Mapping In Children Research Articles

Mapping skills between symbols and quantities in preschoolers: The role of finger patterns.

Mapping skills between different codes to represent numerical information, such as number symbols (i.e., verbal number words and written digits) and non-symbolic quantities, are important in the development of the concept of number. The aim of the current study is to investigate children's mapping skills by incorporating another numerical code that emerges at early stages in development, finger patterns. Specifically, the study investigates (i) the order in which mapping skills develop and the association with young children's understanding of cardinality; and (ii) whether finger patterns are processed similarly to symbolic codes or rather as non-symbolic quantities. Preschool children (3-year-olds, N=113, Mage=40.8months, SDage=3.6months; 4-year-olds, N=103, Mage=52.9months, SDage=3.4months) both cardinality knowers and subset-knowers, were presented with twelve tasks that assessed the mappings between number words, Arabic digits, finger patterns, and quantities. The results showed that children's ability to map symbolic numbers precedes the understanding that such symbols reflect quantities, and that children recognize finger patterns above their cardinality knowledge, suggesting that finger patterns are symbolic in essence. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Children are more accurate in mapping between finger patterns and symbols (number words and Arabic digits) than in mapping finger patterns and quantities, indicating that fingers are processed holistically as symbolic codes. Children can map finger patterns to symbols above their corresponding cardinality level even in subset-knowers. Finger patterns may play a role in the process by which children learn to map symbols to quantities. Fingers patterns' use in the classroom context may be an adequate instructional and diagnostic tool.

Perianal and Lumbosacral Sensory Mapping in Children Following Fetoscopic Repair of Open Neural Tube Defects (P11-8.007)

Perianal and Lumbosacral Sensory Mapping in Children Following Fetoscopic Repair of Open Neural Tube Defects (P11-8.007)

Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring and Mapping in Children Undergoing Brainstem Surgery.

Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring during surgery for brainstem lesions is a challenge for intraoperative neurophysiologists and surgeons. The brainstem is a small structure packed with vital neuroanatomic networks of long and short pathways passing through the brainstem or originating from it. Many central pattern generators exist within the brainstem for breathing, swallowing, chewing, cardiovascular regulation, and eye movement. During surgery around the brainstem, these generators need to be preserved to maintain their function postoperatively. This short review presents neurophysiologic and neurosurgical experiences of brainstem surgery in children.

Brain Morphometry is an Advanced Method of Neuroimaging Mapping in Children

The use of magnetic resonance imaging in morphometry, as quantitative assessment of brain parameters (thickness, surface area, volume), allows to detect changes in many neuropsichiatric conditions that were previously considered intact. This article provides data on neuroimaging brain morphometry and effective use of this method in neurosciences.

Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Edema by MR T2 Mapping in Children With Kawasaki Disease.

Few studies assessed myocardial inflammation using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Kawasaki disease (KD) patients. To quantify myocardial edema in KD patients using T2 mapping and explore the independent predictors of T2 values. Prospective. Ninety KD patients including 40 in acute phase (26 males, 65.0%) and 50 in chronic phase (34 males, 68.0%). Thirty-one healthy volunteers (21 males, 70.0%). 3.0 T T2-weighted Turbo Spin Echo-Short Time of Inversion Recovery sequence, True fast imaging with steady precession flash sequence and fast low-angle shot 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence. T2 values were compared among KD groups and controls. Student's t test and Fisher's exact test; One-way analysis of variance; Pearson correlation analysis; Receiver operating curve analysis; Multivariable linear regression. Global T2 value of KD patients in acute phase was the highest, followed by those of chronic-phase patients and controls (38.83 ± 2.41 msec vs. 37.55 ± 2.28 msec vs. 36.05 ± 1.64 msec). Regional T2 values showed a same trend. There were no significant differences in global and regional T2 values between KD patients with and without coronary artery (CA) dilation, no matter in acute or chronic phase (all KD patients: P = 0.51, 0.51, 0.53, 0.72; acute KD: P = 0.61, 0.37, 0.33, 0.83; chronic KD: P = 0.65, 0.79, 0.62, 0.79). No significant difference was observed in global T2 values between KD patients with Z score > 5.0 and 2.0 < Z score ≤ 5.0 (P = 0.65). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that stage of disease (β = -0.123) and heart rate (β = 0.280) were independently associated with global T2 values. The degree of myocardial edema was more severe in acute-phase than in chronic-phase KD patients. Myocardial edema persists in patients regardless of the existence or degree of CA dilation. 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Increased Perirolandic Cortical Excitability May Facilitate Sensory Motor Mapping in Children (P13-1.003)

<h3>Objective:</h3> We are hereby describing a case of refractory pediatric epilepsy where resection of perirolandic seizure foci was performed successfully under neurophysiologic guidance. <h3>Background:</h3> Pediatric neurophysiologic sensory-motor mapping is frequently unsuccessful, due to inability to localize central sulcus (CS) and primary motor cortex (M1). These shortcomings result from poor somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) and high M1 depolarization thresholds respectively, both reflections of the immaturity of the central nervous system. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Case report <h3>Results:</h3> An 8-year-old boy with developmental delay, debilitating focal epilepsy and epileptic encephalopathy underwent phase 2 video EEG monitoring. The recordings showed seizures with early involvement of several depth electrodes located within the right parieto-frontal regions, and an early motor semiology involving the left arm. The patient underwent neurophysiologically guided resection of the seizure foci under general anesthesia. Pre-resection electrocorticography (ECoG) via a 64 contact grid showed abundant perirolandic epileptiform discharges (ED), maximal postcentrally. Cortical recordings of high amplitude median SSEP and a low depolarization threshold led to successful CS localization and identification of M1, respectively. A subdural strip electrode placed over the precentral gyrus and secured in position, allowed simultaneous ECoG and motor monitoring during the resection of the postcentral foci. Initially, ECoG showed near continuous runs of ED, unchanged by cortical electrical stimulation. Under steady state anesthesia, at a constant propofol infusion rate, this activity decreased in frequency and stopped altogether towards the end stages of the resection, as the M1 threshold increased by 7 mA. Post-resection fronto-parietal ECoG recordings were quiet. Post-operatively, the patient became seizure free, showed cognitive improvement and no motor deficits. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Increased cortical excitability may lead to successful functional mapping in children. Under steady anesthetic conditions, increases in the M1 threshold during resection of nearby epileptic foci may be an early sign of decrease in the abnormal regional cortical excitability. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Alzahrany has nothing to disclose. Dr. Simon has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Institutions Incorporated. Dr. Simon has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for MCIC Vermont. Dr. Simon has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Aaronson, Rappaport, Feinstein&amp; Deutch. Dr. Simon has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. Dr. Simon has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Speaker with American Clinical Neurophysiology Society . Dr. Simon has a non-compensated relationship as a Speaker with International Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiology that is relevant to AAN interests or activities. Dr. Simon has a non-compensated relationship as a Speaker with Brazilian Congress of Neurology that is relevant to AAN interests or activities.

Corrected T1 Mapping in Children and Young Adults With Autoimmune Liver Disease: Correlation With Histology.

The purpose of this study was to assess relationships between liver-corrected T1 (cT1) values (adjusted for T2* effect, MRI system manufacturer, and field strength) and histologic inflammation and fibrosis in 35 participants (15 women and girls, 20 boys and men; median age, 16.0 years) with autoimmune liver disease. At multivariable analysis, inflammation score (β = 15.5) and sex (β = 56.0 [female]) were independent predictors of cT1, and fibrosis score (β = 32.3) and age (β = 5.5) were independent predictors of cT1 IQR. Liver T1 may have relevance for assessing liver inflammatory activity and fibrosis stage.

In-vivo Sino-Atrial Node Mapping in Children and Adults With Congenital Heart Disease.

Background:Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and atrial tachyarrhythmias frequently co-exist in the aging patient with congenital heart disease (CHD), even after surgical correction early in life. We examined differences in electrophysiological properties of the sino-atrial node (SAN) area between pediatric and adult patients with CHD.MethodsEpicardial mapping of the SAN was performed during sinus rhythm in 12 pediatric (0.6 [0.4–2.4] years) and 15 adult (47 [40–55] years) patients. Unipolar potentials were classified as single-, short or long double- and fractionated potentials. Unipolar voltage, relative R-to-S-amplitude ratio and duration of all potentials was calculated. Conduction velocity (CV) and the amount of conduction block (CB) was calculated.ResultsSAN activity in pediatric patients was solely observed near the junction of the superior caval vein and the right atrium, while in adults SAN activity was observed even up to the middle part of the right atrium. Compared to pediatric patients, the SAN region of adults was characterized by lower CV, lower voltages, more CB and a higher degree of fractionation. At the earliest site of activation, single potentials from pediatrics consisted of broad monophasic S-waves with high amplitudes, while adults had smaller rS-potentials with longer duration which were more often fractionated.ConclusionsCompared to pediatric patients, adults with uncorrected CHD have more inhomogeneous conduction and variations in preferential SAN exit site, which are presumable caused by aging related remodeling. Long-term follow-up of these patients is essential to demonstrate whether these changes are related to development of SND and also atrial tachyarrhythmias early in life.

Abstract 13225: In vivo Sino-Atrial Node Mapping in Children and Adults With Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction: Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is a common sequel in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and encompasses disturbances in sino-atrial node (SAN) impulse generation and/or its propagation from SAN exit sites towards the atrial myocardium. At present, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of SND in patients with CHD are incompletely understood. Therefore, we performed epicardial mapping of SAN activity in pediatric and adult patients with CHD undergoing primary surgical correction. Methods: Intra-operative epicardial mapping (interelectrode distance 2 mm) of the right atrium (RA) was performed during SR in 12 pediatric patients (0.6 [0.4-2.4] years) and 15 adults (46±14 years) to compare potential characteristics of SAN activation. Results: In all pediatrics, SAN activity was solely observed near the junction of the superior caval vein and RA, while SAN activity in adults was observed even up to the middle part of the RA. Within a radius of 8 mm from the SAN exit site, more conduction disorders (11 [8-13] % vs 6 [5-8] %, p=0.011) were seen in adults compared to pediatric patients, while there was no difference in conduction velocity (71 [64-75] cm/s vs 67 [62-75] cm/s, p=0.258). However, within 2 mm of the SAN exit site conduction was significantly slower in adult patients (47 [30-56] cm/s vs 25 [9-50] cm/s, p=0.010). Potential morphology recorded from pediatric patients consisted of a broad monophasic S-wave with high amplitude (4.9 [3.4-6.0] mV) and an R/S ratio close to 1 (0.98 [0.96-1.00]), while the potentials in adults contained smaller S-wave amplitudes (2.6 [1.9-4.2] mV, p=0.014), larger R-wave amplitudes (0.2 [0.1-0.5] mV, p=0.036) and smaller R/S ratio (0.92 [0.87-0.96], p&lt;0.001). In adults, potential duration was substantially longer (45 [37-50] ms vs 66 [60-70] ms, p&lt;0.001) and was more often fractionated. Conclusions: For the first time we characterized electrophysiological properties of SAN activation in pediatric and adult patients with CHD. Solely in adults, SAN activation was observed at the middle part of the RA, which may indicate changes in preferential SAN exit site. These novel insights into SAN activation in patients with CHD may partly explain why this population is prone to develop SND relatively early in life.

Effects of tDCS and HD-tDCS Enhanced Motor Learning on Robotic TMS Motor Maps in Children

Effects of tDCS and HD-tDCS Enhanced Motor Learning on Robotic TMS Motor Maps in Children

Gender differences in children's wayfinding

ABSTRACT Gender differences in spatial ability are widely acknowledged, but research to date is equivocal on gender differences in wayfinding ability of children. Indeed, the precise nature of the relationship between gender and wayfinding needs further exploration, especially within real-world outdoor environments. There is a need for more research on this topic, not least to better understand the implications of gender differences in wayfinding for facilitation of our educational programs. This article focuses on this issue by seeking to explore children's map understanding and map use in relation to gender in a large-scale outdoor environment. Ninety-seven children, 3–13 years old, were presented with a pictorial map with 7 controls which they had to locate in any order. Measure of accuracy in wayfinding (number of correctly identified controls) indicate small gender differences. However, measure of efficiency in wayfinding (time spent on the task) indicate that boys outperform girls.

Counting Enhances Kindergarteners' Mappings of Number Words Onto Numerosities.

We can make sense of how many a number represents by mapping the symbolic number word system onto the non-symbolic, approximate number system. This study adopted an intervention design to examine whether counting is essential in driving the formation of such symbolic-non-symbolic mappings. We compared kindergarteners’ mapping ability after reading stories (1) without cardinal labels, or (2) with cardinal labels, or (3) with cardinal labels and verbal counting. Results showed that children who had counted when reading the stories showed better mapping between number words and their approximate representations than their peers in the other two conditions – suggesting that counting plays a role in developing early symbolic-non-symbolic mappings. Such findings provides empirical support for parents and early educators to enhance young children’s mappings between numbers words and approximate representations through counting activities – such as counting the items in the story books while reading to children.

Racialized Space: Children Map the Post‐Apartheid Landscape

Can children's maps shed light on legacies of structural inequality? This article presents a participatory mapping project with rural youth in South Africa's Eastern Cape. The analysis of the maps demonstrates that intergenerational legacies of racial oppression are critical to children's conceptions of space and place. Through a visual analysis of recurring features in the maps, I argue that rural South African children experience a racialized environment that informs their mapmaking and is a product of apartheid's linking of race, space, and territory. Contributing a case study within the larger field of participatory mapping, I offer a visual methodology to access worldviews of youth.

Robotic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Motor Mapping in Children

Robotic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Motor Mapping in Children

Maps And Mapping In Children's Literature ed. by Anthony Pavlik and Hazel Sheeky Bird

Maps And Mapping In Children's Literature ed. by Anthony Pavlik and Hazel Sheeky Bird

Right Ventricular Dissipative Energy Loss Detected by Vector Flow Mapping in Children: Characteristics of Normal Values.

The feasible application of vector flow mapping (VFM)-derived right ventricular (RV) energy loss (EL) is lacking. This study was designed to determine reference values of VFM-derived EL within the right ventricle and evaluate potential correlated variables. A total of 90 healthy children were enrolled. Velocity vector fields of the intra-RV outflow tract and pulmonary trunk (OP) and RV blood flow were obtained from the parasternal short-axis view and RV focused apical 4-chamber view, respectively. RV-EL and OP-EL values during diastole and systole were calculated using VFM analysis. The potential relationships between demographic and echocardiographic parameters and the dissipative EL were also identified. Mean subject age was 8.99 ± 5.35 years. The median (interquartile range) values were 8.82 (5.47-14.30) W/m for RV diastolic EL, 3.17 (2.11-5.54) W/m for RV systolic EL, 18.82 (13.93-24.92) W/m for OP diastolic EL, and 29.88 (20.62-40.78) W/m for OP systolic EL, respectively. The dissipative EL values were negatively correlated with age and RV global strain, and positively correlated with heart rate and RV Tei index. Multivariate analysis showed that age was the primary independent predictor of these 4 types of EL, while heart rate and strain were contributors of the RV diastolic EL and OP systolic EL. The present study initially validated the application of vector flow mapping-derived EL analysis in right ventricle and established reference values for the future assessment of children with cardiopulmonary disease. Age, heart rate, and strain were independent variables correlated with the dissipative EL.

Maps and Mapping in Children's Literature: Landscapes, Seascapes and Cityscapes by Nina Goga and Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer

Reviewed by: Maps and Mapping in Children's Literature: Landscapes, Seascapes and Cityscapes by Nina Goga and Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer Anne V. Cirella-Urrutia (bio) Maps and Mapping in Children's Literature: Landscapes, Seascapes and Cityscapes. By Nina Goga and Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2017. This volume addresses the purposes and diversity of maps in children's literature and how the analysis of maps as a specific kind of illustration is intimately connected with picture theory, picture book research, and cognitive studies. The thirteen essays draw on different theoretical frameworks including geography and developmental psychology, maps and geographic literacy, ecocriticism, historiography, materialist cartographies, social anthropology, island studies, genre studies, and nonsense geography. Hence the editors engage the reader with an interdisciplinary methodology representing a wide spectrum of diverse genres with a selection of children's works from Germany, Italy, England, Norway, Denmark, the United States, and Russia. Part 1, "About Mapping: Learning to Orientate Oneself," examines how maps and mapping in children's literature contribute to children's abilities to orient themselves in various spaces and how they learn from maps. Lynn Liben discusses the use of maps during reading and their impact on the cognitive and emotional consequences of the independent or shared reading experience. Nikola von Merveldt looks at the importance of maps in late eighteenth-century Germany. Considering the pedagogy of cartophobia initiated by French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, she studies the philanthropic movement in Joachim Heinrich Campes's geographical writings. Travel literature was regarded as the only appropriate kind of literature for philanthropic children to grow on. Janet Grafton uses ecocriticism and critical nostalgia to show how personal geography and physical geography inform each other in L. M. Montgomery's Jane of Lantern Hill (1937) and Dorothy Canfield Fisher's Understood Betsy (1916). In both narratives, the setting is not merely a backdrop, but rather a place for the female protagonists to engage with the land and to build their skills, thus attesting to each author's intrinsic sense of cartography. Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer and Jörg Meibauer's cognitive methodology centers on the use of "metaphorical maps" (the Gall map tradition) in Sara Fanelli's My Map Book (1995) and Peter Sís's The Wall: Growing Up Behind the Iron Curtain (2007). Most important to both authors is the function of these maps of places that are shaped like humans or animals, and the type of picture books that implement them. Part 2, "Literary Shaping of Real Cityscapes," deals with the idea of how maps contribute to the portrayal of real cityscapes in picture books and children's novels. Corina Löwe analyzes Andreas Steinhöfel's Rico, Oskar und die Tierferschatten (The Spaghetti Detectives, 2008), in [End Page 223] which young readers may follow the protagonist's route in an urban space. Anna Katrina Gutierrez examines the intertextual links with music, poetry, and literature established by a map of New York City in two young adult novels co-authored by Rachel Cohn and David Levithan: Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist (2006) and Dash and Lili's Book of Dares (2010). Anna Juan Cantavella elaborates on Jacques Mullender's "degree zero of cartography" (129) in the act of walking as "map-building" of Prague and New York (139) in two picture books by Czech-born American children's author Sís: The Three Golden Keys (1994) and Madlenka (2000). Marnie Campagnaro concludes this section with a close reading of Bruno Munari's innovative picture book Nella Nebbia de Milano (The Circus in the Mist, 1968). She provides an overview of Munari's creativity and emphasizes the relationship linking a landscape to the child's sensory receptiveness that is created by Munari's use of pierced and perforated paper to suggest the fog. Part 3, "Fictional Seascapes and Landscapes," sheds light on maps that depict fantasy seascapes and landscapes and stresses two seminal aspects of children's literature: the impact of genre and the significance of underlying ideological issues on the understanding of maps and related spaces. Olga Holownia traces common features of nonsense geography in representations of seascapes and soundscapes in Walter Moers's The 13½ Lives of...

Nina Goga and Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer (red.), Maps and Mapping in Children's Literature: Landscapes, Seascapes and Cityscapes

Nina Goga and Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer (red.), Maps and Mapping in Children's Literature: Landscapes, Seascapes and Cityscapes

Analogical processes in children’s understanding of spatial representations.

We propose that map reading can be construed as a form of analogical mapping. We tested 2 predictions that follow from this claim: First, young children's patterns of performance in map reading tasks should parallel those found in analogical mapping tasks; and, second, children will benefit from guided alignment instructions that help them see the relational correspondences between the map and the space. In 4 experiments, 3-year-olds completed a map reading task in which they were asked to find hidden objects in a miniature room, using a corresponding map. We manipulated the availability of guided alignment (showing children the analogical mapping between maps and spaces; Experiments 1, 2, and 3a), the format of guided alignment (gesture or relational language; Experiment 2), and the iconicity of maps (Experiments 3a and 3b). We found that (a) young children's difficulties in map reading follow from known patterns of analogical development-for example, focusing on object similarity over relational similarity; and (b) guided alignment based on analogical reasoning led to substantially better performance. Results also indicated that children's map reading performance was affected by the format of guided alignment, the iconicity of the maps, and the order of tasks. The results bear on the developmental mechanisms underlying young children's learning of spatial representations and also suggest ways to support this learning. (PsycINFO Database Record

Introduction: Maps and Mapping in Children’s and Young Adult Literature

Introduction: Maps and Mapping in Children’s and Young Adult Literature