Testing Of Children Research Articles

Парасоциальные отношения в цифровом обучении: анализ экспериментального случая

<p>Social media has become integral to education and learning because it provides a platform for access to information and resources beyond traditional classroom settings, enabling students to expand their knowledge and skills in a more interactive and personalized manner. The relationships that are formed with on-screen characters or personas (parasocial relationships) can improve understanding of the material and engagement with media content. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of parasocial relationships on a child's learning ability and test performance. The experiment, conducted as an exploratory case study with a typically developing 10-year-old child, included a parasocial condition with prior exposure to personal TikTok content of some educational video creators and other creators presented as novel (control); control conditions were further split into visible and non-visible video presenters. Performance was assessed using tests specialized by the subject and knowledge category, and an interview on the parasocial relationship was administered. The findings demonstrate that performance correlated with the presenter ratings obtained through the interview and not with the amount of previous exposure to the content created by the presenter.</p>

Retrieval Practice and Word Learning by Children With Developmental Language Disorder: Does Expanding Retrieval Provide Additional Benefit?

The word learning of preschool-age children with developmental language disorder (DLD) is improved when spaced retrieval practice is incorporated into the learning sessions. In this preregistered study, we compared two types of spacing-an expanding retrieval practice schedule and an equally spaced schedule-to determine if one of these approaches yields better word learning outcomes for the children. Fourteen children with DLD aged 4-5 years and 14 same-age children with typical language development (TD) learned eight novel nouns over two sessions. Spacing for half of the novel words was expanded gradually during learning; for the remaining novel words, greater spacing remained at the same level throughout learning. Immediately after the second session and 1 week later, the children's recall of the words was tested. The children with TD recalled more novel words than the children with DLD, although this difference could be accounted for by differences in the children's standardized receptive vocabulary test scores. The two groups were similar in their ability to retain the words over 1 week. Initially, the shorter spacing in the expanding schedule resulted in greater retrieval success than the corresponding (longer spaced) retrieval trials in the equally spaced schedule. These early shorter spaced trials also seemed to benefit retrieval of the trials with greater spacing that immediately followed. However, as the learning period progressed, the accuracy levels for the two conditions converged and were likewise similar during final testing. We need a greater understanding of how and when short spacing can be helpful to children's word learning, with the recognition that early gains might give a misleading picture of the benefits that short spacing can provide to longer term retention. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25537696.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Blood Lead Testing in Children in the United States.

The study objective was to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on pediatric blood lead testing in the United States. Clinical laboratory pediatric (ages <6 years) blood lead level (BLL) tests performed by Quest Diagnostics, January 2019-March 2022, were analyzed. Patients were categorized by age, by sex, and, through matching by ZIP code with US Census data, for race, ethnicity, pre-1950 housing, and poverty estimates. Over 2.8 million results from children (<6 years old) from all 50 states and the District of Columbia were included. Compared to March-May 2019, BLL testing was lower by 53.6% in March-May 2020 and lower by 14.6% in March-May 2021. Testing rebounded more for children in predominantly White non-Hispanic communities and among children living in communities, based on ZIP codes, with the least pre-1950 housing stock and lowest poverty rates. The proportion of children with BLL at or above the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference values of 3.5 and 5.0 µg/dL fell by 19% and 24%, respectively, in 2021 versus 2019. In conclusion, pediatric BLL testing has rebounded from sharp declines during the early pandemic period but unevenly. Declines in the proportion of children with elevated BLL should be interpreted with caution, as testing rebounds were less robust among communities with the highest risk of lead poisoning, notably communities with the oldest housing stock and higher poverty rates. More public health efforts are needed to address lead toxicity throughout the United States, especially in communities that did not experience a full rebound subsequent to the early COVID-19 pandemic period.

Development of GoGeo Learning Media to Increase The Ability of Geometry Knowledge of Early Children in TK Negeri Pedesaan

This research aims to develop GoGeo media as a learning medium to improve the ability of early childhood in understanding geometry, resulting in GoGeo media that is suitable for study by Group A students or children aged 4-5 years. This research adopts a modified 4D R&amp;D model according to the needs of researchers and is carried out in one trial, namely a small-scale field trial. The subjects of this study were 10 students of Group A at TK Negeri Pedesaan Kota Serang. The feasibility of GoGeo media is based on the results of validation by three media experts, principals and teachers, as well as Group A students as trial subjects. Data were collected using instruments in the form of questionnaires, interviews, observations and documents. Data analysis used qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. The results showed that the developed GoGeo media after a series of experiments and expert validation was considered good and very good. This is supported by the assessment of media experts obtaining scores of 81.33 points, 92 points, and 90.67 points in the good and very good categories, assessment of principals and teachers with an average score of 5 included in the very good category, small-scale trials getting the BSH and BSB categories. The results of the child's response test to the GoGeo media were 82 points out of 90 with a passing rate of 91.11%. So it can be concluded that the GoGeo media is "Very Good" and the feasibility criteria is "Feasible". Thus, there is an increase in the ability to recognize geometry in children of Group A at the Countryside Kindergarten in Serang City after using the GoGeo learning media. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the GoGeo media is suitable for use in learning geometry recognition for Group A children at TK Negeri Pedesaan Kota Serang

Infant Pulmonary Function Tests in Children with Airway Anomalies and Correlation with Bronchoscopy Findings

Infant Pulmonary Function Tests in Children with Airway Anomalies and Correlation with Bronchoscopy Findings

Motor Unit Firing Properties During Force Control Task and Associations With Neurological Tests in Children.

The present study aimed to clarify the development of motor unit (MU) firing properties and the association between those neural properties and force steadiness (FS)/neurological tests in 6- to 12-year-old children. Fifty-eight school-aged children performed maximal voluntary knee extension contraction, a submaximal FS test at 10% of maximal voluntary knee extension contraction, knee extension reaction time to light stimulus test, and single-leg standing test, and data from 38 children who passed the criteria were subject to analysis. During the FS test, high-density surface electromyography was recorded from the vastus lateralis muscle to identify individual MU firing activity. FS was improved with an increase in age (r = -.540, P < .001). The MU firing rate (MUFR) was significantly decreased with an increase in age (r = -.343, P = .035). MUFR variability was not associated with age. Although there was no significant correlation between FS and MUFR, FS was significantly correlated with MUFR variability even after adjustment for the effect of age (r = .551, P = .002). Neither the reaction time nor the single-leg standing test was correlated with any MU firing properties. These findings suggest that MUFR variability makes an important contribution to precise force control in children but does not naturally develop with age.

Evaluation of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Measured by Laboratory Biomarkers and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Children and Adolescents Recovered from Brain Tumors: The CARMEP Study.

In recent decades, the improvement of treatments and the adoption of therapeutic protocols of international cooperation has led to an improvement in the survival of children affected by brain tumors. However, in parallel with the increase in survival, long-term side effects related to treatments have been observed over time, including the activation of chronic inflammatory processes and metabolic alterations, which can facilitate the onset of metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to find possible statistically significant differences in the serum concentrations of early biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and in the results of cardiopulmonary exercise testing between survivors of childhood brain tumors and healthy controls. This is a prospective and observational study conducted on a group of 14 male patients who survived childhood brain tumors compared with the same number of healthy controls. The concentrations of early metabolic syndrome biomarkers [adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, endothelin-1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a)] were measured and a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was performed. Results: Childhood brain tumor survivors performed worse on average than controls on the CPET. Furthermore, they showed higher endothelin-1 values than controls (p = 0.025). The CPET results showed an inverse correlation with leptin. The differences found highlight the greater cardiovascular risk of brain tumor survivors, and radiotherapy could be implicated in the genesis of this greater cardiovascular risk.

Neuropsychological Analysis of the Structure of Ravens’s Coloured Progressive Matrices Test in Children 6–9 Years Old

Neuropsychological Analysis of the Structure of Ravens’s Coloured Progressive Matrices Test in Children 6–9 Years Old

Analysis of Platelet Function Testing in Children Receiving Aspirin for Antiplatelet Effects.

Aspirin (ASA) remains the most common antiplatelet agent used in children. VerifyNow Aspirin Test® (VN) assesses platelet response to ASA, with therapeutic effect defined by the manufacturer as ≤ 549 aspirin reaction units (ARU). Single-center, observational, analysis of 195 children (< 18years-old) who underwent first VN between 2015 and 2020. Primary outcome was proportion of patients with ASA biochemical resistance (> 549 ARU). Secondary outcomes included incidence of new clinical thrombotic and bleeding events during ≤ 6months from VN in those who received ASA monotherapy (n = 113). Median age was 1.8years. Common indications for ASA included cardiac anomalies or dysfunction (74.8%) and ischemic stroke (22.6%). Median ASA dose before VN was 4.6mg/kg/day. Mean VN was 471 ARU. ASA biochemical resistance was detected in 14.4% (n = 28). Of 113 patients receiving ASA monotherapy, 14 (12.4%) had a thrombotic event and 2 (1.8%) had a bleeding event. Mean VN was significantly higher at initial testing in patients experiencing thrombotic event compared to those without thrombosis (516 vs 465 ARU, [95% CI: 9.8, 92.2], p = 0.02). Multivariable analysis identified initial VN ASA result ≥ 500 ARU at initial testing as the only significant independent risk factor for thrombosis (p < 0.01). VN testing identifies ASA biochemical resistance in 14.4% of children. VN ASA ≥ 500 ARU rather than ≥ 550 ARU at initial testing was independently associated with increased odds of thrombosis. Designated cut-off of 550 ARU for detecting platelet dysfunction by ASA may need reconsideration in children.

Implementasi Program Sekolah Penggerak di SMAN 1 Tilatang Kamang

Sekolah Penggerak Program is one of the education recovery steps taken by the government. In the implementation of this program, there are five interventions, namely consultative and asymmetrical assistance, improving school human resources, new paradigm learning, data-based planning and school digitalization. Among the five interventions, new paradigm learning is the main focus of schools. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of the Sekolah Penggerak Program at SMAN 1 Tilatang Kamang on new paradigm learning which includes differentiated learning, a project to strengthen the profile of Pancasila of the students and the process of grade increment and subject selection in class XI. The type of research conducted is qualitative research with case study method. The place of research at SMAN 1 Tilatang Kamang in May to June 2023 conducted by the researcher as the main instrument of research. The data collected through interview, observation and documentation study techniques. The collected data analyzed with the stages of reduction, representation, and drawing conclusions. Data validity was tested using data source triangulation techniques. The results revealed that the school implements Sekolah Penggerak program by focusing on new paradigm learning, namely the implementation of differentiated learning, the project of strengthening sutedents’ profile of Pancasila and conducting the grade increment process as well as the selection of subjects that apply the principles of child-centered learning. Differentiated learning is implemented with three strategies: content differentiation, process differentiation and product differentiation. The determination of differentiated learning strategies is based on data mapping children's learning readiness obtained from diagnostic assessments. The Strengthening Profile of Pancasila Project of Students is implemented with a one-day project scheduling system every week. The process of implementation the project from preparation to assessment is designed based on the themes and profile dimensions set by the facilitation team. The grade increment system from grade X in phase E to grade XI in phase F is based on the achievement of learning objectives and the completion of the project theme in that grade. The selection of elective subjects in grade XI is based on the child's talents, interests, and readiness then the selection process is carried out freely and refers to the results of the child's diagnostic test. Children are given the opportunity to change their elective subjects in the first semester of grade XI by considering the child's learning progress and psychological condition.

Occupational Therapy Observation Tool-Adjustment Support Details for autistic children: Investigation of content validity and clinical utility.

Standardised testing is crucial for autistic children to receive appropriate interventions, necessary services, and funding. Behaviours associated with autism can hinder children's test performance and participation. The 18-item, two-page Occupational Therapy Observation Tool-Adjustment Support Details (OTOT-ASD) is used in conjunction with standardised assessments. The OTOT-ASD enables the recording of autism-related behaviours and the reasonable assessment accommodations made to support participation in testing. The current study aims to investigate the content validity and clinical utility of the OTOT-ASD from occupational therapists' perspectives. A specifically designed online questionnaire was distributed Victoria-wide to occupational therapists with clinical experience with autistic children. The questionnaire was designed in line with the COnsensus-based Standards for selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN), including relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility of items evaluated for content validity. Applicability and clinical usefulness were also investigated. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Seventy-one occupational therapists responded to the questionnaire and 46 provided a full dataset. Over 96% of the respondents considered documenting behaviours and testing accommodations as important, yet less than 45% reported having resources to record this information. Ninety-five percent of the respondents perceived the OTOT-ASD to be useful in clinical practice. Over 70% agreed that OTOT-ASD items were significantly relevant to practice and comprehensive. To improve comprehensibility, identified items were altered following feedback. The findings suggest that the OTOT-ASD is clinically useful and content validity is sound. Further research on other psychometric properties of the OTOT-ASD and users' qualitative experiences in utilising the tool is recommended.

Research on the Reliability of Children's Physical Fitness Test Results in Family Environment

In order to promote the development of children's physical fitness testing, this paper adopts methods such as literature review, experimentation, and data analysis to analyze the results of physical fitness tests conducted by parents in the home environment on children with the help of online physical fitness testing system for young children and the results of tests conducted by professionals in the campus environment. The correlation between height and weight, ten-meter back and forth running, sitting and forward bending, standing long jump, double-foot continuous jump, tennis long throw and other items in the family environment and in the campus environment were analyzed to determine the reliability of the test results in the family environment, so as to lay a theoretical foundation for promoting family physical fitness testing

Comparison of Traditional Articulation Therapy and Picture Articulation Test in Children with Articulation Disorders

Background: Articulation disorders in children can impede communication and social interaction. Traditional Articulation Therapy (TAT) and the Picture Articulation Test (PAT) are two contrasting approaches employed to address these disorders. While TAT is a conventional method focusing on sensory-perceptual training and sound stabilization, PAT uses visual aids to assess and encourage correct speech sound production. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of TAT and PAT in treating substitution errors in children with articulation disorders. Methods: Employing a randomized sampling technique, the study included 10 children with functional articulation disorders, aged 8 to 18 years, from both genders. Exclusion criteria included organic articulation disorders. Participants were divided into two groups at REX Medical Center, Lahore, and treated over a six-month period, with two sessions per week lasting 30-40 minutes. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted using the Articulation Assessment Test and the Articulation Severity Rating Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24, with paired and independent sample t-tests. Results: TAT showed a significant reduction in substitution error scores from pre- to post-intervention across all error types (initial, middle, and final), with significant p-values indicating improvement (p ≤ 0.05). PAT did not demonstrate a significant reduction in error scores, with p-values exceeding the threshold of significance. Conclusion: TAT was found to be more effective than PAT in decreasing substitution errors in children with articulation disorders. The findings advocate for the application of TAT in clinical settings, while recognizing the potential for integrating traditional methods with newer technologies to optimize treatment outcomes.

Factors Associated With Successful Extubation Readiness Testing in Children With Congenital Heart Disease.

In children with congenital heart disease, extubation readiness testing (ERT) is performed to evaluate the potential for liberation from mechanical ventilation. There is a paucity of data that suggests what mechanical ventilation parameters are associated with successful ERT. We hypothesized that ERT success would be associated with certain mechanical ventilator parameters. Data on daily ERT assessments were recorded as part of a quality improvement project. In accordance with our respiratory therapist-driven ventilator protocol, patients were assessed daily for ERT eligibility and tested daily, if eligible. Mechanical ventilation parameters were categorized a priori to evaluate the differences in levels of respiratory support. The primary outcome was ERT success. A total of 780 ERTs from 320 subjects (median [interquartile range] age 2.5 [0.6-6.5] months and median weight [interquartile range] 4.2 [3.3-6.9] kg) were evaluated. A total of 528 ERTs (68%) were passed, 306 successful ERTs (58%) resulted in extubation, and 30 subjects (9.4%) were re-intubated. There were statistically significant differences in the ERT pass rate for ventilator mode, peak inspiratory pressure, Δ pressure, PEEP, mean airway pressure ([Formula: see text]), and dead-space-to-tidal-volume ratio (all P < .001) but not for [Formula: see text]. ERT success decreased with increases in peak inspiratory pressure, Δ pressure, PEEP, [Formula: see text], and dead-space-to-tidal-volume ratio. Logistic regression revealed neonates, Δ pressure ≥ 11 cm H2O, and [Formula: see text] > 10 cm H2O were associated with a decreased odds of ERT success, whereas children ages 1-5 years and an [Formula: see text] of 0.31-0.40 had increased odds of ERT success. ERT pass rates decreased as ventilator support increased; however, some subjects were able to pass ERT despite high ventilator support. We found that [Formula: see text] was associated with ERT success and that protocols should consider using [Formula: see text] instead of PEEP thresholds for ERT eligibility. Cyanotic lesions were not associated with ERT success, which suggests that patients with cyanotic heart disease can be included in ERT protocols.

Cortical Auditory Evoked Potential Testing in Children With Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder.

In the present report, we reviewed the role of cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) as an objective measure during the evaluation and management process in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). We reviewed the results of CAEP recordings in 66 patients with ANSD aged between 2 months and 12 years and assessed the relationship between their characteristics (prevalence, morphology, latencies, and amplitudes) and various clinical features, including the mode of medical management. Overall, the CAEPs were present in 85.2% of the ears tested. Factors such as prematurity, medical complexity, neuronal issues, or presence of syndromes did not have an effect on the presence or absence of CAEPs. CAEP latencies were significantly shorter in ears with cochlear nerve deficiency than in ears with a normal caliber nerve. Three different patterns of CAEP responses were observed in patients with bilateral ANSD and present cochlear nerves: (a) responses with normal morphology and presence of both P1-P2complex and N2 components, (b) responses with abnormal morphology and presence of the N2 component but undefined P1-P2complex peak, and (c) entirely absent responses. None of the patients with normal, mild, or moderate degree of hearing loss had a complete absence of CAEP responses. No significant differences were uncovered when comparing the latencies across unaided and aided children and children who later received cochlear implants. The CAEP protocol used in our ANSD program did inform about the presence or absence of central auditory stimulation. Absent responses typically fit into an overall picture of complete auditory deprivation and all of these children were ultimately offered cochlear implants after failing to develop oral language. Present responses, on the other hand, were acknowledged as a sign of some degree of auditory stimulation but always interpreted with caution given that prognostic implications remain unclear.

Outcome of Neuromuscular Electrodiagnostic Testing in Children

Outcome of Neuromuscular Electrodiagnostic Testing in Children

Practical Aspects of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children.

The use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in pediatrics provides critical insights into potential physiological causes of unexplained exercise-related complaints or symptoms, as well as specific pathophysiological patterns based on physiological responses or abnormalities. Furthermore, CPET helps evaluate exercise performance in children with chronic (lung/heart) diseases. For instance, it can ascertain any adverse reaction to exercise and estimate the effects of specific treatment measures. It affords a global assessment of the pathophysiological patterns, responses and abnormalities to exercise that is inadequately reflected by resting lung function and/or cardiac function assessment. Clinical interpretation of the results of a CPET in pediatrics requires specific knowledge regarding pathophysiological responses and interpretative strategies that can be adapted to address concerns specific to the child's medical condition or disability.

Parental Understanding of Their Child's Germline Genomic Testing: Intent of Disclosure to Their Child and Family.

Genomic testing is becoming increasingly common in the care of pediatric patients with cancer. Parental understanding of germline results and their intent and timing of results disclosure to their child and family may have significant implications on the family unit. The purpose of this study was to examine parental understanding of germline genomic results and plans for disclosure to their child and other relatives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 64 parents of children with cancer, approximately eight weeks after parents had received their child's results. Parents of children with negative results (n = 20), positive results (n = 15), or variants of uncertain significance (n = 29), were interviewed. Fifty-three parents (83%) correctly identified their child's results as negative, uncertain, or positive. Most parents had disclosed results to family members; however, only 11 parents (17%) acknowledged discussing results with their child. Most parents delayed disclosure due to the young age of their child at the time of testing. In summary, most parents appropriately described their child's germline genomic results, yet few discussed the results with their child due to age. Families should be followed with supportive counseling to assist parents in the timing and content of result disclosure to their children.

Postnatal clubs: Implementation of a differentiated and integrated model of care for mothers living with HIV and their HIV-exposed uninfected babies in Cape Town, South Africa.

Despite the overall reduction in the HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate in South Africa, poor adherence and retention in care during breastfeeding contribute to this period being a major driver of MTCT in South Africa. To improve this retention, postnatal clubs were created as an integrated, differentiated model of care providing psychosocial support and comprehensive care for the mother-infant pairs (MIP), including HIV and under-5-child services. We describe the implementation of these facility-based clubs and examine its health outcomes in a peri-urban primary health care setting in Cape Town, South Africa. In this prospective cohort study, conducted between June 2016 and December 2019, MIPs were recruited into postnatal clubs between 6 weeks and 6 months of age and followed-up until 18 months of age. Outcomes including maternal Viral Load (VL), and children's HIV testing were compared to a historical control group. Children's immunizations and maternal sexual and reproductive health outcomes are also described. During the implementation of the postnatal club study period, 484 MIP were recruited with 84% overall attendance, 95% overall viral load suppression, and 98% overall uptake of HIV infant testing. Compared to historical controls, the club infant rapid test uptake was 1.6 times higher (95% CI: 1.4-1.9) at 9 months and 2.0 times higher at 18 months (95% CI: 1.6-2.6). Through 12 months and between 12-18 months, maternal VL monitoring was higher in the club group compared to the historical control by 1.5 times (95% CI: 1.3-1.6) and 2.6 times (95% CI: 2.1-3.2), respectively, with similar maternal VL suppression. Of 105 infants attending the 12 months visit, 99% were fully vaccinated by one year. MIP in the postnatal clubs showed better PMTCT outcomes than historical controls with high levels of retention in care. Other outcomes such as immunisation results suggest that integration of services, such as in the postnatal club, is feasible and beneficial for MIPs.

Auditory Brainstem Response Testing in Children with Speech and Language Pathology: A Non-Randomized Observational Study

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare auditory brainstem response (ABR) findings of normal-hearing preschool children with different types of speech and language pathology. Methods: This retrospective, non-randomized, cohort study was conducted at a tertiary speech and hearing rehabilitation institution according to STROBE guidelines. The study enrolled 123 preschool children diagnosed with speech language pathology and normal hearing. The participants included children with developmental language disorder, autism spectrum disorder, isolated articulation pathology, organic brain lesions, cognitive delay, and a group of very young children with clinically significant speech development delay. All patients underwent standard ABR procedures. Results: The latencies were the longest in the group of children with organic lesion, followed by the group of children with autism spectrum disorder, then the group with developmental language disorder, and the young children group. In the group of children with articulation pathology and the cognitive delay group, the latencies were the shortest. Conclusion: This study showed a connection between several groups of children with language pathology that includes comprehension problems and prolongation of ABR latencies.