Children Working Research Articles

English

This qualitative study was aimed at looking into the lived experiences of child domestic workers in the selected towns of Gedeo Zone. A triangulation of key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, informal conversations, non-participant observations, and life histories were employed to collect the required data from child domestic workers, brokers, urban residents, police officers, and officials and experts in concerned government offices. The finding reveals that poverty and parental death are among the principal factors that coerce children to join the sector. Being a solitary decision for a few, engaging in this sector is not a personal decision for many child domestic workers. Letting one or more child (ren) engage in domestic work in urban areas is often adopted by poor rural and urban families as a survival strategy. The decision of the families to send their children for domestic work is often mediated by brokers. With regard to the terms of employment of the child domestic workers, all interviewed child domestic workers were working without any written contract with their employers. Though the lived experiences of the interviewed child domestic workers were heterogeneous, most reported long working hours, poor remuneration, deduction, delay and denial of salary, denial of contact with family and friends, uncomfortable living arrangements, denial of access to education, and physical, verbal, psychological and sexual abuses to characterize their daily lives. As poverty was found to be the prominent reason for most child domestic workers to join the sector, the researchers suggest the integrated interventions of stakeholders to scale up the capabilities of rural and urban poor households thereby preventing children from entering into the sector. Furthermore, enforcing the existing legal frameworks related to child labor and enacting additional responsive regulations on child domestic work is imperative to protect those who are already in the sector. Key words: Abuse, child domestic workers, families, Gedeo, lived experiences, poverty.

ISSUES OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN LABOR EDUCATION IN HISTORICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL RETROSPECTIVE

The article describes the ideas of labor education during different historical periods of its development. It has been stated that the scientific heritage of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century left some educational systems in the world culture, in which the powerful pedagogical potential of labor was realized. It has been revealed that labor was regarded as a moral and educational factor of the youngsters’ development, and diligence was considered as an important moral quality of a person. In their studies, scientists paid attention to the development of collectivity in the process of children’s co-operation and the importance of organizing easy work. It has been found out that leading theoretical ideas of organization of preschool children labor education had been formulated by the end of the 1930s; its basic principles were formulated, namely: systematicity, sequence of education, connection with life, age-related psychophysiological features of children development, the unity of family and public pre-school education, the leading role of a kindergartener in the process of child personality formation.It has been revealed that there were two main directions of the development of the theory of preschool children labor education in the Soviet period: 1. Theoretical foundations of the study (educational opportunities of child labor, its importance, the influence of different types of work on the formation of children’s moral qualities); 2. Methodical principles of the guidance of child labor (the most appropriate system of influence by adults on the organization of child labor).It has been stated that Z.N. Borysova’s ideas significantly influenced the development of the modern system of preschool children labor education. She revealed the meaning, tasks, and content of preschool child labor education, characterized the main types of child labor, ways of familiarizing children with adult labor, and had a significant impact on the development of the modern system of labor education preschool children.It has been emphasized that researchers have recently shown a decline in interest in the issues of child labor education. The scientists’ works are oriented on studying regularities of pedagogical process construction with the purpose of holistic influence on labor development of children, formation of ideas about labor and profession of adults, development of basic children’s qualities in the process of labor activity, establishment of place of labor education in the conditions of search of new approaches of educational process organization.It has been proven that the scientific heritage of the past is an integral part of the development of new pedagogical thought. After all, a retrospective analysis of the problem will allow us to take into account the best experience and to use it in the process development and updating of the content of preschool children labor education in modern conditions.

Basic Education Reforms in Guinea: Context and Concerns

Human behaviors are cultivated from childhood. People's aesthetic habits and creativity are cultivated through the creation of children's painting works. Unlike the other art activities, painting is an art activity that is very easy to implement and not constrained by the surrounding environment. Creating a painting work is an art activity that everyone can participate in. Anyone can use painting works to express their own thoughts and feelings. As for some introverted personality children, they are shy to share their ideas. Researchers can search children's growth environment, psychological state, aesthetic habits and their painting habits from these children's painting works. Aesthetic cognition and concept are the most important factors that compose a painting work. Children's aesthetic habits and painting habits will directly affect children's creativity and imagination after adulthood. There are 471 children aged 7-13 participated in this study. This research focus on seeking children's painting education method. In addition, using House Tree Person (HTP) test to find children’s preference and habits while creating the paintings works

CHILD & LABOUR SCENARIO IN ODISHA

Based upon research in the state of Odisha in India, this article describes the labour scenario in the state of Odisha during the last 82 years. Odisha became separate state on 1st April 1936. Eighty-two years since the momentous day, much has changed in the Labour relation, Juveniles, Child Labour problem & Migrant Workers of Odisha. This article also explains the magnitude of child labour and steps taken by the Government to eliminate child labour, formation of Labour Union, status of migrant workers and bonded labour in the state of Odisha. Here an effort has been made to analyse the status of child labours as well as other labours in Odisha. Identification of the area of concentration of child labour & evaluations of dimensions of the problem has been made.

Home Medication Readiness for Preschool Children With Asthma

To assess asthma medication readiness among low-income, urban, preschool-aged children and examine the association of medication beliefs among caregivers.Researchers in this cross-sectional study enrolled 288 caregivers of low-income children, predominantly African American (91.7%), ages 2 to 6 years with physician-diagnosed asthma of varying severity. Eligible caregivers had to be a parent or legal guardian and speak English.Caregivers of preschool-aged children were recruited from Baltimore City Head Start Programs between April 2011 and November 2016. During a 2-hour home visit, a research assistant interviewed the caregiver in the primary home of each child and visually inspected their asthma medications to assess medication readiness, using a 5-criteria index: caregiver ability to locate each reported medication (criterion 1), expiration date (criterion 2), remaining doses based on the medication counter (criterion 3), caregiver ability to properly identify medications as rescue or controller (criterion 4), and caregiver recall of dosing instructions for the medication(s) (criterion 5). Caregivers also answered questions regarding medication beliefs, adherence, and level of asthma control. Beliefs about asthma medications were assessed by using the validated 5-point Likert scale, the Pediatric Asthma Medication Beliefs Assessment (PAMBA). Higher PAMBA scores indicated more positive beliefs. Caregivers self-reported frequency of controller use, and those who indicated “almost every single day” or “every single day” were considered adherent.Among 288 participants, 96% reported use of a rescue medication, and 56% reported use of a controller medication, most commonly fluticasone metered-dose inhaler. Only 60% of those with a rescue medication met all 5 readiness criteria. Readiness was lower for those using a controller medication (49%). Caregivers were less able to state dosing instructions regarding controller medications compared with rescue medications (81% vs 92%; P < .01). They were also less likely to correctly identify controller compared with rescue medications (78% vs 94%; P < .01). One-third of children were found to have empty canisters of rescue or controller metered-dose inhaler medications. Among caregivers who reported use of a controller, 56% reported daily or nearly daily adherence. Caregivers who could locate the medication in the home were more likely to report adherence, although notably, 10% reported adherence but could not locate the controller whereabouts in the home. High self-reported adherence to controller medications significantly increased the odds of meeting all 5 readiness criteria for controller medications (adjusted odds ratio: 4.59; P < .01) as did higher PAMBA scores, indicating positive beliefs about asthma medications (crude odds ratio: 1.04; P < .05).This study found major gaps in asthma medication readiness, including availability and knowledge of medications, among caregivers of urban preschool-aged children with asthma. Positive beliefs about asthma medications were associated with better self-reported adherence and medication readiness. The authors proposed that addressing barriers to medication readiness and improving knowledge and beliefs regarding medications may improve adherence and ultimately reduce morbidity due to asthma in this high-risk population.Asthma self-management is challenging, and in the high-risk cohort living in urban environments, it can be compounded by psychosocial stressors, financial constraints, indoor exposure to allergens and irritants, multiple caregivers within the home, and low health literacy. This study highlights several potential barriers to asthma management in a high-risk population and reinforces the need for health care providers to focus on the basics at every visit. In addition to education and assessment of caregiver knowledge surrounding asthma management, it is equally important to assess adherence and assist families with identifying barriers and ways to overcome them. Lastly, this study reinforces the value identified in other studies surrounding in-home assessment by qualified health workers for children at risk for poor asthma outcomes.

Exploring the nexus between children and youth ministry

The aim of this article is to gain a proper understanding and relationship between children and youth ministry. The article sought the understanding of the relationship between children and youth ministry among children and youth workers in some denominations in Nigeria. The study employed a qualitative approach through focus group interviews. A total number of 70 respondents participated in the study: 35 children workers and 35 youth workers. Data for the research were analysed by means of thematic analysis. The empirical research findings indicate among other that many children and youth workers see their ministry as completely detached from each other. The study further reveals that there is a disparity in the understanding of both children and youth ministry among the respondents. Several conclusions were drawn from the study, firstly, children and youth ministries are an integral part of church ministry. Secondly, there has to be meaningful engagements and conservations between children and youth workers for the purposes of intergenerational ministry. Thirdly, children and youth workers must be intentional to reduce the dichotomy that exists between the two ministries. Given the research findings, the article suggests ways in which children and youth workers can work together to enhance the faith formation of children and youth. In conclusion, practical ways are proposed for enhancing the relationship between children and youth workers. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The intra- or interdisciplinary implications of this article are found in the call to have a conversation between children (child theology) and youth workers (youth ministry) in the quest to minister to both. It is also implied that children and youth workers come from different fields of study, mainly social work, psychology and theology.

A double safety net? Understanding interactions between disability benefits, formal assistance, and family support

While the main insurance sources for individuals with disability are understood, less is known about how family support interacts with federal disability benefits. Using the Health and Retirement Study matched to administrative records, I examine how disability benefits affect family support by comparing accepted and rejected disability applicants before and after benefit receipt. Receipt of disability insurance increases the probability of receiving any assistance from children by 18 percent and more than doubles the amount of in-kind assistance. Disability insurance also increases the probability that children are paid for their help and reduces children's labor supply. These findings are largest for low-income beneficiaries and those who recently lost a spouse, suggesting that child assistance complements income provided by disability insurance, and substitutes for other family assistance. Receipt of disability benefits allows the family to re-optimize how they provide support, and disability insurance is shared within the family in complementary ways.

Mothers' interoceptive knowledge predicts children's emotion regulation and social skills in middle childhood

AbstractInteroception, often defined as the perception of internal physiological changes, is implicated in many adult social affective processes, but its effects remain understudied in the context of parental socialization of children's emotions. We hypothesized that what parents know about the interoceptive concomitants of emotions, or interoceptive knowledge (e.g., “my heart races when excited”), may be especially relevant in emotion socialization and in supporting children's working models of emotions and the social world. We developed a measure of mothers' interoceptive knowledge about their own emotions and examined its relation to children's social affective outcomes relative to other socialization factors, including self‐reported parental behaviors, emotion beliefs, and knowledge of emotion‐relevant situations and non‐verbal expressions. To assess these, mothers (N = 201) completed structured interviews and questionnaires. A few months later, third‐grade teachers rated children's social skills and emotion regulation observed in the classroom. Results indicated that mothers' interoceptive knowledge about their own emotions was associated with children's social affective skills (emotion regulation, social initiative, cooperation, self‐control), even after controlling for child gender and ethnicity, family income, maternal stress, and the above maternal socialization factors. Overall, findings suggest that mothers' interoceptive knowledge may provide an additional, unique pathway by which children acquire social affective competence.

Contradictions in Children’s Centre service provision: the art of the possible in multi-professional work

ABSTRACT This paper makes the claim that establishing successful multi-professional working in Children’s Centres can be viewed as the art of the possible when the work focuses on children’s needs rather than on the availability and expertise of the multi-professional team. This requires a model for working that enables loose flexible arrangements of professional networks in order to collaborate on specific cases, thereby starting with the needs of the child. Exploring through interviews the working practices as perceived by a number of different professionals working in two Children Centres in London, the data identifies difficulties and contradictions in joint professional work.

LABOR EDUCATION OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

This article is devoted to the issues of the organization of labor education of preschool children from the time of Kievan Rus to the beginning of the XX th century. It has been proved that the formation of questions about labor education of preschool children was facilitated by : works of native (Vladimir Monomakh, I. Gizel, I. Pososhkov, G. Skovoroda, V. Odo y evski y , K. Ushynsk i y, L. Tolstoy, Ye. Vodovozova, K. Ventsel) teachers, the organization of pedagogical museums, summer children «colonies», clubs and playgrounds, exhibition s «Preschool education» and «Child ren labor» made by the Kiev Society of Folk Kindergartens, the organization of the store «Preschool education», mass production of native pedagogical literature, publishing pedagogical magazines. Keywords: labor education, preschool children, organization, analysis, formation.

Seasonal child labour in Nepal’s Brick Kilns: A study of its educational impact and parents’ attitudes towards it

ABSTRACT This study examines how child labour carried out in Nepal’s brick kilns impacts classroom performance and achievement, while also exploring parents’ perspectives towards it. To this end, a field study within select brick kilns was conducted among child labourers as well as adults whose offspring had previously worked as child labourers. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The findings of this study suggest that the majority of child labourers spend a part of their earnings on getting themselves or their siblings educated, which helps to the continuity of education. However, child labourer’s seasonal migration to brick kilns for employment impacts their ability to attend school, which leads to a deterioration of their classroom performance and final grades, while also producing higher drop-out rates. The majority of adult participants in this study held neutral views on both child labour and education. They did not deny the importance of education, yet also easily accepted child labour, considering it to be a necessity rather than a choice.

‘Killing the Tree by Cutting the Foliage Instead of Uprooting It?’ Rethinking awareness campaigns as a response to trafficking in South-West Nigeria

Child domestic work is one of the issues often connected with human trafficking in popular discourses. The idea of ignorant and unsuspecting parents and children being tricked into situations of trafficking for domestic labour is rife and has driven education and awareness campaigns as keys to addressing trafficking. This paper offers a critique of awareness creation as an anti-trafficking strategy. Based on an ethnographic study of child domestic work in South-West Nigeria and an analysis of secondary sources, this article reviews the ignorance assumption in trafficking discourses. It contends that the existing strategy of awareness creation, often framed to discourage migration and work, misrepresents young domestic workers and/or their parents and fails to address the issues that children and/or their parents are faced with. The paper concludes by arguing for the need to address the structural root causes of trafficking rather than simply raise awareness of individual migrants.

Overview of *Poverty at Work in Children's Literature*

Peu d’etudes ont ete consacrees au lien entre pauvrete et litterature de jeunesse, dit Francoise Lagarde, presidente du CRILJ en ouvrant ce colloque pluridisciplinaire et en ajoutant des objectifs surprenants : avoir confiance dans la litterature pour mieux comprendre le reel et pour permettre l’empathie. Les jeunes lecteurs qui seront interroges par une large enquete montrent d’ailleurs, pour deux tiers d’entre eux qu’ils pensent effectivement pouvoir rencontrer les personnages evoques par l...

Older sibling contribution to younger children's working memory and cognitive flexibility

AbstractWe used structural equation modeling in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (N = 17,020) to explore the influence of having an older sibling on kindergarten‐age focal children's cognitive self‐regulation. In model 1, we tested how having a sibling who is generally older than the focal child contributes to the focal child's working memory (WM) and cognitive flexibility (CF) upon entering kindergarten. In model 2, we assessed the contribution to the focal child's kindergarten WM and CF of having an older sibling in a non‐proximal age range (age 12–18) or not having siblings relative to having an older sibling in a proximal age range to the focal child (up to age 11). In model 3, we considered the contribution of having an older sister, an older brother, or both an older sister and an older brother of any age. Having an older sibling in general was associated with increased kindergarten WM, whereas having an older sister was related to increased WM and CF. Compared to having a proximal older sibling, having no siblings and having a non‐proximal older sibling were related to decreased WM and CF. Findings have implications for involving siblings in family interventions in early childhood.

Maids, nannies and their work – views of Nigerian female employers

This paper explores the views of employers of maids and nannies – girls aged 8 to 16 – who help look after their children and household, thus enabling them to pursue education and career. The women employers are privileged, high status occupants, while the maids and nannies, who are poor rural, took up the employment to help put food on the table for their families. However, taking up such jobs not only exposes the child maids and nannies to several hazards, it denies them the chance for education. In interviews with the employers, the paper found that without the services of the maids and nurses, many of them would have been severely constrained to pursue higher education or career. In other words, as long as the conditions that propels young children to seek jobs as domestic workers persist, and for as long as there are no alternatives for the privileged urban-based woman, child domestic work will continue.

Patterns of practice: An exploratory factor analysis of child and family social worker skills

AbstractThere is relatively little research on the communication skills that social workers use in direct practice with families. This study explores patterns of practice skill found in child and family social work home visits. The study analysed 127 practice interactions in family homes, coding for seven dimensions of worker skill using a coding framework drawn from motivational interviewing. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to establish patterns of skill within the data and to group key dimensions of skill. The findings make two contributions. First, three fundamental dimensions of good practice emerged, which we characterize as care and engagement, good authority, and support for behaviour change. Second, in exploring the relationship between “care” and “control” elements of social work, skilled social workers were able to combine good authority and empathic engagement, whereas those who were less skilled in use of authority were also less good at engagement. This contributes to debates about care and control in social work. The usefulness of these dimensions for conceptualizing practice in child and family social work is discussed and directions for further research are suggested.

DETERMINAN PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN RUMAHTANGGA DALAM MENYEKOLAHKAN DAN MEMPERKERJAKAN ANAK : STUDI KASUS DI KABUPATEN SUMEDANG

The purpose of this study is to explore and identify the socio-economic aspects of the population that influence educational decision making through service activities that are in harmony with the problems of education and child labor, in Cibeusi Village, Jatinangor District, Sumedang Regency. The method implemented in this service is through assistance, workshops, socialization, participatory communication and other activities. The field of program activities or the theme of this service activity is education and counseling relating to children's education, educational activities and child labor. Based on the results of service shows that the socio-economic aspects of the family that influence education decision making, especially in the Cibeusi Village, Jatinangor Sub-District, Sumedang Regency are income. Revenue is the most important factor in determining household decisions in sending their children to school. Other factors that influence children's educational decision making are the parents' educational background. Generally the level of education in the Cibeusi Village area is on average elementary to junior high school education. This finding indicates that the level of parental education greatly influences the level of children's school participation and also the child's desire for school. In such conditions, parents need to play an active role in teaching learning styles such as what is suitable for students so that children want to go to school and also student learning outcomes increase.

Working Memory Profiles of Children With Dyslexia, Developmental Language Disorder, or Both.

Purpose Compared to children with typical development, children with dyslexia, developmental language disorder (DLD), or both often demonstrate working memory deficits. It is unclear how pervasive the deficits are or whether the deficits align with diagnostic category. The purpose of this study was to determine whether different working memory profiles would emerge on a comprehensive battery of central executive, phonological, visuospatial, and binding working memory tasks and whether these profiles were associated with group membership. Method Three hundred two 2nd graders with typical development, dyslexia, DLD, or dyslexia/DLD completed 13 tasks from the Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children-Working Memory ( Gray, Alt, Hogan, Green, & Cowan, n.d. ) that assessed central executive, phonological, and visuospatial/attention components of working memory. Results Latent class analyses yielded 4 distinct latent classes: low overall (21%), average with high number updating (30%), average with low number updating (12%), and high overall (37%). Children from each disability group and children from the typically developing group were present in each class. Discussion Findings highlight the importance of knowing an individual child's working memory profile because working memory profiles are not synonymous with learning disabilities diagnosis. Thus, working memory assessments could contribute important information about children's cognitive function over and above typical psychoeducational measures.

Pekerja anak pada keluarga nelayan (Studi di Kelurahan Tanjung Solok Kecamatan Kuala Jambi)

This study aims to analyze the socio-economic characteristics and the factors that influence the working hours of child labor in fisherman families. Data is sourced from survey of child workers in fisherman families in Tanjung Solok Sub-District, Kuala Jambi District. Data were analyzed descriptively as well as multiple regression analysis. The results of the study found that the average age of child labor was 12.17 years, and most elementary school education was equivalent. The main reason children work is to increase family income and want to have their own income. The average child worker has worked for 2.35 years. There are various types of work carried out by children, with average working hours of child workers 18.25 hours per week and an average income of 217,564 per week. Simultaneously or partially, the working hours of children are influenced by the education of the family head, income of the family head, income of child labor, age of child labor, education of child labor, number of dependents of the family head, and number of family members working.

Spillover Effects of Tobacco Farms on the Labor Supply, Education, and Health of Children: Evidence from Malawi

AbstractUsing data from the Living Standards Measurement Study in Malawi, we examine the spillover effects of tobacco farms on children's labor supply, education, and health. To address potential endogeneity, the share of tobacco farms in a community is instrumented by the change in tobacco buyers following termination of the intermediate buyer system. We find that, as tobacco cultivation is labor‐intensive, children in communities with more tobacco growers spend more time as casual laborers and are less likely to advance to the next grade. Adverse health effects, measured by the likelihood of suffering from illnesses related to green tobacco sickness, are estimated to be larger than previously documented. This affects not only “working‐age” children but also children too young to work on tobacco farms. Moreover, exposure to large‐scale tobacco cultivation is estimated to reduce the height‐for‐age z‐score of children aged 6–60 months. These findings highlight the importance of raising awareness and taking measures to protect children against green tobacco.