Segment Of Children Research Articles

Deep Learning Models for Abdominal CT Organ Segmentation in Children: Development and Validation in Internal and Heterogeneous Public Datasets.

BACKGROUND. Deep learning abdominal organ segmentation algorithms have shown excellent results in adults; validation in children is sparse. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to develop and validate deep learning models for liver, spleen, and pancreas segmentation on pediatric CT examinations. METHODS. This retrospective study developed and validated deep learning models for liver, spleen, and pancreas segmentation using 1731 CT examinations (1504 training, 221 testing), derived from three internal institutional pediatric (age ≤ 18 years) datasets (n = 483) and three public datasets comprising pediatric and adult examinations with various pathologies (n = 1248). Three deep learning model architectures (SegResNet, DynUNet, and SwinUNETR) from the Medical Open Network for Artificial Intelligence (MONAI) framework underwent training using native training (NT), relying solely on institutional datasets, and transfer learning (TL), incorporating pretraining on public datasets. For comparison, TotalSegmentator, a publicly available segmentation model, was applied to test data without further training. Segmentation performance was evaluated using mean Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), with manual segmentations as reference. RESULTS. For internal pediatric data, the DSC for TotalSegmentator, NT models, and TL models for normal liver was 0.953, 0.964-0.965, and 0.965-0.966, respectively; for normal spleen, 0.914, 0.942-0.945, and 0.937-0.945; for normal pancreas, 0.733, 0.774-0.785, and 0.775-0.786; and for pancreas with pancreatitis, 0.703, 0.590-0.640, and 0.667-0.711. For public pediatric data, the DSC for TotalSegmentator, NT models, and TL models for liver was 0.952, 0.871-0.908, and 0.941-0.946, respectively; for spleen, 0.905, 0.771-0.827, and 0.897-0.926; and for pancreas, 0.700, 0.577-0.648, and 0.693-0.736. For public primarily adult data, the DSC for TotalSegmentator, NT models, and TL models for liver was 0.991, 0.633-0.750, and 0.926-0.952, respectively; for spleen, 0.983, 0.569-0.604, and 0.923-0.947; and for pancreas, 0.909, 0.148-0.241, and 0.699-0.775. The DynUNet TL model was selected as the best-performing NT or TL model considering DSC values across organs and test datasets and was made available as an open-source MONAI bundle (https://github.com/cchmc-dll/pediatric_abdominal_segmentation_bundle.git). CONCLUSION. TL models trained on heterogeneous public datasets and fine-tuned using institutional pediatric data outperformed internal NT models and Total-Segmentator across internal and external pediatric test data. Segmentation performance was better in liver and spleen than in pancreas. CLINICAL IMPACT. The selected model may be used for various volumetry applications in pediatric imaging.

The Impact of YouTube Video Hosting on the Children's Segment of Ukrainian Audiovisual Culture

The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of YouTube video hosting on the children's segment of audiovisual culture. The research methodology takes into account cultural approaches to the study of modern audiovisual culture and the application of a certain set of scientific methods, in particular, the use of typological and systematic analysis methods to identify the specifics of the impact of YouTube video hosting on the children's segment of audiovisual culture, the method of morphological analysis – to record the formation of a new morphology, of which video hosting is a part. The research methodology is based on the use of the content analysis method. Content analysis was carried out on the basis of statistical analysis of the specified video hosting (number of views, number of subscribers per channel) and morphological characteristics of representative audiovisual works of the Ukrainian children's YouTube segment. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the expansion of ideas about the virtual children's segment of audiovisual culture in Ukraine and the study of YouTube video hosting as a tool for forming a child's cultural worldview. Conclusions. It was found that YouTube video hosting combines the production and distribution of children's own creativity with the functions of social networks, which are a powerful tool for communication and mediated socialisation. This is what makes it an almost ideal place for creativity, communication, and earning. It has been proven that the online works of Ukrainian authors reflect the large-scale influence of digital culture on the traditional means of creating and consuming audiovisual works for children. The conducted analysis revealed the peculiarities of the existence of the Ukrainian children's segment of YouTube within the new morphology of a virtual nature, which affected the combination of traditional genre forms of audiovisual works and modern digital technologies.
 Keywords: video hosting, audiovisual culture, YouTube, author's YouTube channels, Ukrainian segment of YouTube.

Evolution of costume and its role in shaping process a child's social status and image

The article considers the methodology of image analysis using several methods of artwork analysis from the periods from the ancient world to the 16th century, where the image of a child and its clothing based on artwork are considered chronologically for the first time. The article also considers an algorithm for designing products for the children's segment.

What's New in Musculoskeletal Tumor Surgery.

What's New in Musculoskeletal Tumor Surgery.

Does a single dose of palonosetron have any role in preventing acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in pediatric osteosarcoma patients without dexamethasone? A randomized clinical trial.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a troublesome side-effect of chemotherapy in pediatric patients undergoing osteosarcoma treatment. In this context, the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists needs to be explored. To evaluate the superiority of single-dose palonosetron over granisetron in pediatric patients undergoing highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) for osteosarcoma. In this double-blind, randomized study, pediatric patients were assessed in terms of acute nausea and vomiting following HEC for osteosarcoma. These children were assigned to group 1 (palonosetron) and group 2 (granisetron) without any other antiemetic prophylaxis. The primary outcome variable was the children's segment with a complete response (CR) during the acute phase of the 1st on-study chemotherapy cycle. The risk factors associated with the emesis were analyzed. The patients were followed up for the first 24 h after chemotherapy. A total number of 200 children were evaluated in terms of the response, and other factors that might alter the response were assessed in the 2 groups. These 200 children underwent 604 blocks of chemotherapy. Complete responses were documented in 83% and 72% of children receiving palonosetron and granisetron, respectively, during the acute phase. Only dexamethasone, used as a rescue medication, was found to be a significant risk factor that predisposed to the response (p < 0.05). Single-dose palonosetron is an effective alternative to granisetron for preventing CINV in children receiving HEC for osteosarcoma.

Effects of Task Constraints on Kinematic Characteristics of Body Segments in Children with Cerebral Palsy and Children with Typical Development during Hand-Reaching

Background: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have difficulty in managing postural control during functional reaching tasks, although children with different postural control ability are able to come up with different motor solutions to cope with different task demands. This study examined the effect of task constraint on postural control performance in children with cerebral palsy and typical development (TD) in terms of different postural control abilities. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was used. Twelve children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (mean age: 107.8 months) and 16 typically developing children (mean age: 110.9 months) participated in this study. Individually, all subjects were seated in a height-adjusted chair and were requested to reach for target(s) located at three different directions (medial, anterior, and lateral). A six-camera Qualisys Motion Capture System was used to capture motion data. Kinematic data in terms of body alignment and angular changes were analyzed. Results: Children with cerebral palsy demonstrated different postural control strategies to complete different reaching tasks compared to typically developing children by preparing postural alignment in advance, coordinating different body orientation movements during reaching after showing difficulty in managing reach medially. Conclusions: Children with cerebral palsy perceive their insufficient ability and prepare their alignment in advance to adapt to the task demanded and decrease the postural challenges of the task. Even though children with cerebral palsy self-generate different motor solutions to reach without falling, these alternative strategies might not be the most efficient adaptation.

CORR Insights®: What Is the Survival of the Telescope Allograft Technique to Augment a Short Proximal Femur Segment in Children After Resection and Distal Femur Endoprosthesis Reconstruction for a Bone Sarcoma?

CORR Insights®: What Is the Survival of the Telescope Allograft Technique to Augment a Short Proximal Femur Segment in Children After Resection and Distal Femur Endoprosthesis Reconstruction for a Bone Sarcoma?

What Is the Survival of the Telescope Allograft Technique to Augment a Short Proximal Femur Segment in Children After Resection and Distal Femur Endoprosthesis Reconstruction for a Bone Sarcoma?

What Is the Survival of the Telescope Allograft Technique to Augment a Short Proximal Femur Segment in Children After Resection and Distal Femur Endoprosthesis Reconstruction for a Bone Sarcoma?

О ДЕТСКОМ СЕГМЕНТЕ МУЗЫКАЛЬНОЙ МАССМЕДИА КУЛЬТУРЫ XXI ВЕКА

The children's segment of culture — "music about children" and "music for children", being formed in the media environment, under new conditions needs close attention of scientists and updating of analytical tools for research. Acquiring features and qualities that differ from those previously inherent, this area requires scientific comments on various parameters — in terms of dynamics, prevailing directions, etc., opening new horizons for studying musical culture of the information community. The article discusses the possibilities of using search engines (Google, Yandex) to review children's musical products in the media space of modern society. The changing environment and conditions for musical culture determine the necessity of new approaches, including those from marketing technology for researching the content of genre trends, studying consumer interest, obtaining statistical information, etc. With the help of Internet applications (Trends, Wordstat) there is a prospect to analyze musical and cultural reality of society in the web search mode, revealing the comparative degree of popularity of different objects, in this case, related to the children's mass media sphere. The results obtained allow to state the predominant demand for entertainment products, which is a general trend in cultural life, regardless of the age category of consumers.

Aplicação do desdobramento da função qualidade para o desenvolvimento de vestuário infantil

Com os consumidores cada vez mais exigentes e a constante concorrência, as organizações necessitam aprimorar-se para atender as necessidades dos clientes. Neste contexto, encontram-se as indústrias têxteis e de vestuário, que tem sentido fortemente os efeitos da competição global, tendo que responder rapidamente às mudanças de estação e moda. O Desdobramento da Função Qualidade (ou QFD - Quality Function Deployment) apresenta-se como um diferencial para o desenvolvimento de produtos, pois proporciona que as percepções da qualidade dos clientes estejam contidas no produto. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar uma aplicação do QFD no desenvolvimento de vestuário infantil, visto a grande importância do setor têxtil e de vestuário na economia nacional, bem como a grande participação do segmento infantil nesse setor. Um modelo conceitual do QFD com quatro matrizes foi criado e aplicado para o desenvolvimento de uma peça de vestuário infantil. Os resultados da aplicação mostram a grande importância atribuída pelos clientes à segurança e ao conforto. As matrizes relacionaram as qualidades exigidas ao desenvolvimento da peça e do molde, as especificações técnicas das matérias-primas e aos parâmetros do processo de produção, mostrando a influência desses elementos na qualidade do produto final requerida pelo cliente. Concluiu-se que o modelo conceitual desenvolvido mostrou a relação das qualidades exigidas com as etapas de desenvolvimento e produção do produto. Finalmente, considera-se que aplicações desse tipo podem ser usadas em outros tipos de vestuário.

Michel Kripalani and Oceanhouse Media: Journey of a Serial Entrepreneur

This case describes Michel Kripalani's entrepreneurial journey culminating in his third start–up, Oceanhouse Media. Oceanhouse Media, ranked 114 in the 2013 Inc. 5,000 list of the fastest growing companies, offers desktop and digital applications, for iOS, Android, and other platforms with digital book applications for children comprising half of annual revenues. It explores: (1) Kripalani's evolution as an entrepreneur, (2) the operating strategy of Oceanhouse Media, (3) the economics and structure of the digital applications market and the children's segment within that market, and (4) key decisions—structural, organizational, and financial—as Kripalani maps out Oceanhouse Media's future growth path and exit strategy.

Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments in Children with Keratoconus

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the long-term follow-up of Ferrara intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRSs) (Ferrara Ophthalmics, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) implantation for the management of keratoconus in children. Study design Paulo Ferrara Eye Clinic, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Materials and methods A total of 58 eyes of 37 children with keratoconus were included. One or two ring segments were inserted into the cornea, embracing the keratoconus area. Statistical analysis included preoperative and postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), asphericity, pachymetry, and keratometry. Results Ferrara ICRS implantation significantly improved the mean UDVA and CDVA. Corneal tomography (Pentacam®) showed corneal flattening in all eyes implanted with the Ferrara ring. The mean K decreased, and the corneal asphericity and pachymetry increased in all cases. Conclusion The Ferrara ICRS improved all parameters after 2 years of implantation in children with keratoconus. There was significant corneal flattening after ring implantation with improvement of the UDVA and the CDVA. All studied parameters remained stable over time. How to cite this article Ferrara G, Ferrara P, Torquetti L. Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments in Children with Keratoconus. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2017;6(2):45-48.

Volume Averaging of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Impacts Retinal Segmentation in Children.

PurposeTo determine the influence of volume averaging on retinal layer thickness measures acquired with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in children.MethodsMacular SD-OCT images were acquired using three different volume settings (i.e., 1, 3, and 9 volumes) in children enrolled in a prospective OCT study. Total retinal thickness and five inner layers were measured around an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Scale (ETDRS) grid using beta version automated segmentation software for the Spectralis. The magnitude of manual segmentation required to correct the automated segmentation was classified as either minor (<12 lines adjusted), moderate (>12 and <25 lines adjusted), severe (>26 and <48 lines adjusted), or fail (>48 lines adjusted or could not adjust due to poor image quality). The frequency of each edit classification was assessed for each volume setting. Thickness, paired difference, and 95% limits of agreement of each anatomic quadrant were compared across volume density.ResultsSeventy-five subjects (median age 11.8 years, range 4.3–18.5 years) contributed 75 eyes. Less than 5% of the 9- and 3-volume scans required more than minor manual segmentation corrections, compared with 71% of 1-volume scans. The inner (3 mm) region demonstrated similar measures across all layers, regardless of volume number. The 1-volume scans demonstrated greater variability of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNLF) thickness, compared with the other volumes in the outer (6 mm) region.ConclusionsIn children, volume averaging of SD-OCT acquisitions reduce retinal layer segmentation errors.Translational RelevanceThis study highlights the importance of volume averaging when acquiring macula volumes intended for multilayer segmentation.

Marketing and Media Communications Targeted to Children as Consumers

Marketing and media communication targeted to children as consumers is recently a topic of discussion in order to increase children consumer protection. Considering that children and youth spend a lot of time in media environment (Multi-tasking process), it is important to map the environment, including both the traditional marketing communication ways (TV, radio, DVD, video-games) and the new methods that are increasingly being preferred by children and youth (e.g. product placement, viral marketing, guerilla marketing, internet and social network environment, interactive games and quizzes, commercial website entertainment). Children are referred to as primary target group in the given communication, that is, the advertised products are addressed to they, as well as secondary target group, that is, the products are addressed to other members of the family, but the message focuses upon children as they significantly influence the shopping process in the family. This marketing communication mix, which consists of advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, public relations, uses both traditional as well as new tools and techniques which target the children's segment. In this paper, we focus on the traditional marketing techniques applied by the media environment (e.g. repetition, celebrity endorsements, and premiums) as well as new techniques emphasizing their application in educational practice.

Convexity as a Cue to Figure-Ground Segmentation in Children

Convexity as a Cue to Figure-Ground Segmentation in Children

A Cross-National Analysis of Advertisement Content

ABSTRACT The children's segment of the consumer marketplace has grown substantially in the last couple of decades. Advertisers have been allocating significant amounts of money to tap into this market. This study provides an in-depth analysis of television commercials shown during times and on television channels children watch in India and the U.S. The two countries are distinctly different in their level of industrialization, consumer culture, and advertising maturity. Empirical evidence is provided on execution-related concepts such as message structures and types of messages, among others. Significant differences as well as commonalities that might be related to economic environment, consumption culture, and advertising maturity are found between the two countries. Potential explanations for the findings are offered.

Word Family Size and French‐Speaking Children's Segmentation of Existing Compounds

The family size of the constituents of compound words, or the number of compounds sharing the constituents, affects English‐speaking children's compound segmentation. This finding is consistent with a usage‐based theory of language acquisition, whereby children learn abstract underlying linguistic structure through their experience with particular words. The family‐size effect is particularly strong for the modifier or the leftmost element. The present study tested whether the effect of family size also holds for left‐headed compounds as in French (e.g., chef de police“chief of police”) and whether the effect is due to headedness or left‐to‐right processing. Twenty‐eight French‐speaking children between 3;5 and 5;3 were asked to explain the meaning of existing compounds with constituents of varying family size. The children were more likely to mention a constituent when it came from a large family than a small family, suggesting that children's segmentation of compounds might be facilitated by analogy with existing compounds. Furthermore, as in the previous English study, children mentioned modifiers more often than heads, showing their sensitivity to the semantic roles of the constituents, rather than left‐to‐right processing.

Large constituent families help children parse compounds

The family size of the constituents of compound words, or the number of compounds sharing the constituents, has been shown to affect adults' access to compound words in the mental lexicon. The present study was designed to see if family size would affect children's segmentation of compounds. Twenty-five English-speaking children between 3;7 and 5;9 were asked to explain the meaning of existing compounds with constituents of varying family size to an alien puppet. The results showed that children were more likely to mention the modifier of compounds if they came from large constituent families than if they came from small constituent families. Other variables were also shown to have some, but smaller effects on children's parsing, including the frequency of the constituent words and the compounds, whether the compounds were already known, and age. These results suggest that children's segmentation of compounds might be facilitated by analogy with other compounds already in their vocabularies.

Segmenting two-phoneme syllables: Developmental differences in relation with early reading skills

This study explored developmental differences in children's segmentation skills of VC and CV syllables (e.g., /af/ and /fa/) in relation to their early reading abilities. To this end, we followed a subgroup of Dutch speaking prereaders who participated in Geudens and Sandra (2003, Experiment 1), and replicated the segmentation task in first grade, at the outset of phonics reading instruction. Reading abilities were assessed after 6 and 9 months. First, we confirmed that VCs offer an easier context to isolate phonemes than CVs. Second, matching analyses showed that this development from VC to CV segmentation posed comparatively increasing difficulties for poor segmenters. Third, this qualitatively different development was reflected in early reading performance. Our data emphasize the importance of phonetic factors and instruction-based experiences in phonological development.

The Effect of Kana Literacy Acquisition on the Speech Segmentation Unit Used by Japanese Young Children

Three experiments were undertaken to investigate whether young children's segmentation units would change as they learned to read kana letters, which represent morae (subsyllabic rhythmic units). The first 2 experiments used a vocal–motor segmentation task to examine whether 4- to 6-year-olds preferred to segment spoken words containing the special syllables CVN, CVQ, or CV: into syllables or into morae. The third experiment used a target monitoring task for CVN to examine whether children's detection of the target syllable in a series of words would vary depending on the moraic constitution of the target and the moraic–syllabic status of the word initial in which the target was embedded. Results indicated that the children's conscious segmentation of words, except for those having a geminate stop consonant (CVQ), developed from being a mixture of syllable- and mora-based to being predominantly mora-based as they learned to read kana letters. The tendency toward mora-based segmentation was also found in the target monitoring task, which required segmentation at a less conscious level.