. MethodsThis study described the direct and indirect (i.e. mediated) effects of ACEs on PRP across early adolescence, using four years of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® data. Annual pain frequency, anxiety, and depression symptoms were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist, and youth with pain for ≥3 of the 4-year study period were classified with PRP. Early (up to age 9-10 years; reported at baseline) and recent (at age 10-11 years; reported at year 1) ACE exposures were derived from parent and youth completed surveys. Structural equation modeling estimated the direct and indirect associations among early and recent ACEs, pain outcomes, and anxiety/depression symptoms reported in the year(s) in between. ResultsAmong 7,951 youth, 2,540 (31.9%) were classified with PRP. Higher levels of early ACE exposure were associated with an increased probability of having PRP (adj.β 0.65 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.07, 1.22). Early ACEs also had indirect effects on PRP via higher interim anxiety (adj. β 5.36 [95% CI 3.45, 7.26]) and depression symptoms (adj. β 4.57 [95% CI 3.01, 6.13]). Early and recent ACE exposures predicted higher pain frequency scores in subsequent years, with mixed results regarding the role of anxiety and depression in the relationships between ACEs and pain frequency scores. ConclusionAnxiety and depression symptoms are potentially important interventional targets to lower the risk for PRP among youth exposed to ACEs.

The Relationship of Parents' Parenting with Crude Motoric Development of Babylonian Children at Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal I Working Region Puskesmas Pringsewu Rejosari in 2024

Parenting are rules made by parents and applied to their children to form a positive child's character and behavior. The right pattern of care applied to the child can maximize the growth of the child according to his age of development. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between the pattern of parenting of parents and the development of harsh motorics in young children. The design of this study uses analytical descriptive using cross sectional. The population is a young boy with a sample of 52 people, the sampling technique used purposive samplings. Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal I Pringsewu area of work puskesmas Rejosari using questionnaire pattern of nursing and development of rough motric and Test analysis using Chi Square. The results of the research there are Relationship Pattern of Parents Against Rare Motoric Development of Babylon Children in Aisyiah Bustanonul Athpal I Prangsewu school with patterns of parents mostly authoritarian as much as 25 (48.1%) and rough motoric development in children mostly normal category 29 (55.8%). Caring patterns are a major factor in the success of growing children and it is expected that the parents, as well as the environment can support the parents of children in providing the right caring pattern to children so that the growth and development of children, especially the development of rough motorics can run optimally. In addition, it is expected that the proper pattern of caring will have a positive impact on the child in terms of motor, sensory and mental abilities, thus becoming a qualified child.

Epidemiological Study on Developmental Coordination Disorder in School Going Children

Introduction: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) has garnered significant attention in recent years, with rapid advancements in our understanding of this condition. Despite this progress, DCD often goes undiagnosed, making it challenging for children, parents, and educators to access essential resources. The motor difficulties associated with DCD can lead to social exclusion, as peers may be reluctant to invite these children to participate in play activities. Consequently, children with DCD may withdraw from leisure pursuits, perceiving themselves as lacking the necessary skills to engage fully. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to identify DCD in non-referred school-aged children. Early identification enables these individuals to access crucial resources, such as physiotherapy interventions, which can maximize their functional, academic, and psychosocial performance, and overall quality of life. Materials and Methods: The study involved 200 non-referred school-going children aged 4-12 years from Bangalore, selected through random sampling. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC), consisting of 32 organized tasks across four sets covering manual dexterity, ball skills, and dynamic balance, was administered. Additionally, the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD), comprising 12 tasks that assess a child’s ability to accomplish various motor skills, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a 113-item inventory describing children’s psychosocial behavior, were utilized to evaluate overall development. Results: Multivariate analysis identified a significant prevalence of DCD among the study participants. The findings underscore the imperative nature of early identification using comprehensive assessment tools for the well-being and psychosocial adaptation of school-aged children. Conclusions: These findings indicate that children with movement problems are at risk for difficulties in attention, learning, and psychosocial adjustment. Regardless of the kind or intensity, a child’s assessment for movement issues should cover a broad variety of functions in addition to motor skills. This comprehensive approach will enable access to essential resources, such as physiotherapeutic interventions, crucial for their overall development.

Parent and caregiver report questionnaires for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review

Objectives Parent and caregiver questionnaires are important outcome measures in education, clinical and research practice with children with intellectual disabilities. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review aimed to provide an overview of freely available caregiver report questionnaires, identified from five databases (Cinahl, Embase, Eric, PsycINFO and PubMed). Questionnaires were categorised following inductive analyses, and subscales were conceptually mapped using constructs and definitions from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth version (ICF-CY). Results 3406 records were identified leading to the inclusion of 34 caregiver report questionnaires on the impact of having, or caring for a child with, intellectual disabilities. Freely available questionnaires published in English after 2000 were eligible; screening tools, interviews and surveys were excluded. Questionnaire outcome goals were categorised to: ‘behaviour’, ‘impact of the child with intellectual disabilities on others/impact of others on the child with intellectual disabilities’, ‘cognitive and adaptive functioning’ and ‘quality of life’. From the questionnaires, 152 subscales were identified and conceptually mapped using constructs from the ICF-CY. Conclusions Most questionnaires focused on individual child behaviours, with gaps identified in consideration of environmental factors. Future studies should analyse the psychometric properties of available questionnaires to promote evidence-based practices.