Children In World Research Articles

Being a Pediatrician and Living in the World of Children.

Being a Pediatrician and Living in the World of Children.

Judging By The Methodology Of Learning Islamic Education Which Eroded The Times

Learning methodology is part of the set of scientific disciplines that become its parent. Almost all sciences have their own methodologies. Therefore, Islamic education as one of the disciplines has a methodology, namely the method of Islamic education. Islamic education from year to year resulted in many changes in the Islamic world. Both in terms of religion, education, politics and so on. Especially in the field of Islamic education, due to the attitude of the educators who are permissive and indulgent, many children fall into associations that ignore the Shari'ah. Many educators forget their nature as uswahnya students who are obliged to educate students to have good morals. This results in the child's world being in vain. Giving quite a lot of contribution to the futility of the western educational methods that seem to have become the mecca of our education. So that every educator uses more general education methods, even the methods used in their learning programs are by using the lecture method, question and answer, discussion, demonstrators, and so on. This naturally erodes the understanding of educators and students on Islamic education methods. Actually Islam has a perfect education method for mankind, especially in the field of Islamic education. Therefore, educators return to their hittah, namely mastering Islamic education methods, so that the function of Islamic Education Methods will later help realize and carry out the goals of education it self.

Afghan women and access to health care in the past 25 years.

Afghan women and access to health care in the past 25 years.

The history of assisted reproductive technologies: from prohibition to recognition

The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte’s in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. The paper used historical methods to study and interpret the texts of primary sources and present scientific historical events. In addition, the current trends in assisted reproductive technologies are covered based on the results of our own, more than 30 years of experience in the field of reproductive biology and medicine, and the achievements of world scientists. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. Over the last 20 years, assisted reproductive technologies have continued to grow, addressing many other issues of reproductive potential preservation and infertility treatment. State of the art methods of assisted reproductive technologies include the development of cryopreservation method of gametes and embryos by vitrification, genetic screening of embryos in order to prevent the hereditary diseases transmission and embryo transfer with chromosomal abnormalities, the birth of a child “from three parents” in severe cases of mutations in the mitochondrial genome, etc.

PREFACE

PREFACE

Access to material resources and the subjective well-being of children in Brazil and Chile.

This article analyzes the relationships between the material conditions and the subjective well-being of 3,716 children (50.5% girls) between 10 and 12 years of age (M = 11.4) in Chile and Brazil. These are the two Latin American countries that took part in the third wave of the Children’s Worlds research. The material conditions of the children were assessed using latent classes. A multivariate analysis of covariance was done next in order to test the influence of material conditions over the children's subjective well-being and interpersonal relationships. The association between gender and country variables of the children was also studied. The results showed that although the average subjective well-being scores of the children were high in general, the class analysis showed significant differences between the results for children with better material conditions than those with poorer material conditions. The latter group presented lower subjective well-being levels. MANCOVA was used to analyze the mean differences in subjective well-being levels and interpersonal relationships controlling variables of gender and country of residence. This showed that children with greater access to better material conditions showed significantly higher levels of subjective well-being levels and had a more positive view of their interpersonal relationships in all areas assessed compared to those who reported worse material conditions. These results are discussed in view of the high indices of material deprivation that exist in Latin America during childhood as well as how these findings may help better understand the well-being of children living in Latin American countries.

PSIKOLOGI BERMAIN ANAK USIA DINI DALAM MENSTIMULASI PERKEMBANGAN OTAK

In a psychological context, playing is an activity involving all psychological functions in a variety of situations. Playing in a child's world is a fun activity. Many things are gained in playing, such as new experiences, new skills, knowing various rules in the game, being able to discern various emotional conditions that may arise (such as pleasure, joy, tension, satisfaction, and maybe disappointment, too). Thus, psychologically, playing can help develop the potential that exists in children and help improve children's abilities in solving various known problems, as well as recognizing and obeying all existing rules. Besides that, it can also teach children to speak honestly, faithfully, and so on. All of these will be able to stimulate cognitive, social, emotional, motoric, and other intelligence development. The playground also plays a major role in increasing children's intelligence and caring. The results showed that children who were rarely stimulated by playing and be conscious of their environment t play had their brain growth and development about 20 or 30 percent smaller than their normal size. As a result, brain dysfunction occurs which affects the intelligence and reactive ability of children to respond to everything that happens in their environment. The brain also requires adequate nutritional intake. Malnutrition in the brain results in a decrease in the brain's ability to receive, record, store, process, exercise, respond to, produce, and reconstruct information. In the brain, there is a part of brain cells that manage emotions called the amygdala which functions to store old memories related to emotions. This amygdala is related to human emotional behavior that can be changed and/or controlled for the better, such as from fear to being brave, from not caring to being attentive, and so on.

Governance for the well-being of future generations.

There is overwhelming evidence that human lifestyles have impacted the earth's planetary boundaries, with profound impacts for generations to come. Without concerted action to shape a better future, children will bear the burden on their health and well-being throughout their lifetimes. Yet government priorities are frequently dominated by short-term concerns, and an over-reliance on economic indicators as a measure of human progress. To give today's - and tomorrow's - children the best chance of leading flourishing lives, a new approach is needed, which overcomes the 'presentist' bias in political decision-making and values measures of well-being beyond gross domestic product (GDP). The potential building blocks of such an approach can be seen in the promising early steps being taken by several countries, including Wales and New Zealand. This paper provides an overview of these efforts in the context of the recommendations of the WHO-UNICEF-Lancet Commission report 'A future for the world's children'.

Time to act on climate change.

We co-edited this issue of the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health dedicated to the effects of climate change and planetary health on children's health and wellbeing. The world's children are imploring us to stop wringing our hands and do something about global warming. It is not too late for paediatricians to educate ourselves better and do everything in our power to advocate for action to limit the adverse effects of climate change on children's health. We owe it to all children.

Ethical considerations regarding the effects of climate change and planetary health on children.

Climate change represents one of the most significant health challenges and global inequities of our generation. As a 'wicked' problem, climate change imposes an involuntary exposure on vulnerable individuals and societies that is regressive in its nature, with those least responsible for destroying planetary health at greatest risk of suffering the direct and indirect health consequences of unabated warming of the planet. The current and future generations of children are the most vulnerable population to suffer the effects of climate change. By 2030, there will be 131 000 additional child deaths each year if climate mitigation strategies are not enacted, driven by the synergy of an increasing burden of infectious diseases, food insecurity and political instability. Over half a billion of the world's children live in areas vulnerable to extreme weather events, and there is a pressing risk that our current lack of action to mitigate and adapt to climate change will result in today's children, and future generations, being the first to have poorer physical and mental health than previous generations - creating a significant intergenerational ethical dilemma. Child health-care professionals need to advocate for policies to address climate change that consider the complex health, planetary and ethical considerations necessary to solve the most significant risk to our children's health today. Without immediate action, the health of the current and future generations of children is perilous.

Children's playful musicking: Peer culture within a day-care setting in Singapore

In the field of early childhood education, play has become synonymous with curriculum but is sometimes viewed narrowly as a pedagogical tool to enhance child development. However, it is known from a range of multidisciplinary work that child-initiated and child-guided forms and contexts of playing can offer rich insight into diversity in childhood(s), peer cultures and children's meaning-making. This article draws on an ethnographic study that was conducted in a full-day childcare centre in Singapore and focused on children's everyday world of self-initiated play, improvisation and peer culture. Specifically, it presents examples of songs and rhythmic chants created by a group of 4-year-olds . Such ‘musicking’ is a form of social play that illustrates children’s ways of teasing, relating with others and sense-making within their contemporary social world. The article argues for educators to look beyond the instrumental value of play in the preschool curriculum, inviting all to take some time to allow children's multifarious play activities to influence their adult sensibilities.

Moral childhoods: the role of morality in friendship-making among children from refugee backgrounds in rural, multicultural settler Australia

ABSTRACT This article examines how children draw on local sources of morality and moral worth to forge connections, build friendship and enforce distinctions across difference in a rural multicultural city of settler Australia. Children’s friendship-making practices across ethnic and class differences have been widely explored in urban Australia. Far less is known about how children connect and distance in regional and rural places, notably those experiencing profound social change. This paper examines friendship work among children from humanitarian refugee backgrounds in one rural city of south-eastern Australia through the lens of morality and moral worth. Drawing on long-term ethnographic research, it shows how deeply classed and racialised ideas about morality and moral worth scaffold children's social worlds, delineate which behaviours are valorised, and can exclude children whose actions do not meet the necessary moral criteria of belonging. A focus on morality provides rich insight into how children shore up familiarity and build affinities with one another while simultaneously policing and enforcing boundaries. This has important implications for understanding how children from refugee backgrounds build relationships and friendships in rural settler Australia, and the implications of such work for children’s everyday geographies of belonging.

Digital Mental Health for Young People: A Scoping Review of Ethical Promises and Challenges.

Mental health disorders are complex disorders of the nervous system characterized by a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. Mental illness is of particular concern for younger people. The WHO estimates that around 20% of the world's children and adolescents have a mental health condition, a rate that is almost double compared to the general population. One approach toward mitigating the medical and socio-economic effects of mental health disorders is leveraging the power of digital health technology to deploy assistive, preventative, and therapeutic solutions for people in need. We define “digital mental health” as any application of digital health technology for mental health assessment, support, prevention, and treatment. However, there is only limited evidence that digital mental health tools can be successfully implemented in clinical settings. Authors have pointed to a lack of technical and medical standards for digital mental health apps, personalized neurotechnology, and assistive cognitive technology as a possible cause of suboptimal adoption and implementation in the clinical setting. Further, ethical concerns have been raised related to insufficient effectiveness, lack of adequate clinical validation, and user-centered design as well as data privacy vulnerabilities of current digital mental health products. The aim of this paper is to report on a scoping review we conducted to capture and synthesize the growing literature on the promises and ethical challenges of digital mental health for young people aged 0–25. This review seeks to survey the scope and focus of the relevant literature, identify major benefits and opportunities of ethical significance (e.g., reducing suffering and improving well-being), and provide a comprehensive mapping of the emerging ethical challenges. Our findings provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current literature and offer a detailed informative basis for any stakeholder involved in the development, deployment, and management of ethically-aligned digital mental health solutions for young people.

The Innovation Delusion: How Our Obsession with the New Has Disrupted the Work That Matters Most

The Innovation Delusion: How Our Obsession with the New Has Disrupted the Work That Matters Most

Metaphor in Children's Poetry Composed by Mahmoud Kianoush and Soleiman al-Issa

Mahmoud Kianoush, known as the Father of children's poetry in Iran, is one of the contemporary poets who composes simple and straightforward poems. Kianoush's poetry is the reflection of his thoughts and contemplation on the innate relationship between human and nature. Kianoush is a poet whose mind is abundant with people's issues. Among his works, there are 8 books which are specifically written as poems for children and young adults: The Language of Things, Indian Green Parrot, Gold Tip - Silver Wing, Garden of Stars, World's Children, Seven-Colored Arch, the Sun of our House, and Poem by Poem. Considering literary status, Kianoush's poetry can be considered among the most eminent kinds of poetry. The figures of his poetry include imagery especially simile, metaphor, and personification. Soleiman al-Issa is one of the outstanding Syrian poets whose predominant themes are motherland and ethnic sentiments. He has dedicated a major part of his odes (poems) to children especially to suffering Arab children. In his odes, Soleiman al-Issa uses some types of imagery which are easily understood by children. The variety of nominal, verbal, explicit, and implicit metaphors are especially noticed in his poetry. Also, he uses Personification which creates synesthesia and enlivens his poems. Focusing on metaphors, the present study aims to analyze and investigate children's poetry composed by the two Persian and Arab poets, Mahmoud Kianoush and Soleiman al-Issa.

Child and adolescent mental health services and systems in low and middle-income countries: from mapping to strengthening.

Most of the world's children and adolescents live in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) where mental health services are very limited. Here, we reviewed literature over the last 18 months describing the current landscape of child and adolescent mental health services and systems (CAMHSS) in LMICs, and present findings from systems strengthening research. The challenges in CAMHSS are well described with little change over the last two decades. Fortunately, research has started to move from 'mapping' towards systems 'strengthening'. Using the WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) framework, we reviewed recent CAMHSS innovations. Clinical care and human resource innovations focused on primary care with validation of screening tools, training and task-sharing for capacity-building. Intersectoral collaboration emerged as a priority domain for strengthening, alongside a theme around the importance of participatory research to inform policy reforms. The potential role of digital technology to strengthen CAMHSS was identified as an emerging theme. There is an urgent need to increase the priority of CAMHSS in LMICs. This will require innovations at multiple levels aimed at all CAMHSS domains, with active participation of all relevant local stakeholders to ensure the translation of research into policy and practice.

Initial vegetative tone in mild atopic asthma in children

Background. In most industrialized countries, allergic diseases affect up to 20% of the population. This pathology belongs to the most common in children: according to the World Health Organization, more than 15% of the world's child population suffers from it. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the frequency and more severe course of these diseases, in connection with which they are considered in modern society as a major medical and social problem. Thus, the prevalence of bronchial asthma, according to domestic and foreign authors, ranges from 0.2 to 8.1%. Purpose. In order to clarify the role of the autonomic nervous system in the genesis of the mild course of atopic bronchial asthma in childhood, the features of the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in the examined children were clarified. Materials and methods. 126 children aged 10 to 14 years were examined. Atopic bronchial asthma was diagnosed in 91 children. At the same time, 61 of them were diagnosed with an intermittent course, 30 a mild persistent course of the disease. The control group consisted of 35 healthy children also aged 10 to 14 years. Complaints, anamnesis data were studied in all children, an objective and generally accepted laboratory and instrumental examination was carried out. All examined children underwent daily monitoring of the electrocardiogram, according to the results of which, based on the analysis of time and frequency indicators of heart rate variability, a variant of the initial autonomic tone was established. Results. In children with atopic bronchial asthma, both with intermittent and mild persistent course, an absolute or relative dominance of sympathetic influences was revealed against the background of varying degrees of decrease in parasympathetic activity, which was interpreted as a compensatory reaction of the body in response to chronic allergic inflammation.

Повторювана та стереотипна поведінка при розладах аутистичного спектра та лобних епілепсіях: обговорення клінічного випадку.

Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a prevalence of 1-2% among the world's child population and belong to the spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. ASD are characterized by significant genetic and clinical polymorphism, in particular comorbidity with neurological and mental disorders. In 15 - 30% of children with ASD, epilepsy is diagnosed throughout life. Repeated movements and vocalizations in ASD are often similar and require differential diagnosis with motor and vocal phenomena in the structure of epileptic seizures, with motor and vocal tics, in particular with Tourette's disorder, obsessions and compulsions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The polymorbidity of ASD complicates the typology of recurring motor and vocal phenomena. Polymorphism of repetitive movements and vocalizations is also inherent in developmental encephalopathy. Objective : to investigate clinical polymorphism, variants of motor phenomena during 6 years of life in a child with dual diagnosis of ASD and frontal epilepsy. Materials and methods: A child with ASD and frontal focal epilepsy was observed for 6 years on the basis of the Department of Mental Disorders of Children and Adolescents of the Scientific Research Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The child underwent a comprehensive psychiatric and neurological examination every three months. For the diagnosis and assessment of the course of mental disorders, DAWBA and K-SADS-PL were used. To assess autistic symptoms, ADOS and ADI-R were used, and tics symptoms were YGTSS, and obsessive-compulsive disorders in children with ASD were CYBOCS ASD. The cognitive functioning of the child was assessed using PEP-R and the test WISC, the socially adaptive behavior of Vineland and SRS. Every six months and during unscheduled visits, an EEG study was conducted with a mathematical analysis of the results. Results: Child autism in a child was diagnosed in accordance with the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, according to the results of a semi-structured interview with parents - ADI-R and assessment of current behavior by ADOS. During the period of controlled observation, epileptic paroxysms were characterized by the absence of complete loss of consciousness, polymorphism of seizures with numerous motor and vocal phenomena, which differentiated with symptoms of ASD, tics, obsessive-compulsive disorders. Stereotypic movements in the form of automatically repeated actions were observed in the proximal extremities, looked like a continuation and repetition of previous performed and daily performed automatic actions. The episodes of involuntary grimaces with distorted facial muscles during the first two years of observation looked like a violent act of activity, and not like epileptic paroxysms. EEG results also did not confirm the diagnosis of epilepsy. Dynamic, longitudinal monitoring of the clinical pathomorphism of repeated motor and vocal phenomena, analysis of therapeutic responses to treatment at different time periods: aripiprazole, guanfacin, sertraline, lamotrigine, analysis of symptoms that are qualified as comorbid, a gradual increase in focal epileptiform changes in the EEG allowed to diagnose frontal epilepsy with autism spectrum disorder. Conclusions: Most children with ASD have vocal and motor phenomena that may resemble symptoms of comorbid mental disorders. Repeated movements and vocalizations in ASD, as manifestations of tics, obsessive-compulsive disorders, are difficult to differentiate; they can be superimposed in the case of comorbidity disorders. With the appearance of specific epileptic activity and epileptic seizures in such patients, it is necessary to conduct differential diagnosis with developmental encephalopathy. The frontal form of epilepsy can be accompanied by seizures without complete loss of consciousness with characteristic automatic repeated stereotypic movements that have significant variability throughout life. The given clinical case supports the point of view that ASD and epilepsy are manifestations of a single pathological process - impaired neurodevelopment.

Drowning prevention: priorities to accelerate multisectoral action

Most of the 235 000 deaths from drowning each year occur in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).1 A quarter of all drowning deaths are reported in children younger than 5 years and drowning is among the ten leading causes of deaths in young people aged 5–14 years.1 The world's highest child drowning rates are in populations who live around river basins in the Bay of Bengal across India and Bangladesh, with nearly 46 children drowning each day.2,3

Systemic racism in global health: a personal reflection

Systemic racism in global health: a personal reflection