Responsibility For Children Research Articles

PENGARUH PENERAPAN NILAI-NILAI ISLAM DAN KOMITMEN TERHADAP ETOS KERJA DAN DAMPAKNYA KEPADA KUALITAS SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DI LINGKUNGAN PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA

This study aims to determine the quality of children’s education and health of female worker (Tenaga Kerja Wanita) families in Cianjur and Indramayu districts. Using survey data on 56 households in Cianjur district and 48 households in Indramayu district. This research used probit model analysis. The variables such as children report cards, frequency of child illness, education expenditure, health expenditure, age of children, education of head of household, dependency of child, and family responsibility. The results showed that education expenditure, age of children, and education of head of family have a significant effect on children education, while children's health was affected by child's age and family's responsibility.

ANALISIS KUALITAS PENDIDIKAN DAN KESEHATAN ANAK DARI TENAGA KERJA WANITA: STUDI KASUS KABUPATEN CIANJUR DAN INDRAMAYU

This study aims to determine the quality of children’s education and health of female worker (Tenaga Kerja Wanita) families in Cianjur and Indramayu districts. Using survey data on 56 households in Cianjur district and 48 households in Indramayu district. This research used probit model analysis. The variables such as children report cards, frequency of child illness, education expenditure, health expenditure, age of children, education of head of household, dependency of child, and family responsibility. The results showed that education expenditure, age of children, and education of head of family have a significant effect on children education, while children's health was affected by child's age and family's responsibility.

The Challenges of Research Informed Consent in Socio-Economically Vulnerable Populations: A Viewpoint From the Democratic Republic of Congo.

In medical research, the ethical principle of respect for persons is operationalized into the process of informed consent. The consent tools should be contextualized and adapted to the different socio-cultural environment, especially when research crosses the traditional boundaries and reaches poor communities. We look at the challenges experienced in the malaria Quinact trial, conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and describe some lessons learned, related to the definition of acceptable representative, the role of independent witness and the impact of socio-economic vulnerability. To ensure children's protection, consent is required by the parents or, in their absence, by a legally mandated representative. In our setting, children's responsibility is often entrusted permanently or temporarily to relatives or friends without a tribunal mandate. Hence, a notion of 'culturally acceptable representative' under supervision of the local Ethics Committee may be more suitable. To ensure protection of illiterate subjects, an independent witness is required to confirm that the consent was freely given. However, in low-literacy contexts, potential witnesses often don't have any previous relationship with patient and there may be power-unbalance in their relationship, rather than genuine dialogue. In poor communities, trial participation may be seen as an opportunity to secure access to healthcare. Poverty may also lead to 'competition' to access the research-related benefits, with a risk of disturbance at societal or household level. Adjusting consent procedures to sociocultural and socioeconomic realities is essential for fulfilling the underlying ethical principles. This requires a collaborative dialogue between researchers, regulators and ethics committees.

Parent Civic Beliefs, Civic Participation, Socialization Practices, and Child Civic Engagement

We examined civic engagement in middle childhood and the degree to which parents’ civic beliefs (i.e., social trust and civic efficacy), civic participation, and socialization practices were associated with indicators of children's civic engagement (i.e., social responsibility and civic values). Survey data were collected from 359 racially, ethnically, and economically diverse upper elementary students and their parents from six schools in Southern California. The results of path analyses indicated that higher levels of parent social trust were associated with higher levels of community responsibility and civic values in children. Additionally, parent social trust, civic efficacy, and civic participation were indirectly associated with children's community responsibility and civic values through children's perception of their parents as civic role models. Findings suggest that parents’ civic beliefs and civic participation are meaningful to children's civic engagement.

The Age of Criminal Responsibility in Children: some of Islamic Views

The age of criminal responsibility of children in the Islamic Penalties Act has been determined as religious Bulugh (puberty) Nasab. According to this, criminal authorities hold girls criminally liable and punishable at 9 complete lunar years and boys at 15 complete lunar years. Unfortunately, our legislator has set criminal responsibility of children based on sexual maturity; therefore, thousands of newly born infants who are unable to think have been liable to punishment, while in the realization of criminal responsibility there is a need for intellectual maturity (growth) in addition to sexual maturity; that is, in the realization of criminal responsibility of children, there are two necessary conditions: “attainment of puberty boundary” and “achieving growth and attainting intellectual maturity”; otherwise, the child has no criminal responsibility and we cannot hold him liable for his action and punish him. In this research, an attempt is made to address the problems of the Act by drawing on the Islamic sources.

An observational study of parent–child behaviours in paediatric OCD: Examining the origins of inflated responsibility

Inflated responsibility is a well-established belief domain relevant to the development of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and is proposed to develop during childhood (Salkovskis, P.M., Shafran, R., Rachman, S., & Freeston, M.H. (1999). Multiple pathways to inflated responsibility beliefs in obsessional problems: possible origins and implications for therapy and research. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(2), 1055–1072). However, parental enhancement of such beliefs have rarely been examined. This study explored the proposed pathways of development for responsibility biases in paediatric OCD by examining parent–child behaviours during a family discussion task. 24 children with OCD (mean age=12.96), 20 control children (mean age=13.13) and their parents participated in this study. Dyads discussed an ambiguous scenario for five minutes with the goal of finding a solution. Parent behaviours of autonomy granting and overinvolvement, as well as parent–child behaviours of warmth, withdrawal, aversiveness and confidence were independently coded along with parent and child enhancement of responsibility for solving the problem. Parents in OCD dyads were observed to be significantly more aversive than control parents. Children with OCD were significantly less warm and more withdrawn than control children. Irrespective of group membership, parents enhanced their child's responsibility more than their own when generating solutions. These findings add to the literature on parent–child variables that play a role in enhancing OCD related beliefs such as inflated responsibility.

위계적 선형모형을 이용한 유아 인성 발달 영향 요인 연구: 교사 정서적 지원의 영향력을 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of child care teachers' emotional supports in individual classrooms on children's social skills, including self-control, assertion, cooperation, and responsibility that were related to their character development. Data were collected in a purposive sample involving 32 teachers working with 646 children at age five and 555 parents of the children. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) was used to analyze a two-level model. The results showed that there were significant differences among classes with data reported by teachers but characteristics such as teachers' education and work experiences, child-teacher ratio, and type of child care centers as well as teacher's emotional supports did not explain the differences. Children's age and gender, which were predictors at the individual level, significantly explained their level of social skills reported by parents as well as teachers. The findings implied that other predictors influencing differences among classes should be explored in future studies.

The effectiveness of lifestyle triple P in the Netherlands: a randomized controlled trial.

IntroductionLifestyle Triple P is a general parenting intervention which focuses on preventing further excessive weight gain in overweight and obese children. The objective of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of the Lifestyle Triple P intervention in the Netherlands.MethodWe used a parallel randomized controlled design to test the effectiveness of the intervention. In total, 86 child-parent triads (children 4–8 years old, overweight or obese) were recruited and randomly assigned (allocation ratio 1:1) to the Lifestyle Triple P intervention or the control condition. Parents in the intervention condition received a 14-week intervention consisting of ten 90-minute group sessions and four individual telephone sessions. Primary outcome measure was the children’s body composition (BMI z-scores, waist circumference and skinfolds). The research assistant who performed the measurements was blinded for group assignment. Secondary outcome measures were the children’s dietary behavior and physical activity level, parenting practices, parental feeding style, parenting style, and parental self-efficacy. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and 4 months (short-term) and 12 months (long-term) after baseline. Multilevel multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the effect of the intervention on primary and secondary outcome measures.ResultsNo intervention effects were found on children’s body composition. Analyses of secondary outcomes showed positive short-term intervention effects on children’s soft-drink consumption and parental responsibility regarding physical activity, encouragement to eat, psychological control, and efficacy and satisfaction with parenting. Longer-term intervention effects were found on parent’s report of children’s time spent on sedentary behavior and playing outside, parental monitoring food intake, and responsibility regarding nutrition.ConclusionAlthough the Lifestyle Triple P intervention showed positive effects on some parent reported child behaviors and parenting measures, no effects were visible on children’s body composition or objectively measured physical activity. Several adjustments of the intervention content are recommended, for example including a booster session.Trial RegistrationNederlands Trial Register NTR 2555

Explaining antiretroviral therapy adherence success among HIV-infected children in rural Uganda: a qualitative study.

High adherence is critical for achieving clinical benefits of HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) and particularly challenging for children. We conducted 35 qualitative interviews with caregivers of HIV-infected Ugandan children who were followed in a longitudinal study of real-time ART adherence monitoring; 18 participants had undetectable HIV RNA, while 17 had detectable virus. Interviews blinded to viral suppression status elicited information on adherence experiences, barriers and facilitators to adherence, and social support. Using an inductive content analytic approach, we identified 'lack of resources,' 'Lazarus effect,' 'caregiver's sense of obligation and commitment,' and 'child's personal responsibility' as categories of influence on adherence, and defined types of caregiver social support. Among children with viral suppression, high hopes for the child's future and ready access to private instrumental support appeared particularly important. These findings suggest clinical counseling should explore caregivers' views of their children's futures and ability to access support in overcoming adherence barriers.

Responsibility in Home–School Relations — Finnish Parents' Views

Finnish parents' views on responsibility in the home–school relations were explored. Responsibility was here understood as responsibility over education and upbringing. The data consist of semi‐structured interviews with 24 mothers and four fathers. In the home–school discourses, parents and teachers were often referred to as partners, and active parental involvement in school life was seen as a key to children's success. However, in some discourses teachers and parents were seen as polar opposites, e.g. teachers as experts — parents as laymen. Few references were made to children's responsibility.

Children's Perspectives on Values and Rules in Australian Early Education

IN RECENT YEARS, ISSUES relating to moral and conventional values have been emphasized in educational policies. This study examines young children's (100 children aged 4–8 years) own understandings of values and rules for how to treat others and participate in school. Eleven classrooms, within seven different elementary schools in Queensland, were visited. Children were interviewed regarding their views about moral and conventional issues, rules and participation in everyday school life. According to the children, ‘doing the right thing’ in school involved both a concern for others' wellbeing and for the social order in school, including conventions, rules and behaviour connected with discipline. The children's responsibility seemed, however, to be to adapt to the (school) system, rather than being an active participant in constructing the system.

IMPLEMENTATION OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN A PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: PEDAGOGUES' POINT OF VIEW

Children's rights and responsibilities are equally important; each right of the child is related to a responsibility and the state is responsible for the determination and implementation thereof. Today children's rights are protected by laws, regulated in various documents; public educational programmes are being created, institutions are being established not only in Lithuania but also abroad. The objective of this article is to disclose possibilities of implementation of children's rights in a preschool educational institution. Theoretic aspects of implementation of children's rights in a preschool educational institution are discussed, peculiarities of children's rights implementation possibilities in preschool educational institutions are analysed in the article. A research is presented in the article wherein 240 preschool education pedagogues participated. The research results show that possibilities of implementation of the rights of the child in a preschool education institution are maximum: application of proper measures; cooperation of parents whose children attend preschool educational institutions and pedagogues; solution of problems emerged by using the help of children's rights experts. It was discovered that implementation of children's rights in preschool educational institutions is taking place smoothly, no major problems and violations are noticed and the problems emerged are being solved. KEYWORDS: child, rights of the hild, a preschool educational institution, implementation, possibilities.

Felt obligation and the family life cycle: A study on intergenerational relationships

Since the 1990s researchers have considered as the dominant view on family obligation a set of responsibilities, duties, and obligation of care and assistance,that adult children should assume when parents are old or infirm. This concept is limited, because it assumes that family obligation is salient only in one period of life: when parents reach old age and are infirm. In contrast, a relational approach to family obligation considers family relationships as central to understanding children's duties and responsibilities. Following Stein, family obligation can be defined as felt obligation: expectations for appropriate and negotiated behaviour, perceived within the context of specific personal relationships with kin across life course. Felt obligation is conceptualized in five dimensions: a duty to maintain contact, assistance, avoidance of conflict, personal sharing, and self-sufficiency. The purpose of the present study was to analyze perceptions of felt obligation in intergenerational relationships (parent-child and family of origin) in different phases of the family life cycle in a specific cultural context (Italy). The sample was composed of 92 parents with children of different ages (infants, school-aged children, and young adults).The measure addressed the five dimensions of felt obligation, all assessed in various phases of family life. Results indicated differences in dimensions of felt obligation between intergenerational relationships (both parent-child and with family of origin). Some of these differences, such as self-sufficiency and personal sharing, assumed more importance and salience in some periods of the life cycle than in others.

Blaming the Kids: Children's Agency and Diminished Responsibility

AbstractChildren are less blameworthy for their beliefs and actions because they are young. But the relationship between development and responsibility is complex. What exactly grounds the excuses we rightly give to young agents? This article presents three distinct arguments for children's diminished responsibility. Drawing on significant resources from developmental psychology, it rejects views which base the normative adult/child distinction on children's inability to participate in certain kinds of moral communication or to form principled self‐conceptions which guide their actions. The article then argues that children's responsibility ought to be diminished because (and to the degree that) they are less competent at using features of their moral agency to meet social demands. This ‘normative competence’ view is philosophically defensible, supported by research in developmental psychology, and provides us with a method to evaluate whether things like peer pressure are relevant to responsibility.

If you can’t eat what you like, like what you can: how children with coeliac disease and their families construct dietary restrictions as a matter of choice

Although it is recognised that a gluten-free diet has many social implications for coeliac disease patients, not much is known about how such patients actually manage these implications in their everyday interactions. This article examines how dietary restrictions are treated by patients and their families. Data from recorded mealtime conversations of seven Dutch families with children suffering from coeliac disease were analysed using discursive psychology. We found two main discursive strategies by which patients and their families manage the diet during mealtime interactions. A reference to pleasure is used to manage the tension between the child's agency and parental responsibility in the face of health requirements and, by softening the denial of food, the diet is normalised and treated as a shared family practice. The analysis shows that the gluten-free diet is demedicalised and treated as a matter of choice rather than prescription. We conclude with the practical implications of these findings.

The development of children's regret and relief

Previous research found that children first experience regret at 5 years and relief at 7. In two experiments, we explored three possibilities for this lag: (1) relief genuinely develops later than regret; (2) tests of relief have previously been artefactually difficult; or (3) evidence for regret resulted from false positives. In Experiment 1 (N=162 4- to 7-year-olds) children chose one of two cards that led to winning or losing tokens. Children rated their happiness then saw a better (regret) or worse (relief) alternative. Children re-rated their happiness. Regret after winning was first experienced at 4, regret after losing and relief after winning were experienced at 5 years and relief after losing at 7 years. Experiment 2 (N=297 5- to 8-year-olds) used a similar task but manipulated children's responsibility for the outcome. Greater responsibility for the outcome resulted in a greater likelihood of an experience of regret and relief. Results support that previous tests of relief were artefactually difficult and regret and relief are experienced earlier than previously thought.

Ethnic differences in the caregiver's attitudes and preferences about the treatment and care of advanced lung cancer patients

This study examined differences in attitudes and preferences between African American and White caregivers about cancer treatment and care. There were 173 White and 26 African American caregivers of advanced lung cancer patients who were recruited as a convenience sample. A telephone interview was conducted to collect information using a semi-structured questionnaire. Using logistic regression, we examined differences between racial groups concerning therapeutic and caregiving issues controlling for socioeconomic and demographic variables. The regression analyses showed that African American caregivers had higher expectations for treatment outcomes (p ≤ 0.05) but poorer understanding of hospice and a stronger preference for hospice care outside the home (p ≤ 0.05). They were more likely to believe that the patient communicates with the family about cancer treatment to meet the family's expectations rather than seek emotional support (p ≤ 0.01). They were also more reluctant to endorse children's responsibility to make a treatment decision and are less likely to be fully satisfied with the decision-making process (p ≤ 0.05). The findings suggest some differences in beliefs and cultural values between African American and White caregivers. African American caregivers appear to believe more in the possibility of curative care for advanced lung cancer and eschew hospice care. The findings inform possible challenges regarding communication about end-of-life treatment and care with African American caregivers and a need for the provision of adequate information and education.

Parental Communication Style's Impact on Children's Attitudes Toward Obesity and Food Advertising

There have been numerous discussions about what factors influence children's obesity level and their attitudes toward advertising. Among many possible factors, parental influence cannot be ignored, because children (7–12 years old) generally spend more time with their parents than with anybody else. This study investigates the possible influences of parental communication styles/patterns while watching TV with their children on their children's obesity level (body mass index) as well as parental influence's effect on children's attitudes toward TV snack/fast‐food ads. The results reveal that parental communication styles/patterns significantly influence children's obesity level and their attitude toward TV snack/fast‐food ads.

Children as Research Collaborators: Issues and Reflections from a Mobility Study in Sub‐Saharan Africa

This paper reflects on issues raised by work with children in an ongoing child mobility study in three sub-Saharan African countries: Ghana, Malawi and South Africa. There are now 70 school pupils of varying ages involved in the project, but the paper is particularly concerned with the participation of those children 14 years and under. We examine the significant ethical issues associated with working with younger child researchers, and linked questions concerning the spaces open to them in African contexts where local cultural constructions of childhood and associated economic imperatives (which commonly drive family and household endeavour) help shape the attitudes of adults to children's rights and responsibilities and inter-generational power relations.

ADULT CHILDREN CARING FOR THEIR ELDERLY PARENTS

Sri Lanka is the fastest ageing South Asian population. Using data from the Sri Lanka Aging Survey 2006, this paper documents the health of adult child caregivers and their elderly parents, nature of care provided, areas of caregiver concern, factors associated with caregiver stress, and caregiver attitudes towards elder care. Adult children (n=381), defining themselves as the elderly parent's primary caregiver, and their elderly parents (n=430), constitute the sample for this analysis. Relatively poor health among elderly parents combined with substantial time required for care-giving, and a relatively high level of stress among caregivers, is observed. Gender differences are observed in the type of elder care provided, and in the risk of being stressed/worried. Most caregivers have favourable attitudes towards home-based care, negative attitudes towards institutional care, and expect support from their children in old age. Caregiver burden will increasingly become a policy concern given Sri Lanka's ageing population and the predominant expectation that eldercare is the children's responsibility.