Children's Scale Research Articles

Validation of the German Benefit Finding Scale for Youth with chronic conditions

BackgroundBenefit finding, defined as perceiving positive life changes resulting from adversity and negative life stressors, gains growing attention in the context of chronic illness. The study aimed at examining the psychometric properties of the Benefit Finding Scale for Children (BFSC) in a sample of German youth facing chronic conditions.MethodsA sample of adolescents with various chronic conditions (N = 304; 12 – 21years) completed the 10-item BFSC along with measures of intra- and interpersonal resources, coping strategies, and health-related quality of life (hrQoL). The total sample was randomly divided into two subsamples for conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA/CFA).ResultsEFA revealed that the BFSC scores had a one-dimensional factor structure. CFA verified the one-dimensional factor structure with an acceptable fit. The BFSC exhibited acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.87 – 0.88) and construct validity. In line with our hypotheses, benefit finding was positively correlated with optimism, self-esteem, self-efficacy, sense of coherence, and support seeking. There were no correlations with avoidance, wishful thinking, emotional reaction, and hrQoL. Sex differences in benefit finding were not consistent across subsamples. Benefit finding was also positively associated with age, disease severity, and social status.ConclusionsThe BFSC is a psychometrically sound instrument to assess benefit finding in adolescents with chronic illness and may facilitate further research on positive adaptation processes in adolescents, irrespective of their specific diagnosis.

National Norms for the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale in Children.

To provide national norms and percentiles for both research and clinical scoring modalities of the Vanderbilt Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS) for a representative sample of children ages 5-12 in the United States. The five clinical subscales of the VADPRS were completed by 1,570 caregivers of children ages 5-12 in the United States, with children representative of the national population on key demographic variables including race, sex, ethnicity, family income, and family educational level. Descriptive statistics and measures of internal consistency of both dimensional and symptom count scoring were provided for each of the five clinical subscales of the inventory, as well as percentiles and group comparisons for select dimensional scoring subscales based on age and child sex. Measures of internal consistency for each subscale using both scoring modalities of the VADPRS ranged from high to acceptable. There were statistically significant differences among the different subscales for both age (ADHD hyperactivity, anxiety/depression) and sex [both presentations of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)] for the total sample. These differences, however, were modest in magnitude and unlikely to be clinically meaningful. This study enhances the research and clinical utility of the VADPRS by providing national norms and percentiles for each of its subscales. Differences between age and sex across the sample were statistically significant for two of the subscales (Hyperactivity and Anxiety/Depression) with additional subscales significant for sex alone (Inattentive and ODD), but these differences were not substantial enough to indicate a need for separate cut-offs for screening purposes.

INVESTIGATING SENSITIVITY OF FATHERS TOWARDS VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN

AIMS: The study was carried out for determining fathers’ sensitivity towards violence against children. METHODS: The study in descriptive quality was carried out with 534 fathers with children aged 0-18 between November and December 2020. The “Descriptive Question Form” and “Violence Sensitivity towards Children Scale” were used to collect the data. The data were collected online from fathers. Percentage, average, independent T-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and multiple regression analysis were used to interpret the data. RESULTS: The mean age of the fathers participating in the study was 36.95±6.66, 61.6% had a university degree or higher, 67.2% had an income equal to their expenses, 71.7% lived in the city center, 84.6% had a nuclear family, and 38.8% It was found that ten had only one child. It was determined that 51.1% of the fathers had witnessed violence before, 70.2% had not been exposed to violence before, 55.6% did not smoke, 86.9% did not use alcohol, and 57.9% perceived their family relations as normal. In the study, it was found that there was a statistically signifi cant relationship between the variables of educational status, employment status, fathers’ place of residence and family type, and the mean scores of the Susceptibility to Violence Against Child Scale (p<0.05). It was determined that 53.2% of the fathers showed moderate sensitivity to violence and the mean score of the Susceptibility to Violence against Child Scale was 43.70±5.07. It was determined that 53.2% of the fathers were sensitive towards moderate violence and the average score of the Violence Sensitivity towards Children Scale was 43.70±5.07. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the study, it was determined that fathers showed moderate sensitivity to violence against children, education status, employment status, place of residence of fathers and family type were effective variables on the level of sensitivity to violence against children.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cerebral Exercise and Play therapy Therapy on Empathy and Parent Relations in Students of Learning Disorders in Tehran

Background and Aim: Learning disorder in children is a neuro-developmental disorder that affects the effective processing of verbal or non-verbal information. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of brain exercise exercises and filial play therapy on empathy and parent-child relationships in students with learning disabilities in Tehran. Methods: It was quasi-experimental research with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The research community includes all students with specific learning disabilities in the elementary school of Tehran. Regular multi-stage random sampling method was selected and randomly divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). In all three groups, children's cognitive and emotional empathy scale questionnaires: parent rating form (Dodds et al., 2008) and Pianta overall positive parent-child interaction questionnaire, brain exercise therapeutic exercises (8 sessions) and the second experimental group, Filial play therapy (10 sessions) and no intervention was done for the control group. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate, univariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni’s post hoc test and SPSS23 software. Results: The findings of the research have shown that brain exercise exercises and filial play therapy on emotion management skills (F=4.880 and P<0.01), social competence (F=200.64 and P<0.01), empathy (F=231.23 and P<0.01) and parent-child relationships (F=29.97 and P<0.01) were effective. Also, there is no significant difference between the group of brain exercise exercises and the filial play therapy group on the improvement of empathy and parent-child relationships. Conclusion: It can be concluded that these two types of educational techniques can be used to help and educate children with learning disabilities.

Clinical characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: association with quality of life and behavioral aspects.

Objective:To identify associations between clinical characteristics of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their sociodemographic aspects, quality of life, and results from the strengths and difficulties questionnaire.Methods:This is an observational analytical cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sample consisting of 72 children diagnosed with ADHD, aged 6 to 13 years, treated at 2 neuropediatric outpatient clinics. The instruments used were the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version IV (MTA-SNAP-IV), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB), and the Quality of Life Assessment Scale for Children and Adolescents (AUQEI). We performed descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses, considering a 5% significance level.Results:SDQ results were associated with abnormal MTA-SNAP-IV results (inattentive/hyperactive/combined). A 1-point increment in the SDQ score increased by 36.5% the likelihood of the child having an abnormal MTA-SNAP-IV classification. Regarding AUQEI, 30.6% of participants perceived their quality of life as poor and 69.4% as good.Conclusions:A higher SDQ score increased the child's chance of having an abnormal MTA-SNAP-IV result.

Sleep disorders in children and adolescents with tension-type headaches

Introduction. Tension-type headache (TTH) represents a widespread and recurrent disease in adults, children, and adolescents, adversely affecting the quality of life, learning achievements, and social functioning. In recent publications, a high incidence of comorbid disorders in patients with TTH is discussed, in particular sleep disorders. The aim of the study was to assess the nature and prevalence of sleep disorders in children and adolescents with frequent episodic TTH and chronic TTH. Materials and methods. One hundred fifty patients aged from 8 years to 16 years 11 months with TTH were examined. Of them, 91 (49 boys, 42 girls) had frequent episodic TTH, 59 (26 boys, 33 girls) had chronic TTH. There was used Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children including 26 questions for parents. Results. The present study confirms the high incidence of sleep disorders among TTH children and adolescents. TTH was diagnosed in 129 (86.0%) out of 150 patients. The most frequently diagnosed varying degrees of severity (clinically relevant and borderline, when assessing sleep disorders in children) were insomnia (disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep) - in 65.3% of patients (including 60.4% with frequent episodic TTH and 72.9% with chronic TTH), excessive somnolence - in 74.7% (67.1% and 86.4%), sleep breathing disorders - in 26.7% (23.1% and 32.2%), disorders of arousal/nightmares - in 46.0% (42.9% and 50.8%), sleep-wake transition disorders - in 65.3% (67.1% and 62.7%), sleep hyperhidrosis - in 31.3% (26.4% and 39.0%). Thus, all sleep disorders (except for sleep-wake transition disorders) were significantly more common among the patients with chronic TTH. At the same time, in the subgroup of patients with TTH and any sleep disorders, significantly more prominent indicators of the frequency, the intensity of TTH and its negative impact on the daily activity were revealed, compared to patients with TTH lacking sleep disorders. Conclusion. The results of the assessment of children and adolescents with TTH show that when planning preventive therapy for TTH and evaluating its results, not only main clinical characteristics of TTH should be taken into account, but also the manifestations and severity of comorbid disorders, including sleep disorders observed in most patients with TTH. The revealed prevalence of various sleep disorders in the subgroup of patients with chronic TTH confirms that sleep disorders and anxiety disorders refer to significant risk factors for the transition of TTH to a chronic form, and such patients need more active multimodal treatment.

The Relationship of Dental Anxiety, Behaviour, Temperament and Dental Caries in Children

The first dental examination is a major step that is affected by many factors and determines the dental treatment process. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the association of child temperament with child dental anxiety, parental dental anxiety, dental behaviour and dental caries. The study consisted of 100 children aged 3 to 6 who were attending their first dental examination and their accompanying parents. The Facial Image Scale (FIS), Frankl’s Behaviour Scale (FBS), Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS) and the Short Temperament Scale for Children (STSC) were used for assessment. The DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) score of each child was recorded. Children who exhibited negative behaviour on the FBS had the highest rhythmicity scores (p = 0.008). The mean DMFT score of children in the rhythmicity temperamental dimension was relatively high (p = 0.008). The parents of children defined as negative on the FBS had high dental anxiety levels on CDAS (p < 0.001). Children whose parents had higher dental anxiety levels showed higher dental anxiety (p = 0.007). The success rate of dental treatment procedures may be increased by improving dentists’ knowledge of dental anxiety related to the child’s temperament and integrating parental support to reduce dental anxiety.

Parental worry about children: Scale development and validation among Chinese parents of preschool children.

Chinese parents tend to exhibit a high level of worry about their children during the preschool years, which may adversely influence children's mental health. Few studies have investigated the content and intensity of parental worry about children among Chinese parents of preschool children. This study developed and validated the Parental Worry About Children Scale (PWCS) for Chinese parents of preschool children. A pool of 70 items was created after an open-ended questionnaire survey of 1069 Chinese parents of preschool children and an Internet-content analysis, followed by an assessment for content validity by eight experts. Exploratory factor analysis was then conducted with 680 Chinese parents of preschool children, resulting in the formal PWCS consisting of 40 items in four dimensions: physical well-being, psychological well-being, learning/living abilities, and future/uncertain risks. With a sample of 1548 Chinese parents of preschool children, the PWCS demonstrated good structural validity, internal consistency reliability, measure invariance across mothers and fathers, and criterion-related validity. The PWCS may help elucidate the characteristics and antecedents of parental worry about children and the mechanisms underlying its influence on children's mental health in the Chinese context. In clinical practice, this new instrument may facilitate the emergence of effective intervention strategies for alleviating parental worry about children and its negative impact on children's mental health.

Differences in Attention Skill between Children with ADHD and Typically Developing Children in Indonesian Primary Schools

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuropsychological developmental disorder in children. ADHD is characterized by inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity. However, the attention skill is not clearly studied in children with ADHD in Indonesia. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in attention skill between children with ADHD and typically developing children (TD), and identify the differences between ADHD subtypes at primary schools in Bandung city Indonesia in terms of the parameter of attention. Methods: This study used the quantitative method. The population of this study was children with ADHD and typically developing (TD) school-age children. The data sampling technique was purposive sampling, consisting of 30 children as a group of ADHD children and 30 children as a group of TD children. The instrument to collect data was Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), Indonesian ADHD Rating Scale (IARS), and The D2 test of attention. The analysis method used t-test and SPSS V.24 for Windows. Results: This study showed significant differences in attention skill performance between children with ADHD and TD children in the variables including the total number of tasks completed, omission, commission, error rate, total amount minus errors or selective attention skill, fluctuation rate and concentration performance. There have been observed significant differences between ADHD subtypes in terms of total number, omission, commission, error rate, total amount minus errors or selective attention skill, and concentration performance. Conclusion: Children with ADHD were found to have lower results than typically developing children in terms of attention skill, inhibiting control, and ability in performance accuracy. Children with ADHD-C subtypes were found to have more inattentive tendencies, hyperactive, and impulsive compared to ADHD-I and ADHD-H. ADHD-C subtype showed more deficits than ADHD-I and ADHD-H in response inhibition and accuracy of performance.

Effects of epilepsy education on the academic achievement and quality of life of children with epilepsy

Background: Epilepsy can have a huge impact on children's quality of life and participation and attainment at school, particularly if the condition is poorly managed. Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of education about disease and drug management given to children, their family and teachers on the academic success and quality of life of the child. Design: The study was a single group, pre-test, post-test, semi-experimental research study. Methods: The study was carried out in the paediatric neurology outpatient clinic of the Tepecik Education and Research Hospital in Turkey. The study sample comprised 65 people (25 patients, 25 parents and 15 teachers) who completed the pre-test and post-test assessments. The Sociodemographic Characteristics Questionnaire, the Quality of Life Scale in Children with Epilepsy and an academic achievement form were completed before the epilepsy education was given. Parents and children had training at the hospital. The teachers had telephone training. Some 3 months after the training, the scores for the Quality of Life Scale in Children with Epilepsy and the academic achievement form were reassessed. Findings: The comparison of the pre- and post-training Quality of Life scale scores of the children (p=0.000) and academic achievement scores of the children (p=0.017; n=15) demonstrated a significant increase. There was a significant difference between the quality of life scores of the participating children who received special education and those of the children who did not receive special education (p=0.007 and p=0.004, respectively). Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that providing training on epilepsy, not only for children but also for their families and teachers, would be beneficial.

Exposure to second-hand smoke during early life and subsequent sleep problems in children: a population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundPrevious studies have revealed that current secondhand smoke exposure showed highly suggestive evidence for increased risk of simultaneous sleep problems in children. Data on the associations between early-life exposure to SHS with subsequent sleep problems in children were scarce. We aimed to evaluate the associations of early-life SHS exposure with sleep problems in children.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, children were recruited from elementary and middle schools in Liaoning Province, China between April 2012 and January 2013. We assessed early-life SHS exposure (pregnancy and the first 2 years of life) via questionnaires. Sleep problems and different types of sleep-related symptoms were measured based on the validated tool of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Generalized linear mixed models were applied to estimate the associations of early-life SHS exposure with sleep problems.ResultsWe included a total of 45,562 children (22,657 [49.7%] males; mean [SD] age, 11.0 [2.6] years) and 6167 of them (13.5%) were exposed to early-life SHS during both pregnancy and the first 2 years of life. Compared with unexposed counterparts, children exposed to early-life SHS had higher total T-scores of SDSC (β = 4.32; 95%CI: 4.06, 4.58) and higher odds of increased sleep problems (OR = 2.14; 95%CI: 1.89, 2.42). When considering different sleep-related symptoms, the associations between early-life SHS exposure and symptom of sleep-wake transition disorders (i.e., bruxism) were the strongest in all analyses.ConclusionsEarly-life SHS exposure was associated with higher odds of global sleep problems and different sleep-related symptoms in children aged 6–18 years. Our findings highlight the importance to strengthen efforts to support the critical importance of maintaining a smoke-free environment especially in early life.

Perkembangan Motorik dan Psikososial dengan Stunting pada Anak Prasekolah

Stunting is a global problem faced by the world and often occurs in children aged 3 – 5 years. The negative impact that will be caused by stunting in the 3-5 year age period in the long term is the disruption of children's psychosocial and motoric development. This study aims to see the relationship between motor and psychosocial development with stunting in preschool children (3 – 5 years) at the Baluse Health Center, Sigi Regency. The research design used was a cross-sectional study that assessed the relationship between motor and psychosocial development and stunting in preschool children (aged 3 – 5 years). The population used in this study were all preschool children (aged 3 – 5 years) with stunting in the Puskemas Baluse. The number of samples was 25 respondents who met the criteria for the research sample. The research was carried out at the Baluse Health Center, Sigi Regency from October 5 to 20, 2020. The research instrument used a questionnaire to measure the motoric and psychosocial development of children, while the measurement of stunting used microtoise and children's scales. The closeness and strength of the relationship between the two variables in this study used the Chi-Square statistical test. The results showed that most of the motor and psychosocial developments were in the abnormal category. The test of the relationship between motor and psychosocial development and stunting was carried out using the Chi-Square statistical test. The results showed that the P-value = 0.016 is smaller than the alpha value of 0.05, this indicates that stunting has a significant relationship with the motoric and psychosocial development of children. This study concludes that stunting has a relationship with motor and psychosocial development of children aged 3 – 5 years. Stunting children mostly have an abnormal motor and psychosocial development.

Supplemental Material for Bicultural Identity in Childhood: Preliminary Validation of the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale for Children (BIIS-C)

Supplemental Material for Bicultural Identity in Childhood: Preliminary Validation of the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale for Children (BIIS-C)

Probing different aspects of short and ill-timed sleep in adolescents using the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children

ABSTRACT Sleep problems among adolescents are believed to be related to the circadian changes that occur at this age. Therefore, most self-report instruments that measure sleep patterns in adolescence focus solely on measuring circadian rhythms. However, sleep-wake cycles reflect both circadian and homeostatic processes. Recently, it was shown that answers to the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire for adults, which is used to assess circadian typology, were able to identify three interrelated latent factors: two that can be conceptualized as homeostatic (sensitivity to the build-up of sleep pressure and efficiency of dissipation of sleep pressure) and a less well-defined factor related to activity preference time (APT). To better understand self-reported changes in sleep patterns in adolescents we applied confirmatory factor analysis to explore whether responses to the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) could also identify these three factors. The sample comprised 397, 9- to 17-year-olds. A three-correlated and a bifactor-(S-1) model (with sleep onset characteristics as a reference factor) had acceptable/good fit indices. This indicates that the MESC captures dissociable, but interrelated, homeostatic and circadian processes in addition to APT. These factors correlated with corresponding reported sleep habits, showing individual differences that may be more associated with sleep difficulties than the effects of age, which only correlated very modestly with some sleep habits. Our results indicate that the MESC can show distinct individual differences in three sleep factors that can help identify adolescents at higher risk of sleep-related problems that may require factor-specific interventions.

Factor structure of the new Scandinavian WISC-V version: Support for a five-factor model.

The fifth version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is designed to measure five distinct aspects of intelligence, incorporating a new fluid reasoning index to the four indexes of the previous fourth version. Several factor analyses, however, have failed to support the fifth factor. The Scandinavian version is the only national version not showing clear superiority for the five-factor solution in the Manual. In the present study, we analyze WISC-V protocols from a clinical sample of 237 children tested with the new Scandinavian version. We perform six confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) testing three hierarchical-, two bifactor-, and one correlated candidate factor models. The study shows that the three-factor model does not fit the data, and that all four- and five-factor models showed good fit. The four-factor bifactor model was somewhat better than the five-bifactor and hierarchical models, but the correlated five-factor model was the superior model. Finding support for five-factors in a clinical sample representative of those most probable to be tested with the test, strengthen the claim that also the Scandinavian version measure a distinct fluid factor as intended by the test owners, and thus that clinicians may use the index scores as their main level of analysis. Review of previous CFAs show that the choice of statistical methods for CFA, bifactor or hierarchical/correlated, influence whether second order factor models are better than g-factor models.

Relationship Between the Self-Concept of Children and Their Ability to Recognize Emotions in Others.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the self-concept of children and their ability to recognize emotions in others from facial expressions. It is hypothesized that children use their self-representations to interpret depictions of emotion in others and that higher self-concepts might be associated with earlier development of emotion recognition skills. A total of 54 children aged between 5 and 11 years participated in this study. Self-concept was assessed in all children using the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale for Children (Piers-Harris 2). To assess emotion recognition, a computerized instrument, the Penn Emotion Recognition Task (PERT), was applied. Despite the small sample of children, results show clear statistical effects. It is shown that emotion recognition ability is directly correlated with self-concept for intellectual/school status. The ability to correctly identify emotions from facial expressions is affected by general self-concept, intellectual/school status, and stimulus features of gender, intensity, and emotion. Further analysis shows that the general self-concept of children particularly affects the ability to identify happy faces. Children with a higher intellectual status score recognize happiness and neutral faces more easily. We concluded that the self-concept in children relates to the ability to recognize emotions in others, particularly positive emotions. These findings provide some support to the simulation theory of social cognition, where children use their own self-representations to interpret mental states in others. The effect of the self-concept for intellectual status on emotion recognition might also indicate that intellectual abilities act as a mediator between self-concept and emotion recognition, but further studies are needed.

The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring\u2019s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundParenting styles play a critical role in children’s development, especially for those in families with a depressed parent. To date, no study has explored whether youth perceptions of parenting style are heterogeneous in families with a depressed parent or whether heterogeneous parenting styles are associated with children’s internalizing symptoms.MethodsParticipants were children aged 8–16 years who had a parent with major depressive disorder; they were enrolled through their parents, who were outpatients at two hospitals in Ningxia. Parenting styles were measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Youth depression and anxiety were measured using the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children and the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders, respectively. We applied latent profile analysis to identify the subtypes of parenting styles with similar patterns. Differences between subtypes in relation to demographic variables and parenting style scores were calculated using one-way ANOVAs, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and chi-squared tests. Bivariate logistic analyses were conducted to examine the associations between parental bonding subtypes and children’s depression and anxiety.ResultsFour parenting styles were identified through latent profile analysis: care-autonomy, overprotection-indifference, indifference, and undifferentiated parenting. Youth with care-autonomy parents had a lower risk of depression (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.06–0.41) and anxiety (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.10–0.48), while indifference parenting increased children’s risk of depression (OR: 5.29; 95% CI: 1.30–21.54) more than undifferentiated parenting.ConclusionsChildren with a depressed parent had heterogeneous perceptions of parenting styles. Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles were largely congruent. Care-autonomy parenting (high care and high autonomy) may decrease children’s risk of depression, whereas indifference parenting (low care and autonomy) may increase their risk of depression.

Translation and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the resilience scale for children with cancer

BackgroundTo test the psychometric properties of a traditional Chinese version of the Resilience Scale for Children (RS-10) and examine its factorial structure via a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).MethodsOne hundred and eighty-six Hong Kong Chinese children with cancer were recruited in the paediatric oncology units of two public acute-care hospitals in Hong Kong to participate in this cross-sectional study. The psychometric properties of the traditional Chinese version of the RS-10 were assessed, namely its content equivalence, convergent and discriminant validity, construct validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability.ResultsThe newly translated traditional Chinese version of the RS-10 demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .83, McDonald’s Ω = .80), excellent test–retest reliability (.89), good content equivalence (CVI = 96%) and appropriate convergent (r = − .52, P = .01) and discriminant validity (r = .61, P = .01). The CFA results demonstrated that there was a good fit between the factor structure of the Chinese version of the RS-10 and the observed data (χ2/df = 2.34, TLI = .951, RMSEA = .053, CFI = .962, GFI = .948, SRMR = .052), thereby confirming the construct validity of this instrument.ConclusionsThe traditional Chinese version of the RS-10 was found to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing the resilience of Hong Kong Chinese children with cancer. The newly developed traditional Chinese version of the RS-10 is an appropriate clinical research tool for evaluating the effectiveness of nursing interventions in enhancing the resilience of and promoting mental well-being in children with cancer.Trial registration NCT03544190.

Cognitive function and behavioral problems in children born to mothers with preeclampsia: an Indian study

ABSTRACT Studies from high-income countries report associations of preeclampsia (PE) with reduced cognitive function and adverse behavioural outcomes in children. We examined these associations in Indian children aged 5-7 years. Children of mothers with PE (n=74) and without PE (non-PE; n=234) were recruited at delivery at Bharati Hospital, Pune, India. The cognitive performance was assessed using 3 core tests from the Kaufman Assessment Battery and additional tests including Verbal fluency, Kohs block design, and Coding A (from Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children). The parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess children’s behavioral characteristics. Scores were compared between children from PE and non-PE groups, and associations analyzed further using regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. After adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status and maternal education, children of PE mothers had lower Kohs block design scores (adjusted odds ratio per score category 0.57, [95% CI 0.34-0.96] p=0.034; 0.62 [95%CI (0.36, 1.07), p=0.09 on further adjustment for birth weight and gestation) compared to children of mothers without PE. In the SDQ, there was a lower prevalence of abnormal ‘conduct problem’ scores in PE group than non-PE group (OR=0.33, 95% CI 0.13-0.83, p=0.018, in the fully adjusted model); there were no differences for other behavioral domains. This preliminary study in Indian children suggests that fetal exposure to maternal PE may have an adverse impact on visuo-spatial performance but does not adversely affect behavior. Further studies with larger sample sizes are essential to understand effects of maternal PE on cognitive/behavioral outcomes in children.

Long-Term Outcomes of Perinatal Hypoxia and Asphyxia at an Early School Age.

Background and Objectives: Late long-term outcomes of perinatal asphyxia (PA) in school-age are often unclear. To assess long-term outcomes at an early school age in children who had experienced perinatal hypoxia or asphyxia, where therapeutic hypothermia was not applied. Materials and Methods: The case group children were 8–9-year-old children (n = 32) who were born at full term and experienced hypoxia or asphyxia at birth, where therapeutic hypothermia (TH) was not applied. The control group consisted of 8–9-year-old children (n = 16) born without hypoxia. A structured neurological examination was performed at an early school age. The neuromotor function was assessed using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Health-related quality-of-life was assessed using the Health Utilities Index (HUI) questionnaire. Intellectual abilities were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Results: The case group, compared with controls, had significantly (p = 0.002) lower mean [SD] full-scale IQ (87(16.86) vs. 107(12.15)), verbal-scale IQ (89(17.45) vs. 105(11.55)), verbal comprehension index (89(17.36) vs. 105(10.74)), working memory index (89(15.68) vs. 104(11.84)), performance IQ (87(16.51) vs. 108(15.48)) and perceptual organization index (85(15.71) vs. 105(15.93)). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence of disorders of neurological examination, movement abilities and health-related quality of life at an early school age between the case and the control group children. Conclusion: In children who experienced perinatal asphyxia but did not have cerebral paralysis (CP), where therapeutic hypothermia was not applied, cognitive assessment scores at an early school age were significantly lower compared to those in the group of healthy children, and were at a low average level.