Life Satisfaction In Children Research Articles

다문화가정 청소년의 삶 만족도와 어머니의 일상생활 스트레스와 문화적응 스트레스 간 종단 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to longitudinally examine the changes in the life satisfaction of adolescents from multicultural families and the mother's acculturation stress according to the change of time, and the change in the relationship between adolescents' life satisfaction and mother's daily life stress. Methods For this purpose, data from the 4th and 6th years (2014-2016) were used among the multicultural youth panel survey data of the Korea Youth Policy Institute. The subjects of this study were 1,625 mothers from multicultural families and 1,635 adolescent children from 1st to 3rd grade of middle school. Results The research results are as follows. First, it was found that the life satisfaction of adolescents from multicultural families and the mother's acculturation stress gradually decreased as the children progressed from the first to the third year of middle school, and the mother's daily life stress gradually increased. Second, the higher the life satisfaction of children of multicultural families during the first year of middle school, the lower the daily life stress and acculturation stress of foreign mothers measured at the same time. In addition, the rate of change in life satisfaction among adolescents from multicultural families during the first to third year of middle school had a negative effect on the rate of change in mother's daily life stress. Third, it was found that the mother's initial value of acculturation stress plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between the initial value of life satisfaction of adolescents from multicultural families, and the mother's initial value of daily life stress and the rate of change of daily life stress. Conclusions The results of this study have policy implications that social measures should be devised to enable multicultural families to settle healthily in Korean society.

Perception of Parental Love as a Predictor of Children's Life Satisfaction


 
 
 Love is a fundamental part of psychological well-adjustment, but a gap in the literature exists surrounding how perceptions of how loved adults felt by their biological parents in childhood can contribute to life satisfaction and psychological adjustment. This study aims to fill that gap by examining the impact of feeling loved by biological parents and grandparents on psychological well-being and adjustment factors later in life. 1,189 college-aged participants volunteered for the study and were recruited online via SONA at a university in the United States. We constructed a Likert-style rating scale to measure individuals’ level of perceived love (LUV) and its contribution to various adjustment indicators, including life satisfaction, depression, anxiety, trait anger, and conduct disturbance. Linear regression models and bivariate correlations were calculated for the predictor and maladjustment indicators. Results showed a modest correlation between the LUV index and life satisfaction as well as other maladjustment indicators and revealed that LUV significantly predicted life satisfaction. LUV was also a significant predictor of depression, anxiety, anger, and conduct disturbance. These results suggest that perceived love could be an important resilience factor and could be used to predict life satisfaction and psychological adjustment later in life.
 
 

A dose-response meta-analysis of the association between the maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplement and risk of asthma/wheeze in offspring

BackgroundPrenatal exposure to omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) in oily fish may prevent asthma or wheeze in childhood.ObjectiveBy limiting n-3 LC-PUFA capsules interventions commenced in pregnancy, this systematic review aimed to find more clear evidence on the relationship between the supplement with n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy and the risk of asthma/wheeze in offspring and to improve the life satisfaction of children with asthma.MethodsThe Cochrane library, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched from origin to March 2021 in the above-mentioned databases. Studies selection, data of characteristics extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted by two authors, independently. A total of 3037 mother-infant pairs from eight randomized controlled trials were ultimately analyzed. The primary outcome was the risk of “asthma and/or wheeze”, and the secondary outcome was “Allergic asthma” in this dose-response meta-analysis. Sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted. The robust-error meta-regression model was used for dose-response analysis.ResultsThis meta-analysis showed that n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy did not obviously reduce the risk of asthma/wheeze (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.82 to 1.04, p = 0.21) and allergic asthma (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.86, p = 0.44). The risk of asthma/wheeze in offspring was significantly decreased in the subgroup analysis when:: (1) studies conducted in Europe (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.89); (2) daily supplementary dose of n-3 LC-PUFA was at least 1200 mg (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.88); (3) supplementation lasts from pregnancy to lactation period (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.95). Furthermore, the risk of asthma/wheeze reduce 2% when daily supplemental dose of n-3 LC-PUFA was increased by 100 mg in the linear dose-response analysis model.ConclusionsPerinatal supplementation with n-3 LC-PUFA can reduce the incidence of asthma/wheeze and allergic asthma in children under certain conditions, and higher doses indicate better protective effects. Further studies are required to confirm the hypothesis of an association between n-3 LC-PUFA intake and childhood asthma/wheeze prevention.

The Impact of a “Three Good Things in Nature” Writing Task on Nature Connectedness, Pro-nature Conservation Behavior, Life Satisfaction, and Mindfulness in Children

This research explores the relationships between nature connectedness, pro-nature conservation behavior, life satisfaction, and mindfulness in children aged 9–11 years and assesses the impact of a three good things in nature writing intervention. Participants were assigned to either an experimental condition, writing about three good things in nature (previously adapted from a positive psychology intervention), or a control condition, writing about any three things they noticed, over a period of 5 days. In total, 138 children provided complete pre-intervention (baseline) data. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to explore the impact of the writing task. Increases in nature connectedness, mindfulness, and life satisfaction were observed for both the nature writing and control conditions, but not for pro-conservation behavior. A significant multivariate interaction was observed between the writing condition and time, for both nature connectedness and pro-conservation behaviors. Post hoc tests showed that pro-conservation behaviors increased over time for the nature writing group. Nature connectedness was significantly higher in the nature writing group than the control at the second time point, but not at follow-up (∼2-month later). Multiple regression showed nature connectedness and environmental perceptions predicted pro-nature conservation behavior, whereas nature connectedness and mindfulness predicted life satisfaction. Data were collected during late spring/early summer, which may result in seasonal effects; in future, this could be addressed by collecting data throughout the year. This research demonstrates support for relationships between nature connectedness and both pro-conservation behavior and life satisfaction in children. This indicates that short interventions tested in adults can have an impact on nature connectedness and pro-conservation behavior in children, although the impact on nature connectedness was relatively short-lived.

How Chinese children's filial piety beliefs affect their parents’ life satisfaction and loneliness

Filial piety (or xiao) is a unique Chinese culture that affects older adults' life satisfaction and loneliness. Guided by the dual filial piety model and socioemotional selectivity theory, this study explores how adult children's filial piety beliefs affect their parent's life satisfaction and loneliness. A total of 350 pairs of parent-child data were collected through a parent-child pair design. Results show that emotional support provided by adult children and emotional support perceived by parents (i.e., the transmission of emotional support) fully mediated the relationship between children's reciprocal filial piety belief and parents' life satisfaction and loneliness, and partially mediated the relationship between children's authoritarian filial piety belief and parents' life satisfaction and loneliness. However, instrumental support provided by adult children and instrumental support perceived by parents (i.e., the transmission of instrumental support) had no such mediating roles in the relationship between adult children's filial piety beliefs and parents' life satisfaction and loneliness. This finding suggests that to improve parental well-being, adult Chinese children should cultivate their filial piety and pay close attention to their parents' emotional needs.

Life satisfaction, health-related quality of life and physical activity after treatment for valvular aortic stenosis.

To investigate health-related quality of life and life satisfaction in children and adolescents treated for isolated congenital valvular aortic stenosis compared to healthy peers. Our second aim was to investigate the relationship between objectively measured physical activity, health-related quality of life and life satisfaction in the same group. Forty-eight patients, 8-18 years of age, were recruited, as well as 43 healthy peers matched for age, gender and residential area. Health-related quality of life was assessed by the KIDSCREEN-52 self-report and parent proxy report, and life satisfaction was evaluated with the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Physical activity was measured with an accelerometer for 7days. Sports participation was self-reported. No differences in the health-related quality of life domains were found between patients and controls in the self-reports. In the proxy reports, parents of the adolescents rated their child's autonomy lower than did the parents of the healthy controls. A negative relationship was found between moderate to vigorous physical activity, sports participation, life satisfaction and the psychological well-being domain in adolescent patients. In children there was a positive relationship between moderate physical activity and the physical and psychological well-being domains. Overall, children and adolescents treated for valvular aortic stenosis reported similar life satisfaction and health-related quality of life as their healthy peers. The negative relationships between intense physical activity and sports participation with health-related quality of life and life satisfaction in adolescent patients might be explained by both physical and psychological factors in these teenagers with complex, lifelong heart disease.

Overparenting: The current situation in Greece comparing to European and Worldwide context.

Overparenting is a parental style that seems to be popular in all over the world. Specific parental characteristics and multi-cultural differences seemed to play an important role in this parental style to appear. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to identify the factors shaping overparenting and the impact in children, adolescents and young adults in Greece, comparing to European and Worldwide context. A literature review was conducted using online databases and words such as «overparenting», «helicopter parents», «intrusive parenting», «parental interference», and «parental control». Overparenting seems to be related to negative effects in children’s psychosocial and mental health. It was associated with lack of autonomy, low levels of self-regulation and mastery, which affected social adjustment skills and higher levels of anxiety, depressive symptoms, poor self-regulation and low levels of life satisfaction in children. In Greece, overparenting was related to poor school adjustment, obesity, internet addiction and post-traumatic stress from bullying. Overparenting is becoming more and more popular, so more research is becoming a necessity. It is important for every state to support and consult parents, from pregnancy to school, with specialized programs and teachers’ training with the collaboration of social scientists. Further research of the phenomenon, in Greece and cross-culturally, is however needed.

Cross-Lagged Effects among Self-Esteem, Subjective Happiness, and Life Satisfaction in Children

목적 본 연구는 아동을 대상으로 자존감, 주관적 행복(subjective happiness), 삶의 만족 간의 교차지연 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 본 연구는 초등학생 2607명을 대상으로 자기회귀 교차지연 모델을 적용하여 자존감, 주관적 행복, 삶의 만족 간의 교차지연 효과를 알아보았다. 자존감, 주관적 행복, 삶의 만족의 자료는 아동⋅청소년패널조사2018(KCYPS2018)의 1차년도와 2차년도의 자료를 사용하였다. 결과 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 아동의 자존감이 높을수록 장래의 주관적 행복, 삶의 만족이 높았다. 둘째, 아동의 주관적 행복이 높을수록 장래의 자존감, 삶의 만족이 높았다. 셋째, 삶의 만족은 장래의 자존감과 주관적 행복을 유의하게 예측하지 못하였다. 결론 자존감과 주관적 행복의 종단적 관계는 교호적 관계를 보였으나, 자존감과 삶의 만족의 종단적 관계는 교호적이지 않았다.

Linking transition to motherhood to parenting, children's emotion regulation, and life satisfaction: A longitudinal study.

Previous research mostly focused on early parenting stress or postpartum symptoms of mental illness whereas the topic of a successful transition to motherhood and its long-term effects on parenting and child well-being remained more or less neglected. The present longitudinal study investigated whether a successful transition to motherhood influences emotionally warm parenting behavior, children's emotion regulation, and subjective life satisfaction. A successful transition to motherhood is feeling satisfied, self-efficient, and energetic in the maternal role during the first year after birth. Survey data from a large, nationally representative panel study with four measurement points across 11 years were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). T1 corresponds to child's first year of life, at T2 children were around 3, at T3 the children were around 8, and at T4 children were around 12 years old. The study sample comprised 322 mother-child dyads. Mothers completed questionnaires to assess their early transition to motherhood (T1), children's emotion regulation (T1 and T2), and maternal warmth (T3). At age 12 (T4), children self-reported their life satisfaction. Results confirmed that a successful transition to motherhood had positive, long-term effects on maternal warmth and children's emotion regulation. Moreover, adapting optimally to motherhood had an indirect positive effect on children's subjective life satisfaction at age 12. Life satisfaction was in turn positively affected by maternal warmth and children's emotion regulation. The results highlight the importance of a successful transition to motherhood for parenting, children's emotion regulation, and life satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Well-being and Life Satisfaction in Children Living in Contexts of Political Violence: A Narrative Literature Review

BackgroundChildren and youth growing up in contexts characterized by political violence are at high risk of developing mental health impairments. In recent years, a growing interest has been directed to the study of children’s well-being after being exposed to political violence in order to develop interventions aimed at preserving and enhancing it.ObjectiveThis study provides a synthetic overview of studies that have explored or implemented interventions aimed at improving well-being and life satisfaction in conflict-affected children.MethodsWe identified peer-reviewed studies relating to children’s well-being in conflict-affected environments through a narrative literature review. An ecological framework was used to organize the studies in relation to the individual, family, social and community factors playing a role in promoting and preserving participants’ well-being. Implications for practices, policies and research were summarized to highlight areas in which they need strengthening.ResultsOf 1221 unique studies returned from online searches of the literature, 70 qualified for full review, with a total of 22 peer-reviewed studies included in the final synthesis. Results indicate a range of domains and dimensions that mutually interact to either enhance or diminish children’s well-being and life satisfaction. Four studies explicitly focused on assessing the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting and assessing children’s well-being and health.ConclusionsResearchers were able to identify several dimensions that were contributing to the children’s well-being in situations of significant adversity. The concept of well-being emerged as a combination of personal resources and supportive contexts—such as family, peers, and community—that vary over time or across contexts. Well-being and life satisfaction in children living in contexts of political violence: a narrative literature review.

The Effects of Parents’ Positive⋅Negative Parenting Attitudes on Children's Life Satisfaction: Mediating effects of happiness and social withdrawal

목적 본 연구는 부모의 긍정적·부정적 양육태도가 아동의 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 파악하고 아동의 행복감 및 사회적 위축의 매개효과를 검정하는 것이다. 방법 이를 위하여 한국청소년정책연구원에서 실시한 한국·아동청소년패널조사 2018 1차 년도 자료를 SPSS 26과 AMOS 26을 이용하여 모형적합도 검증과 매개효과 검증을 위한 부트스트랩핑을 실시하였다. 연구대상은 초등학교 4학년 2,567명(남아 1,296명, 여아 1,271명)이다. 결과 첫째, 부모의 긍정적 양육태도는 아동의 삶의 만족도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 반면, 부모의 부정적 양육태도는 아동의 삶의 만족도에 유의한 영향을 나타내지 않았다. 둘째, 아동의 행복감은 부모의 긍정적 양육태도와 삶의 만족도 사이에서 부분매개효과를 나타냈으며, 부정적 양육태도와 삶의 만족도 사이에서는 완전매개효과를 나타냈다. 셋째, 아동의 사회적 위축은 부모의 긍정적 양육태도와 삶의 만족도 사이에서는 매개효과를 보이지 않았으나, 부정적 양육태도와 삶의 만족도 사이에서는 완전매개효과를 나타냈다. 결론 아동의 행복감을 향상시키고 사회적 위축감을 감소시킬 수 있도록 향후 다양한 정책 마련과 프로그램 개발 등에 대한 실천적 함의를 시사한다.

When are children satisfied with life? An initiative qualitative study from vietnamese children sample.

In the context of research on children's life satisfaction, considering children as active participants are very scarce, the main purpose of the present study was to examine children's perspectives on their life satisfaction. The study used a convenient sample of 228 students from primary and secondary schools, living in urban and suburban areas in Vietnam. The subjects' average age is 9.51 (SD = 1.56). Data were collected using a single open-ended question. The data analysis was performed by thematic analysis then processed with SPSS 22.0 for quantitative assessment. The results of data analysis indicate the following criteria to consider a child as being satisfied with life: (1) Quality of social relationship; (2) Quality of family relationship; (3) Being engaged in interesting and fun leisure and activities; (4) Achieving desired goals; (5) Living environment; and (6) Some other external factors. Among these qualities, the most important relationships in their lives (including social and family relations) were chosen with the highest frequency, followed by their engagement in meaningful and fun activities, and pursuit of their desired goals. This study provided a better insight into understanding how children perceive life satisfaction and what meanings they attach to it. The research results might be explained from a socio-cultural perspective and provide a scientific basis for large-scale studies on this topic in Vietnam.

Digital Technology Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relations to Sleep Quality and Life Satisfaction in Children and Parents

This research aimed to examine digital technology (DT) use, sleep quality (SQ), and the correlations between these variables in children and parents, in Croatia during the lockdown. Furthermore, it aimed to determine parental life satisfaction (LS) and its relation to DT use. In an online questionnaire, 281 parents of children (3 to 14 years old) provided information about the duration of DT activities throughout the pandemic, compared to the time before the pandemic, the time spent using digital devices in a typical day, and SQ for themselves and their children, as well as the estimates of personal LS. The results show that the relationship between DT use and SQ during the lockdown differs between parents and children. More time spent using DT devices is not related to SQ in parents, and more time spent on smartphones is positively associated with parents' LS. In children, the prolonged use of smartphones for leisure is negatively linked to SQ. These results call for caution in allowing children longer screen time.

The Impact of Children\u2019s Academic Competencies and School Grades on their Life Satisfaction: What Really Matters?

Increasing demands in schools, higher pressure on children’s performance levels, and increasing mental health constraints raise questions about the impact of educational achievement on children’s life satisfaction. Therefore, this study investigates whether children’s academic competence levels and school grades affect their life satisfaction and if the effects vary by educational track. Complementing prior research, this study firstly uses fixed effects regressions to get closer to the estimation of the causal link between children’s academic competencies, school grades, and life satisfaction by eliminating time-constant confounding factors such as intelligence, early background characteristics, and genetic factors. By using valuable longitudinal data on academic competencies, school grades, and life satisfaction of children from a sample of 5th-grade students (N = 3045) of the National Educational Panel Study in Germany (NEPS) from 2010 to 2015 this study reaches also a broader external validity than prior research. Including various tracks, makes testing for heterogeneous effects by school track attended possible. Results indicate that, on average, children’s school grades seem to be highly important for their life evaluations. Moreover, the effect of school grades does not vary across educational tracks, i.e. school grades seem to matter for all children. In contrast, levels of academic competencies seem to be relevant only for specific subgroups. Investigating effect heterogeneities reveals that only among children in the lower secondary school tracks higher competencies are related to lower life satisfaction. Overall, the study highlights the importance of school grades and point out variation in the relevance of competence levels between school tracks.

Interactions between Family Environment and Personality in the Prediction of Child Life Satisfaction

The present study aimed to examine the contribution of family environment and personality and their interactions in the prediction of child life satisfaction in a community sample of Russian primary schoolchildren aged 7-10 years (N = 1004, 54% girls). Life satisfaction was measured by self-reported Huebner’s Students' Life Satisfaction Scale; parents reported about family background and completed the Self Reporting Questionnaire and the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire – Brief Form; personality was measured by the parent-reported Inventory of Child Individual Differences – Short version at the two levels of the hierarchical structure. Multiple regression analysis indicated that income, parental stress, corporal punishment and personality traits of neuroticism and, intelligence were significantly and independently associated with child life satisfaction. Interaction effects highlighted the importance of positive emotionality and emotional stability as buffers for children exposed to inconsistent and harsh parenting, respectively. Although the personality traits of fearlessness and conscientiousness were positively associated with life satisfaction in the total sample, they placed children at risk for low life satisfaction when their parents experienced distress and marital transitions, respectively. These findings indicate that some personality traits qualify the main effects of some family factors and vice versa, therefore, some individual characteristics or environmental factors may contribute to child life satisfaction only under certain conditions.

HUBUGAN ANTARA KEBERFUNGSIAN KELUARGA DENGAN KEPUASAN HIDUP (LIFE SATISFACTION) PADA ANAK

This study aims to find out the relationship between family functioning variables and life satisfaction in children. The sample of this study was students who attended SD X and SD Y and were 10 to 12 years old. The analysis used a correlation product moment from Spearman. The result of statistical analysis found significant relationship between family functioning variables and life satisfaction variables in children, with correlations r = 0.252 and p = 0.009 (p<0.05). The hypothesis test used is a normality test and a linearity test.

What Predicts Life Satisfaction in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A Study from Parent and Child/Adolescent Perspectives.

The aim of this study was to analyze life satisfaction in a sample of 70 children and adolescents (M = 12.21, SD = 2.85) with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), according to parents' and children's/adolescents' reports. In addition, we examined the influence of a series of child/adolescent variables (ADHD presentation, and Conduct Disorder (CD) symptoms, age, gender, and pharmacological support status) on their levels of life satisfaction. Results indicated moderate correlations between children's/adolescents' and parents' perceptions of life satisfaction (r = .40; p < .01), with school being the area with the lowest levels of satisfaction. Also, 44.3% of the sample of parents reported that ADHD drastically interferes negatively in this context. Examining the effects of child/adolescent variables, only the variables age and CD symptoms generated statistically significant differences, showing that as children/adolescents grow up and/or present associate symptoms of CD, perceptions of life satisfaction tend to be more negative. These variables explained 34.5% of the variance of a composite score of life satisfaction, demonstrating a negative effect over the dependent variable. These results might have important implications for diagnosis and intervention in ADHD, as they highlight the relevance of considering life satisfaction as an important aspect to consider in both processes. Further studies must look more deeply into the mechanisms that explain these findings.

Teacher and peer relationships and life satisfaction: Mediating the role of student resilience in south korean elementary schools

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between life satisfaction and positive student-teacher and peer relationships. Further, we aimed to test the mediating effects of student resilience in a multilevel model. The data were collected from elementary students in South Korea. To examine the mediating effects of student resilience, multilevel structural equation modelling was conducted. The results indicated that schools with positive student-teacher relationships correlated with higher life satisfaction for children. This relationship was fully mediated by student resilience. However, the mediating effects of student resilience in the relationship between peer relationships and life satisfaction was found to be at the individual level rather than by school climate. Practical implications on ways to improve students’ life satisfaction within the school and classroom settings are discussed.

Adaptive tasks: school transition from the 5th to 6th grade of elementary education

Abstract Within the ages of ten and thirteen years, children experience changes in elementary school. Focusing on students from public schools, the aim of this study was to investigate whether, from the 5th to 6th grade, they change indicators of performance, social skills, self-satisfaction and support network, self-concept and stress dimensions from one grade to another. A total of 379 students (212 girls), with a mean age of 10.6 years (SD = 0.91), participated at the beginning of the study. Instruments: Social Skills Assessment System; Child Stress Scale; Proof Brazil; Questionnaire for Self-Concept Evaluation; Multidimensional Scale of Life Satisfaction for Children. The results indicate a decrease in social skills, self-concept and life satisfaction; indicators of stress symptoms and academic performance increased from the 5th to 6th grade. The results are partially in agreement with previous findings of adverse effects of transition.

Contextualising the link between adolescents' use of digital technology and their mental health: a multi-country study of time spent online and life satisfaction.

Evidence on whether the amount of time children spend online affects their mental health is mixed. There may be both benefits and risks. Yet, almost all published research on this topic is from high-income countries. This paper presents new findings across four countries of varying wealth. We analyse data gathered through the Global Kids Online project from nationally representative samples of Internet-using children aged 9 to 17years in Bulgaria (n=1,000), Chile (n=1,000), Ghana (n=2,060) and the Philippines (n=1,873). Data was gathered on Internet usage on week and weekend days. Measures of absolute (comparable across countries) and relative (compared to other children within countries) time use were constructed. Mental health was measured by Cantril's ladder (life satisfaction). The analysis also considers the relative explanatory power on variations in mental health of children's relationships with family and friends. Analysis controlled for age, gender and family socioeconomic status. In Bulgaria and Chile, higher-frequency Internet use is weakly associated with lower life satisfaction. In Ghana and the Philippines, no such pattern was observed. There was no evidence that the relationship between frequency of Internet use and life satisfaction differed by gender. In all four countries, the quality of children's close relationships showed a much stronger relationship with their life satisfaction than did time spent on the Internet. Time spent on the Internet does not appear to be strongly linked to children's life satisfaction, and results from one country should not be assumed to transfer to another. Improving the quality of children's close relationships offers a more fruitful area for intervention than restricting their time online. Future research could consider a wider range of countries and links between the nature, rather than quantity, of Internet usage and mental health.