Temperature In Children Research Articles

Pengaturan Suhu Tubuh dengan Metode Tepid Water Sponge dan Kompres Hangat pada Balita Demam

Fever is a condition of an increase in body temperature. High fever can cause many complications. The purpose of this research was to know the difference of effectiveness of tepid water sponge and warm compress method to control the body in children under five years having a fever. This research was used quasi-experimental design and non-equivalent control group design. The number of samples in each group was 30 people selected by consecutive sampling technique. The result of the average temperature drop in the tepid water sponge group was 0.993 0 C, while the average temperature drop in the warm compress group was 0,540C. The result of this research was used paired-samples t-test and independent-samples t-test and obtained p-value=0.0001 (p<0.05). There was a difference of effectiveness of tepid water sponge and warm compress method to control the body temperature in children under five years with fever at Puskesmas Abiansemal I and Puskesmas Mengwi I Year 2018.

Perception and Parent’s Knowledge about High Body Temperatures in Children and Treatment Methods at Home

Perception and Parent’s Knowledge about High Body Temperatures in Children and Treatment Methods at Home

A Survey About Fever Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Parents.

A 21-question survey was conducted among parents attending 4 pediatric outpatient practices to assess their knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes about fever. One hundred and ninety-seven surveys were included. Most commonly the participating parent was the mother. Parents used mainly axillary thermometers to measure child's temperature and mentioned integers for their definition of fever, 100°F being the most frequent answer. Most parents would treat all fevers and would use alternating antipyretics. Parents had a generally negative perception of fever: only one third thought fever may have some benefit, and more than half thought there must be some risk. A positive perception of fever was associated with parental educational level but not with information by the pediatrician. There is much confusion about fever among our parents, a negative perception is prevalent, and parents seem to receive-or recall-little information from the pediatrician.

Effect of Tepid Sponge on changes in body temperature in children under five who have fever in Dr. Achmad Mochtar Bukittinggi Hospital

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of Tepid Sponge on changes in body temperature in children aged under five who had a fever in Dr. Achmad Mochtar Bukittinggi Hospital. This research is Quasi Experiment with one group pretest-posttest research design. Done at Dr. Achmad Mochtar Bukittinggi Hospital in April 2018. Respondents of children under five who suffered from fever were 12 people. Samples in Non-probability Sampling with Systematic Sampling. The kind of systematic sampling is type of sample based on the order of members of the population who have been given an even number starting from number 2. The statistical test used is paired sample T-test. Before being given Tepid Sponge all children under five experience high temperatures (100%) of 12 respondents, after being given Tepid Sponge one time gift, the temperature of all respondents becomes normal (100%). Statistical test results showed a significant effect of giving Tepid Sponge to changes in body temperature with p=0.000 (≤0.05). It can be concluded that there was effect of Tepid Sponge on changes in body temperature. Health workers are expected to provide Tepid Sponge for children under five who have increased body temperature.

Optimization of the Recommended Time for Rectal Temperature Measurement in Children: An Observational Study

Background: This study aimed to determine the optimum time required to measure rectal temperature in children with mercury-in-glass thermometers. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study involved a random sample of pediatric patients ≤5 years of age. Body temperature was measured for 3 - 5 minutes using standard mercury-in-glass rectal thermometers. Outcomes were rectal body temperatures at 1, 2, and 3 minutes until reaching a stable rectal temperature, and the final rectal temperature. Results: This study recruited 120 children. Mean time to reach a stable rectal temperature was 1.8 minutes (range: 30 seconds to five minutes). 90% of pediatric patients’ temperature came out within ±0.1°C of the final temperature at two minutes. There was no correlation between the time taken to reach a stable rectal temperature and age, body weight, gender, or the final temperature. Conclusion: Mercury-in-glass thermometers can be used to obtain accurate rectal temperature measurements at two minutes in routine pediatric practice.

Special Report

Special Report

Patterns and reliability of children's skin temperature prior to and during sleep in the home setting.

The relationship between patterns of change in skin temperature and sleep is well recognized. In particular, there is a rapid rise in distal skin temperature (Tdistal) and slower rise in proximal skin temperature (Tproximal) prior to sleep onset. The difference between Tdistal and Tproximal is known as the distal-proximal gradient (DPG). Rise in DPG is known as a measure of distal vasodilation, which contributes to the drop in core body temperature (Tcore) that is important to sleep onset and maintenance. Patterns of change in skin temperature before and during sleep are reported for neonates, infants, adults and elderly, however they are not known for school aged children. Therefore, the current observational study aimed to determine the patterns and reliability of skin temperatures (Tskin) and DPG in relation to sleep of school aged children in their home settings. Participants (22 children, aged 6-12) completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and used Thermochron iButtons and actigraphy for four school nights in their typical sleep settings. There were evident patterns of Tskin change before and during sleep. In particular, Tdistal was lower but rose more rapidly than Tproximal after reported bedtime and prior to sleep onset. This reflected a timely rise in DPG, and shows that distal vasodilation precedes sleep onset in school aged children. The measures of Tskin and sleep were practical for children in their home settings, and the observed patterns were consistent across consecutive school nights. Environmental and behavioural strategies that manage skin temperature before and during sleep should be explored for their potential as valuable components of treatment of childhood insomnia.

The Effect of Acetaminophen on Temperature in Critically Ill Children: A Retrospective Analysis of Over 50,000 Doses.

Acetaminophen is widely used in PICUs. Although randomized controlled trials suggest that acetaminophen significantly reduces body temperature in adults, the effect of acetaminophen on temperature in critically ill children has not been previously quantified. Retrospective observational cohort study. Single-center general and cardiac PICU in a specialist children's hospital. All children who received acetaminophen or had a fever (temperature ≥ 38°C) while on the ICU over a 40-month period (September 2012 to December 2015). None. In total, 58,177 doses of acetaminophen were administered, with temperature data available for analysis for 54,084 doses. Temperature decreased by 0.11°C (95% CI, 0.09-0.14°C) 4 hours post acetaminophen dose, after adjustment for weight and illness severity. In children who had a fever and were given acetaminophen, temperature decreased by 0.78°C (95% CI, 0.74-0.82°C). Temperature decreased by 0.88°C (95% CI, 0.85-0.92°C) in children who had fever but did not receive acetaminophen. The change in temperature associated with fever was significantly different between those who did and did not receive acetaminophen (likelihood ratio statistic 246.06; p < 2.2 × 10(-16)). Acetaminophen is associated with a significant decrease in temperature in children with fever. However, temperature may decrease following fever without acetaminophen in the PICU. The threshold to use acetaminophen must be understood to determine the true effect on temperature in any future trials.

Evaluation of high resolution thermal imaging to determine the effect of vertebral fractures on associated skin surface temperature in children with osteogenesis imperfecta

Vertebral fractures are common in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Current imaging methods for fracture detection (X-ray and DXA) use ionising radiation. This pilot study explored whether the alteration in blood flow in vertebral fractures results in skin temperature changes that may be detected using high resolution thermal imaging (HRTI) and thus assist diagnosis and monitoring of fractures in OI patients. Eleven participants aged 5–18 years with OI and known vertebral fractures were enrolled. Small metal discs were placed on the skin surface alongside the vertebrae before participants had DXA and X-ray scans and thermal imaging of their backs. Visibility of the discs on the DXA and X-ray scans and thermal images allowed the temperatures of the skin surface above vertebrae without (healthy) and with fractures to be compared to their respective adjacent skin surface regions (region of reference, ROR) by calculating the temperature percentage change (TPC). The TPC between the skin temperature over the fractured thoracic vertebrae (n = 11) and the ROR was significant (1.44%, p = 0.002, 95% confidence). TPC between the skin temperature over healthy thoracic vertebrae and ROR was not significant (0.97%, p = 0.15, 95% confidence). HRTI may provide a novel tool for assisting in detection of vertebral fractures in OI.Graphical abstract• Patients (aged 5–18) with osteogenesis imperfecta and known vertebral fractures.• Thermal imaging was performed alongside routine imaging (DXA scan and spinal X-ray).• The temperature above each vertebra was compared with its adjacent skin region to assist with diagnosis of the fracture.

Forehead or ear temperature measurement cannot replace rectal measurements, except for screening purposes

BackgroundMeasuring rectal temperature in children is the gold standard, but ear or forehead measures are less traumatic and faster. The quality of non-invasive devices has improved but concerns remain whether they are reliable enough to substitute rectal thermometers.The aim was to evaluate in a real-life children population whether the forehead or ear temperature measurements could be used in screening to detect fever and if the agreement with the rectal temperature for different age groups is acceptable for clinical use.MethodsCross-sectional clinical study comparing temporal and tympanic temperatures to rectal temperature in 0–18-year-old children. The ear thermometer was a Pro 4000 Thermoscan, the temporal Exergen TAT. Rectal temperature ≥ 38.0 °C was defined as fever.ResultsAmong 995 children, 39% had a fever. The ear thermometer had a significantly greater ability to detect fever than the temporal thermometer (AUC 0.972; 95% CI: 0.963–0.981 versus AUC 0.931; 95% CI: 0.915–0.947, p < 0.0001). Both devices had the lowest sensitivity in the youngest and oldest children, and only the ear thermometer reached a sensitivity above 90% in the 0.5–5-year age group. The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the 95% limits of agreement for the temporal thermometer was between − 1.2 to + 1.5 °C and for the ear thermometer between − 0.97 to + 1.07 °C.ConclusionsBased on a large sample of children, the temporal measurement of temperature is not currently recommendable, but with the technology used in this study the ear measurement proved useful for screening purposes, especially among children aged 6 months to 5 years. For the exact measurement of temperature, the rectal method is still recommended.

ALOE VERA BARBADENSIS MILLER AS AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR CHILDREN WITH FEVER

Background: Applying a cooling treatment from outside the body is one way to lower fever in children. Midwives commonly perform a warm water compress in their care, but it is considered less effective. Thus, compress with Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller is proposed in this study as an alternative treatment.&#x0D; Objective: To examine the effect of Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller compress in reducing body temperature in children with fever.&#x0D; Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest with control group design. Forty children were recruited, with twenty of them assigned in each group. Purposive sampling was performed to select the sample. A digital rectal thermometer was used to measure the temperature. Independent t- test and paired test were used for data analysis.&#x0D; Results: Findings showed that the Aloe Vera compress group showed a higher decrease of body temperature compared to the warm water compress group. The difference of body temperature after 20 minutes in the experiment group was 1.435 while in the control group was only 1.085. There were statistically significant differences in body temperature between the experiment and control group (p=0.013).&#x0D; Conclusion: Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller compress is an effective alternative therapy in reducing body temperature in children with fever. It is recommended for midwives to apply this intervention to reduce body temperature significantly.

Diagnostic accuracy of digital thermometer compared to mercury in glass thermometer for measuring temperature in children

Background: A wide variety of devices are available to record temperature from skin, oral or rectal mucosa and the tympanic membrane. The accuracy of different devices is varied and the primary objective of this study is to compare the diagnostic accuracy of digital thermometer against mercury in glass thermometer in children. The secondary objective was to determine the average time taken by the digital thermometer to record the temperature.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in a pediatric ward at Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Egmore, Chennai. In all 92 febrile children aged 1 month to 12 years admitted in the ward, temperature was measured at the time of admission using both digital and mercury in glass thermometers placed in each axilla after obtaining informed consent. Concordance and discordance of both measurements were determined using Pearson Correlation coefficient and Bland altman plot. Average time taken by digital thermometer to record temperature was noted.Results: There was a good correlation between mercury and digital thermometer recordings (r=0.976, p&lt;0.001). The Bland-Altman test showed that almost all residual values (estimated-observed) are random and the fall within the 95% confidence interval. The average time taken by the digital thermometer to record the temperature was 88.03 seconds (95% CI-54.58 to 121.49).Conclusions: Digital thermometer is as accurate as mercury in glass thermometer in recording temperature. The average time taken by the digital thermometer to record temperature is 88.03 ±17.07 seconds.

A comparison of axillary and tympanic membrane to rectal temperatures in children

Background Core body temperature measurement is not commonly done in pediatric populations because it is invasive and difficult to perform. Therefore, axillary and tympanic membrane temperature measurements are preferable, but their accuracy is still debatable.Objective To compare the accuracy of axillary and tympanic temperatures to rectal temperature in children with fever, and to measure the cut-off point for fever based on each temperature measurement method.Methods A diagnostic study was conducted among feverish children aged 6 months to 5 years who were consecutively selected from the Pediatric Outpatient Clinic, Pediatric Emergency Unit, and the inpatient ward in the Department of Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH), from December 2014 to January 2015. Subjects underwent three measurements within a two minute span, namely, the axillary, tympanic membrane, and rectal temperature measurements. The values obtained from the examination were analyzed with appropriate statistical tests.Results The cut-off for fever on axilla was 37.4oC and on tympanic membrane was 37.4oC, with sensitivity 96% (95%CI 0.88 to 0.98) and 93% (95%CI 0.84 to 0.97), respectively; specificity 50% (95%CI 0.47 to 0.84) and 50% (95%CI 0.31 to 0.69), respectively; positive predictive value/PPV 90% (95%CI 0.81 to 0.95) and 85% (95%CI 0.75 to 0.91), respectively; and negative predictive value/NPV 83% (95%CI 0.61 to 0.94) and 69% (95%CI 0.44 to 0.86), respectively. The optimal cut-off of tympanic membrane and axilla temperature was 37.8oC (AUC 0.903 and 0.903, respectively).Conclusion Axillary temperature measurement is as good as tympanic membrane temperature measurement and can be used in daily clinical practice or at home. By increasing the optimum fever cut-off point for axillary and tympanic membrane temperature to 37.8oC, we find sensitivity 81% and 88%, specificity 86% and 73%, PPV 95% and 91%, and NPV 95% and 91%, respectively.

Aetiology of Febrile Illnesses Presenting to a District Hospital

Little attention has been given to the patterns of diseases in children admitted to a hospital. We retrospectively studied 874 children (477 male, 397 female) who were hospitalised consecutively during a ten months period to determine the incidence and types of their illness with an emphasis on patterns and causes of fever. Respiratory symptoms of cough and wheezing were the single most common presenting cause of admission (20.3%). Fever (defined as one temperature record of >38.0°C or two successive record of 37.8°C) was the second most common presenting cause (15.8%) leading to admission, and within this group fever without focus was most common. Overall, fever was recorded in 35.9% of the study group. Urinary tract infection was the most common bacterial infection. Children with bacterial infections were usually febrile while the majority of those with presumed viral infections were afebrile. The mean body temperature in children with bacterial infections was significantly higher than in those with presumed viral infections. Overall, febrile children stayed significantly longer in hospital and underwent more laboratory tests compared with afebrile children. Although white blood count and C-reactive protein tended to be higher in bacterial than in presumed viral infections, both tests were sometimes normal in serious bacterial infections and abnormally high in presumed viral diseases. Mild hyponatraemia (<135 mmol/L) was a common laboratory finding in febrile illness, and severe hyponatraemia (<130 mmol/L), was more common in bacterial diseases. It is concluded that febrile illnesses are common and only second to respiratory diseases as the leading cause of hospitalisation. Children with bacterial infection are usually febrile and those with high fever should be evaluated for serious bacterial diseases. Those children who present with fever without focus should be evaluated for an underlying urinary tract infection and bacteraemia.

Thermal Performance Evaluation of School Buildings using a Children-based Adaptive Comfort Model

This paper investigates the thermal performance offour school buildings of different ages and characteristics, using current EU overheating criteria and ‘adjusted’ criteria based on children's lower comfort temperature found in recent research. Data collected in Southampton, UK, between 2011-2015 are used in the analysis, which consists of two parts: a) the development of an adaptive comfort model associating children's comfort temperature to outdoor climate based onapproximately 2,800 thermal comfort responses from children, and b) the thermal performance evaluation of four case study schools (built in 1894, 1929, 1978 and 2013)with the use of5-minute air temperature measurements during spring/summer from a total of 43 classrooms.The two models, current (adult-based) and adapted to pupils, are applied to the methodology for overheating assessment based on the European standard EN15251. Results show that there is no overheating in the schools when the classroom temperatures were assessed with the current adult-based model,while when using the children-based modeloverheating wasidentified in three out of the four schools. Interestingly, the school with the most acceptable summer performance is the oldest, an 1890smedium-weight building. The modern(2013) school had the most stable, yet high air temperatures amongst the studied schools. The study highlights the emerging issue of summer overheating in heating-dominated countries such as the UK,where this has not been traditionally a concern. The problem is exacerbated by a single-sided focus on reducing heating loads without taking appropriate measures for summer comfort, the global warming trends and children's sensitivity to high temperatures. This paper highlights the challenge of designing school buildings with acceptable year-round thermal and energy performance and the need to set higher standards in the school building design, using children-based criteria.

Developing an algorithm to illustrate the likelihood of the dissatisfaction rate with relation to the indoor temperature in naturally ventilated classrooms

There is a direct link between the attainment of children at school and the thermal conditions in classrooms and there are guidelines in place to help designers provide the most effective thermal conditions. However, results from thermal comfort surveys and the collection of the perception of 662 pupils, aged between 8 and 11 in 27 naturally ventilated classrooms from eight primary schools located in the West Midlands, UK during the cooling seasons of 2014 and 2015 suggest that simply designing to a threshold comfort temperature might not be enough to ensure the most effective learning environments are delivered. Indeed, these results confirm that children's threshold comfort temperatures are at least 3 °C lower than adults during cooling seasons in a typical free running UK primary school classroom. Such a difference is important as it is teachers that almost invariably control internal comfort conditions and in adjusting to meet their own preferences might not deliver the most effective learning environments. Consequently, an algorithm has been developed that allows the likely satisfaction rate of children in relation to the indoor temperature in a primary school classroom to be mapped explicitly and provides the basis for comparing differences in satisfaction between adults and children in the same space. The use of this tool can further help designers and teachers deliver and control classroom environments in a way that maximises educational performance.

Feel the heat

In this third post in an occasional series questioning some of the basics of paediatric assessment, we are going to look at measuring temperature in children. It’s one of the few vital signs that parents measure themselves before even coming into the emergency department. But just how accurate is their assessment? When a neonate is… Read More »Feel the heat

The influence on the peeling off time of the tunica albuginea after 4-8℃ cool water was applied to children's low temperature plasma-assisted tonsillectomy

Objective:The aim of this study is to discuss the influence on the peeling off time of the tunica albuginea after 4-8℃ cool water was applied to children 's low temperature plasmaassisted tonsillectomy.Method:One hundred and seventeen benign hypertrophy of tonsil patients were recruited,the 56 cases of them were served as experimental group,who were treated with plasma tonsillectomy using 4-8℃ normal saline as medium,while the 61 cases were served as control group,who were treated with plasma tonsillectomy using 22-25℃ normal saline as medium.Then,we analyzed the peeling off time of the tunica albuginea between experimental and control group.Result:The difference of formation time between experimental group and control group was not statistically significant(P >0.05).The average peeling off time of the tunica albuginea was (11.32±2.51) days in experimental group,while time was(15.03±4.12) days in control group.There was a statistical difference between them.Conclusion:The use of 4-8℃ cold water in children's low temperature plasma-assisted tonsillectomy can reduce the peeling off time of the tunica albuginea,and it indicate that the ice water medium can reduce the heat injury caused by the plasma operation.

Out-of-hours antibiotic prescription after screening with C reactive protein: a randomised controlled study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of preconsultation C reactive protein (CRP) screening on antibiotic prescribing and referral to hospital in Norwegian primary care settings with low prevalence of serious infections.DesignRandomised controlled...

Core and local skin temperature: 3–24 months old toddlers and comparison to adults

The thermoregulatory responses, thermal sensation and comfort level of children are very different to those of the adult population, and should be considered in the modelling of thermal comfort and the use of climate control systems in children-shared spaces. In addition, thermoregulation is believed to be related with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, a major cause of death in children aged below 1 year.However experimental core and skin temperature data of the infant population is very limited, especially in toddlers. The present work investigates and reports the body core and local skin temperature characteristics of young children, as well as their dependency on gender, BMI, age, activity level and clothing. This study's novel features are:i) clothed subjects were used and the gender representation was balanced;ii) all subjects are children aged 3–24 months -not previously reported in the literature;iii) it is comprehensive in terms of both infant subjects (N = 138) and total measurements (over 9000); andiv) it compares the characteristic body and skin temperature in adult and infant population. We observed for instance that children's core temperature is higher than for adults, while their forehead and limbs' temperature increase with age. Also, core and skin temperature seem to become more dependent on BMI with age maturation.