Movement Patterns In Children Research Articles

ACTIVITY OF CHILDREN'S MOVEMENT PATTERNS IN TRADITIONAL GAMES USING THE TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT METHOD

Movement patterns are simple complex forms of movement including locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulation movements, TGT (Team Games Tournament) type cooperative learning models are student team learning methods based on the principle that students must learn together and be responsible for their own learning and their groupmates. This study aims to determine the activeness of children's movement patterns in traditional games with the TGT method. This type of research uses descriptive quantitative with survey method, the sample is grade VI students of GMIT Bolok Elementary School totaling 24 students consisting of 8 male students and 16 female students. Data collection using observation sheets on locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulation movement pattern items in traditional games with the TGT method. Data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive with percentages. The results of the study were locomotor motion patterns obtained by 83.33% (20 people) with Good criteria and 16.67% (4 people) with Sufficient criteria, the results of nonlocomotor motion patterns obtained Good and Sufficient criteria with 50% each (12 people) while in manipulation motion patterns obtained 70.83% (17 people) with Good criteria and 29.17% (7 people) with Sufficient criteria. The conclusion is that the activeness of children's movement patterns in traditional games with the TGT method is categorized as Good, namely 16 out of 24 people with a percentage of 66.67%.

The Impact of Multiple Recesses on Limb Movement Patterns in Children: An Exploratory Study

Background: Inactivity levels among elementary-aged children are climbing at alarming rates, as only 24% participate in the recommended 60 minutes of daily physical activity. Limb movements during children’s active time are essential for heart, bone, and muscle health, setting the stage for an overall active and healthy life. School recess, defined as child-directed, outdoor play, is optimal for children to accumulate many types and repetitions of limb movements. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use the Movement Pattern Observation Tool (MPOT) to determine the impact of varying amounts of daily recess on elementary-aged children’s limb movement patterns. It was hypothesized that children who participate in 60 minutes of daily recess would accumulate significantly more limb movements and specifically, contralateral movements as they advance in grades.
 Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study used the MPOT to observe grades K-2 children from two schools offering one twenty-minute recess daily and two schools offering four 15-minute recesses daily. The researchers observed 3,023 children’s limb movements during recess across the schools. There were 36 total observation scans completed for the four schools observed.
 Results: Children who received 60 minutes of recess maintained significantly higher activity levels and contralateral movements as they advanced by grade. Additionally, on average 96% of all children utilized unilateral, bilateral, or contralateral limb movements when observed.
 Conclusion: When given the opportunity, most children will utilize recess in a way that is beneficial for off-setting inactivity trends and is instrumental for a healthy mind-body connection as they age.

Psychometric properties of upper limb kinematics during functional tasks in children and adolescents with dyskinetic cerebral palsy

Dyskinetic cerebral palsy (DCP) is characterised by involuntary movements, and the movement patterns of children with DCP have not been extensively studied during upper limb tasks. The aim of this study is to evaluate psychometric properties of upper limb kinematics in participants with DCP and typically developing (TD) participants. In current repeatability and validity study, forty individuals with typical development (n = 20) and DCP (n = 20) performed a reach forward/sideways and a reach and grasp task during motion analysis on two occasions. Joint angles at point of task achievement (PTA) and spatio-temporal parameters were evaluated within-and between-sessions using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Independent t-tests/Mann-Whitney-U tests were used to compare parameters between groups. Within-session ICC values ranged from 0.45 to 1.0 for all parameters for both groups. Within-session SEM values ranged from 1.1° to 11.7° for TD participants and from 1.9° to 13.0° for participants with DCP. Eight within-session repetitions resulted in the smallest change in ICC and SEM values for both groups. Within-session variability was higher for participants with DCP in comparison with the TD group for the majority of the joint angles and spatio-temporal parameters. Intrinsic variability over time was small for all angles and spatio-temporal parameters, whereas extrinsic variability was higher for elbow and scapula angles. Between-group differences revealed lower shoulder adduction and higher elbow flexion, pronation and wrist flexion, as well as higher trajectory deviation and a lower maximal velocity for participants with DCP. This is the first study to assess the psychometric properties of upper limb kinematics in children and adolescents with DCP, showing that children with DCP show higher variability during task execution, requiring a minimum of eight repetitions. However, their variable movement pattern can be reliably captured within-and between-sessions, confirming the potential of three-dimensional motion analysis for assessment of rehabilitation interventions in DCP.

Fizičko vaspitanje dece sa smetnjama u razvoju predškolskog uzrasta

Playing and socializing with others are basic needs of all young children with disabilities and these needs are adequately met in preschool context, where they can, through various social situations, adopt language and develop an ability to interact. The main aim of this paper is to show a way to improve access to inclusive physical education and supplement the curriculum by applying thematic modifications, visual aids and new content, depending on the disability. Thematic modifications of games, shaping exercises, movement patterns in children with disabilities imply changing and simplifying steps, giving specific tasks in the game, reducing the pace of work and the number of steps. The modification is also reflected in increasing the time available to complete tasks, adjusting the playing area and marking the position on the field. Using certain conditions, the goal of a given activity of children with disabilities in physical education is to make the content of play suitable to the children's interests, to enable children to overcome or alleviate the problems they have, through movement, to get to know themselves, their body and others in relation to themselves.This approach to the realization of activities in physical education is to combine the knowledge and experience of the child and the ability of the teacher to use new ideas and introduce creativity in work.

Automatic Extraction and Detection of Characteristic Movement Patterns in Children with ADHD Based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Acceleration Images.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors. In particular, children have difficulty keeping still exhibiting increased fine and gross motor activity. This paper focuses on analyzing the data obtained from two tri-axial accelerometers (one on the wrist of the dominant arm and the other on the ankle of the dominant leg) worn during school hours by a group of 22 children (11 children with ADHD and 11 paired controls). Five of the 11 ADHD diagnosed children were not on medication during the study. The children were not explicitly instructed to perform any particular activity but followed a normal session at school alternating classes of little or moderate physical activity with intermediate breaks of more prominent physical activity. The tri-axial acceleration signals were converted into 2D acceleration images and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to recognize the differences between non-medicated ADHD children and their paired controls. The results show that there were statistically significant differences in the way the two groups moved for the wrist accelerometer (t-test p-value <0.05). For the ankle accelerometer statistical significance was only achieved between data from the non-medicated children in the experimental group and the control group. Using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to automatically extract embedded acceleration patterns and provide an objective measure to help in the diagnosis of ADHD, an accuracy of 0.875 for the wrist sensor and an accuracy of 0.9375 for the ankle sensor was achieved.

Energy expenditure associated with walking speed and angle of turn in children

PurposeRecent studies have suggested that turning is power intensive. Given the sporadic and irregular movement patterns of children, such findings have important implications for the assessment of true energy expenditure associated with habitual physical activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of walking speed and angle, and their interaction, on the energy expenditure of healthy children.Methods20 children (10.1 ± 0.5 years; 10 boys) participated in the study. On two separate days, participants completed a turning protocol involving 3-min bouts of walking at one of the 16 speed (2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 km h− 1) and angle (0°, 45°, 90°, and 180°) combinations, interspersed by 3 min seated rest. The movement involved 5 m straight walking interspaced with prescribed turns with speed dictated by a digital, auditory metronome. Breath-by-breath gas exchange was measured, in addition to tri-axial acceleration and magnetic field intensity recorded at 100 Hz.ResultsMixed models revealed a significant main effect for speed (p < 0.006) and angle (p < 0.006), with no significant interaction between speed and angle (p > 0.006). Significant differences to straight-line walking energy expenditure within speed were established for 3.5 and 5.5 km h− 1 for 180° turns (~ 13% and ~ 30% increase, respectively).ConclusionThese findings highlight the importance of accounting for the magnitude and frequency of turns completed when estimating children’s habitual physical activity and have significant implications for the assessment of daily energy expenditure.

Negative Influence of Motor Impairments on Upper Limb Movement Patterns in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy. A Statistical Parametric Mapping Study.

Upper limb three-dimensional movement analysis (UL-3DMA) offers a reliable and valid tool to evaluate movement patterns in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (uCP). However, it remains unknown to what extent the underlying motor impairments explain deviant movement patterns. Such understanding is key to develop efficient rehabilitation programs. Although UL-3DMA has been shown to be a useful tool to assess movement patterns, it results in a multitude of data, challenging the clinical interpretation and consequently its implementation. UL-3DMA reports are often reduced to summary metrics, such as average or peak values per joint. However, these metrics do not take into account the continuous nature of the data or the interdependency between UL joints, and do not provide phase-specific information of the movement pattern. Moreover, summary metrics may not be sensitive enough to estimate the impact of motor impairments. Recently, Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was proposed to overcome these problems. We collected UL-3DMA of 60 children with uCP and 60 typically developing children during eight functional tasks and evaluated the impact of spasticity and muscle weakness on UL movement patterns. SPM vector field analysis was used to analyze movement patterns at the level of five joints (wrist, elbow, shoulder, scapula, and trunk). Children with uCP showed deviant movement patterns in all joints during a large percentage of the movement cycle. Spasticity and muscle weakness negatively impacted on UL movement patterns during all tasks, which resulted in increased wrist flexion, elbow pronation and flexion, increased shoulder external rotation, decreased shoulder elevation with a preference for movement in the frontal plane and increased trunk internal rotation. Scapular position was altered during movement initiation, although scapular movements were not affected by muscle weakness or spasticity. In conclusion, we identified pathological movement patterns in children with uCP and additionally mapped the negative impact of spasticity and muscle weakness on these movement patterns, providing useful insights that will contribute to treatment planning. Last, we also identified a subset of the most relevant tasks for studying UL movements in children with uCP, which will facilitate the interpretation of UL-3DMA data and undoubtedly contribute to its clinical implementation.

Muscle weakness impacts negatively upper limb movement patterns in children with unilateral cerebral palsy

Muscle weakness impacts negatively upper limb movement patterns in children with unilateral cerebral palsy

P96: Muscle weakness impacts negatively upper limb movement patterns in children with unilateral cerebral palsy

P96: Muscle weakness impacts negatively upper limb movement patterns in children with unilateral cerebral palsy

Movement patterns during the process of standing up in children with spastic diplegia

AbstractThe analysis of the movement patterns of children with spastic diplegia (SD) during the process of standing up can contribute to a better understanding of postural control. The purpose of this study was to describe the movement patterns during this task in children with SD and typical development and to analyze the differences according to their age group. Participated 40 children (38-154 months), 20 children with SD and 20 children with typical development. The participants were instructed to lie down in a supine position and quickly stand up (10 trials). Motor task sessions were videotaped and subsequently analyzed. Children with SD had more asymmetrical and less efficient movement patterns in the Upper Limbs (UL), Axial Region (AR) and Lower Limbs (LL). The oldest group of children with SD did not have more mature and efficient movement patterns, and the oldest children with typical development have more mature and efficient movement patterns in the UL and AR.

Commentary on "Responsiveness of clinical and laboratory measures to intervention effects in children with developmental coordination disorder".

“How could I apply this information?” The authors raise important questions in selecting appropriate outcome measures to detect change over time including the following: Are you assessing individual or population outcomes? Are you assessing change in participation and function or movement strategies? What are the parents' and children's goals and expectations? How clinically accessible and relevant is the selected measure? These authors reinforce the importance of using outcome measures to determine whether the selected intervention affects the overall goals of the child and family. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition (MABC-2), is an activity and participation outcome measure, whereas the Movement Analysis Laboratory (MAL) measures assess movement strategies or body structure and function as described by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model.1 The MABC-2 detected individual changes; however, although statistically significant changes were noted, neither measure was associated with meaningful change as reported by parents and children. This suggests the importance of understanding and addressing goals that are meaningful to the children and parents as well as the need to educate parents and children on the observed changes in body structure and function that result from chosen interventions and how these might affect the child's overall function. “What should I be mindful about when applying this information?” The movement patterns of children with developmental coordination disorder are heterogeneous, making reliable measures of movement strategies challenging. Furthermore, measuring change in movement strategies alone may not be sufficient or feasible in the clinic; an additional outcome measure would be needed to capture activity and participation level outcomes, which can add time and be challenging for the child, but may be more relevant. Assessing the efficacy of any intervention requires the selection of an appropriate tool that measures the desired outcomes and demonstrates both statistical and meaningful changes. Use of the MAL measures, not typically available in the clinical setting, along with the small sample size and limited age range limits generalizability and transferability of the results of this study to the clinic setting. Margaret M. Plack, PT, DPT, EdD The George Washington University Washington, DC Marisa Birkmeier, PT, DPT, PCS The George Washington University, Children's National Health System Washington, DC

Motor learning in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy and the role of sensation in short‐term motor training of goal‐directed reaching

Our aim was to determine if improved upper limb kinematics in children with cerebral palsy (CP) during a reach-to-grasp task could be retained and transferred to a similar task. We also characterized the relationship between sensation and motor learning. We used a prospective, single-participant research design with 16 children (seven males, nine females; mean/median age 8.6/9 y; age range 6-11 y) with spastic hemiparesis (Manual Ability Classification System levels II-IV). Children were randomly allocated to one of two groups: (1) task-oriented training with or (2) without trunk restraint. The intervention consisted of three 1-hour sessions per week for 5 weeks (total 15 h). Evaluations consisted of sensory modalities (tactile threshold, touch, proprioception, stereognosis) and upper limb kinematics during reach-to-grasp of an object located near and far from the body (five assessments: three pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention and 3 mo post-intervention). Motor improvements could be retained 3 months after the intervention and transferred to a similar task in children with CP. Proprioception and tactile thresholds were associated with retention of improvements in endpoint velocity (F2,13 =4.832, p=0.027). Practice of activities aimed at improving upper limb kinematics led to better learning and retention of movement patterns in children with CP. Our results underline the importance of sensation for motor learning in children with CP.

Effects of urban renewal on children's movement patterns and physical activity: Study design and baseline data from the When Cities Move Children study

Introduction: The built environment may play an important role in children's movement patterns and physical activity level as their independent mobility often is confined to their neighborhood. However research findings are mixed and no causal connections are established as the majority of studies in this field are based on cross sectional data. The main purpose of the When Cities Move Children (WCMC) study is to inform evidence on the direct effects of urban renewal on children's movement patterns and physical activity (PA) level based on objective measurements.

Repeatability of upper limb movement patterns in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy

Repeatability of upper limb movement patterns in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy

Children in schoolyards: Tracking movement patterns and physical activity in schoolyards using global positioning system and heart rate monitoring

The aim of this study was to investigate how 6-year-old school children used their schoolyard during recess and how the yard invited physical activity. Correlates for physical activity were in focus for the investigation. Two different schoolyards, one in the city and one rural, in Southern Norway were chosen for the study. The schoolyards were mapped and the affordances for physical activity described and presented in an ortophoto. The children's movement patterns were recorded with portable global positioning system (GPS) and the level of physical activity monitored by heart rate (HR) applying a Polar pulse watch. GPS and heart rate data were transferred to geographical information systems for further analyses and visualisation. The results indicated physical activity (mean heart rate) to be similar for the children in the two schoolyards. Asphalt areas invited running and soccer play and favoured more physical activity in boys than in girls. The rural schoolyard afforded playing in a little forest, which was more attractive to girls than boys. In both schoolyards the children were physically active in free play at moderate to vigorous levels half the time of a recess period of 40 min. The methods of GPS tracking and HR monitoring seemed to be applicable for this purpose. For further studies with young children the equipment needs adjustments. Experiences from this study recommend more attractive landscapes and facilities that afford increased physical activity in schoolyards.

Developmental sequences of two-handed catching: How do children with and without developmental coordination disorder differ?

The present study examined the movement patterns in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and their age-matched controls (AMC) while catching two-handed. First, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate developmental characteristics within the three body component actions (arm, hand, and body) of two-handed catching hypothesized by Haywood and Getchell (). Data analyzed from 36 children (18 DCD, 18 AMC) aged 7–10 years who caught a ball 10 times, two-handed, showed that hypothesized sequences for the arm, hand, and body met the prelongitudinal screening criteria proposed by Roberton (), Langendorfer (), and Roberton, Williams, and Langendorfer (). In light of this, the second part of the study used these sequences to evaluate the movement patterns of 10 children with and 10 without DCD, aged 7–8 years. The data revealed that children with DCD displayed less advanced modal developmental sequence levels than AMC children with respect to the arm and body action components. (p ≤ 0.01) Children with DCD also exhibited less advanced developmental profiles than the AMC children (p ≤ 0.05), the group modal profiles being A2-H2-B2 and A3-H3-B3, respectively. These data also show that each child with DCD exhibited more developmental profiles over the 30 trials than the AMC children (p ≤ 0.01) and that each DCD child's modal developmental profile was unstable (Roberton, ). Thus, over trials children with DCD link together different action patterns of the arm, hand, and body, suggesting that they have not yet developed a stable pattern of coordination to satisfy the task constraints.

Measurement Issues in the Assessment of Physical Activity in Children

This paper reviewed the nature of children's physical activity patterns and how the unique nature of children can impact the assessment of physical activity. To accurately assess children's activity patterns, an instrument must be sensitive enough to detect, code, or record sporadic and intermittent activity. Care also must be used to select criterion measures that reflect appropriate physical activity guidelines for children. A number of different measurement approaches have been described for assessing children's activity, but no specific method can be identified as the best option for all studies. Selection of an appropriate instrument depends on the specific research question being addressed as well as the relative importance of accuracy and practicality (Baranowski & Simons-Morton, 1991). For example, accurate measures of energy expenditure using doubly-labeled water, indirect calorimetry, or heart rate calibration equations may be needed for certain clinical studies, but the cost and inconvenience would make them impractical for field-based assessments on larger samples. The "accuracy-practicality" trade-off presents a more challenging predicament with children than for adults. In adults, a number of self-report instruments have been found useful for large epidemiological studies or interventions where less precision is needed. Because of developmental differences, especially in ability to think abstractly and perform detailed recall (Going et al., 1999; Sallis, 1991), children are less likely to make accurate self-report assessment than adults. Though self-report methods are still likely to be a principal source of information for many studies, other approaches (or the use of combined measures) may be needed to better characterize children's activity levels. While objective instruments (e.g., direct observation or activity monitoring) require more time and resources than self-report, there are options available to simplify data collection. One approach may be to focus assessments on key times or places that allow children to be active. The time after school, for example, appears to be a critical period that defines their propensity for physical activity (Hager, 1999). Monitoring of entire groups for discrete periods of time (e.g., recess or physical education) may also be useful to understand variability in activity patterns since children would all be exposed to the same stimulus or opportunity to be active. Proxy measures may also be useful in studying activity in children. For example, several studies (Baranowski, Thompson, DuRant, Baranowski, & Puhl, 1993; Sallis et al., 1993) have demonstrated that time spent outside is strongly predictive of activity in children. Involvement in community sports programs may also be a useful proxy measure as sports programs have been found to account for approximately 55-65% of children's moderate to vigorous activity (Katzmarzyk & Malina, 1999). Another option for improving assessments in children is to employ multiple measures of physical activity. A number of studies (Coleman, Saelens, Wiedrich-Smith, Finn, & Epstein, 1997; McMurray et al., 1998; Sallis et al., 1998; Simons-Morton et al., 1994) have reported differences in levels of activity when activity monitors were compared with self-report data. The method of measurement has also been shown to influence the results of studies on the determinants of physical activity in children (Epstein, Paluch, Coleman, Vito, & Anderson, 1996). While we do not currently know which measure is most accurate, reporting the results with different instruments provides a more complete description of children's activity and permit a triangulation of outcomes. In summary, there remains no single way of obtaining a highly accurate account of physical activity or energy expenditure in children. The nature of children's movement patterns, the various types of activities engaged in, and the inherent limitations of each assessment tool limit the ultima

Children learning lacrosse from teachers learning to teach it: the discovery of pedagogical content knowledge by observing children's movement.

The purpose of this study was to describe lacrosse-specific pedagogical content knowledge discovered within the context of children learning lacrosse from teachers learning to teach it. Four teachers, each teaching one class of fourth- and/or fifth-grade children taught between 4 and 6 consecutive lessons, videotaping each so the children's movement patterns could be seen clearly. Inductive analysis and constant comparison were used to analyze the children's movement patterns in relation to the teachers' actions. Only data related to the vertical cradle, one of four skills taught to the children, were analyzed. Findings were presented as pedagogical content knowledge specific to lacrosse and were interpreted using the component approach to developmental sequences, Newell's (1986) 3-factor constraints theory, and Halverson's (1966) concept of eliciting the desired movement pattern.

Movement patterns in children with Down's syndrome: A pilot study

Fourteen children with Down's syndrome (DS) aged 3 weeks to 6 years were studied. The aims of the study were to compare the patterns of movement used by children with DS with those used by normal c...

Do Repetitive Movement Patterns in Children and Animals Serve a Dearousing Function?

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