Child Health Issues Research Articles

Importance of Implementing Physical Education Since Childhood and Its Scope

Children's health issues have always been a focus of concern for schools, families, and society. Unfortunately, children are currently facing some potential health threats. For example, obesity caused by imbalanced diet and high calorie diet, sedentary behaviour caused by spending too much time in front of mobile phones or computer screens, and immune decline caused by insufficient physical activity. This study analysed the impact and scope of physical education activities on children and found that physical activities can improve overall quality of life by promoting a healthy lifestyle. Physical activities can help improve muscle strength and protect bones from fractures. Research has found that people engaged in physical education are healthier and more likely to break unhealthy eating habits than others. The importance of physical education is also reflected in its ability to cultivate children's cognitive abilities and improve their personality. It is recommended that schools, society, and families collaborate to promote children's comprehensive development and healthy growth through physical education.

Mental health among children with and without reading difficulties.

This study explored the relationship between mental health, i.e., depression and anxiety, and reading difficulties (RD) in Chinese elementary school children. Participants were 1535 grades 3, 4, and 5 students from three elementary schools in Xi'an, China. Children with and without RD were compared to their depression and anxiety. Additionally, children's self-ratings, parents' ratings, and teachers' ratings of depression and anxiety were compared to better understand mental health issues of Chinese children with RD. The findings showed that Chinese children with RD experienced more depression but not anxiety compared to their typically developing peers across all three grade levels. Reports from all three informants consistently reflected that children with RD experienced more depression. However, some inconsistencies were found between self-reported levels of depression and anxiety and the observations made by parents and teachers. Children reported experiencing more depression than their parents and teachers observed but less anxiety than their parents reported. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the links between RD and mental health and the need for appropriate intervention programs to help children with RD cope with the mental health challenges.

The Efficacy of Dog-assisted Therapy in Enhancing the Treatment Outcomes for Children, Adults, and the Elderly

In times there has been a growing interest, in Canine assisted Therapy and animal assisted therapy as complementary methods to effectively support individuals of age groups who are facing mental health challenges. The purpose of this review is to evaluate how effective Canine assisted Therapy is in improving treatment outcomes for health issues in children, adults, and older adults. It also aims to identify promising interventions from existing research and explore the benefits and future directions of these additional approaches. Several studies have emphasized the effectiveness of animal assisted therapy across age groups. In children Canine assisted Therapy has proven valuable not for those with autism spectrum disorders but for those dealing with anxiety and needing help with reading. Among adults this form of therapy has shown to reduce test anxiety regulate mood and play a significant role in managing conditions such as anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress disorders. For adults animal assisted therapy has shown potential in improving mood enhancing motivation, for therapy and promoting activity as a means of preventing and alleviating Alzheimer disease. Although these discoveries show potential it's crucial to recognize some limitations in the research. These limitations include factors such, as the number of participants involved the duration of the studies conducted and the voluntary nature of participants. It is necessary to conduct research to validate the effectiveness of animal assisted therapy and explore its wider range of applications.

Evaluation of the DigiBete App, a Self-Management App for Type 1 Diabetes: Experiences of Young People, Families, and Healthcare Professionals.

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a public health issue for children, young people, and families (CYPF) and requires innovative interventions. The DigiBete app is a self-management and educational app to help CYPF and healthcare professionals (HCPs) manage T1DM, featuring educational advice and resources such as guidance, quizzes, and educational and instructional videos on how to manage T1DM. To assess the impact and implementation of the app, the service-level evaluation deployed a mixed-methods design. App data were captured via the DigiBete platform and an online survey with a non-probability sample of HCPs (N = 178) and CYPF (N = 1165) = 1343. Overall, 55.7% (n = 512/919) of app users were female, and 4855 videos were viewed across the participating areas, with an average of 1213 videos per site (range 776-1679) and 4.4 videos per app user. The most popular videos were how to give a glucagon injection and "My Sick Day Rules", which showed what to do when CYPF were unwell due to T1DM. Interviews (n = 63) were undertaken with 38 CYPF and 25 HCPs. The findings indicate that CYPF and HCPs found the app an essential tool in the management of T1DM. CYPF and HCPs felt the app provided a valuable educational resource in a central location that was invaluable in an emergency or unknown situation. The app was a trusted and bona-fide source of information that could be accessed at any time. HCPs validated DigiBete in helping CYPF to manage their T1DM. At the same time, the app saved HCPs' service time and money and helped CYPF take back some of the control in managing their diabetes.

Issues on Professional Sports

The article states that in our republic there is still no single, standard system of social guarantees and social protection of former sports workers. It has been known that many diseases discovered in professional physical education and sports workers after retirement from professional sports were laid at a younger age. During professional training in various sports, the risk of injury increases and accidents are more likely to occur in those places. Therefore, it is appropriate to mention labor protection issues in the relevant labor legislation. Maternal and child health issues require special attention in occupational medicine, as well as the participation of more women and young people in elite sports issues of maternal and child health. In connection with the above, it is advisable to contact the MMST for the joint development of a draft industry standard for occupational health and safety in professional sports activities.

Diskusi Komunitas Remaja Laki-Laki Untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Kesehatan Reproduksi Dan Kekerasan Seksual

Adolescents are not yet aware of the importance of maintaining sexual and reproductive health, while teenagers are very vulnerable to various problems related to sexual and reproductive health. So far, programs to improve reproductive health and prevent sexual violence have been mostly directed at women. As a result, issues of reproductive health, gender, sexual violence, maternal and child health and family planning are often considered women's affairs. This situation makes men isolated from reproductive health issues and sexual violence. On the other hand, achieving gender justice and equality, fulfilling reproductive health rights and the right to be free from sexual violence against women is progressing slowly without the involvement of men as part of the issue itself. Method The first activity carried out is training and coaching of cadres and health workers which will be carried out over 2 meetings, followed by REMAKI DISCO with participants from the Jabon Village Youth Organization, Kec. Mojoanyar, Mojokerto Regency for 1 week in improving reproductive health behavior and preventing sexual violence. There is a fairly good understanding of reproductive health behavior and prevention of sexual violence among male adolescents in the village of Jabon sub-district. Mojoanyar District. Mojokerto. The role of village government, cadres and health workers as well as facilitators in DISKO REMAKI is expected to be able to provide the support needed for adolescent boys to be able to maintain healthy reproductive behavior and prevent sexual violence in their environment.

Parents' acceptability of blended psychological interventions for children with emotional disorders

ObjectivesThis study aims to (1) describe parents' knowledge and use of online resources to address children's mental health issues and the family's general internet and technology usage patterns; (2) examine parents' acceptance of blended interventions for children with emotional disorders (ED); and (3) analyse the predictors of parents' intention to use a blended intervention if their children experienced an ED. MethodThe sample included 164 Portuguese parents (95.7 % mothers) of children between the ages of 6 and 13 years who completed an online survey. The study was disseminated through social networks, personal contacts of the researchers, and among parents participating in a randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of a psychological intervention for children with ED. ResultsOnly 4.3 % of parents knew about online psychological interventions for children, and only 1.2 % had used them before. Most parents (73.2 %) reported that they would choose face-to-face individual therapy as their first option if their child had any ED, followed by blended therapy (14.8 %). Regression analyses showed that higher levels of parents' intention to use a blended intervention were predicted by their perceptions of the utility or efficacy of this type of delivery format. Discussion/conclusionThese results suggest that although most parents show unfamiliarity with blended psychological interventions for children, they consider it a treatment modality to which they would resort if their children had emotional difficulties. Their intention to use such an intervention seems to be more likely if they perceive it as useful and effective.

Prediction of blood pressure based on anthropometric measurements in adolescents

Background Recently, an important health issue in children is obesity, leading to hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine association of blood pressure with anthropometric variables in adolescents. Methods In this study, 1992 adolescents aged 11–18 years old between 2000 and 2007 were included. Cut point of anthropometric indices of waist circumference (WC), waist-to-stature ratio (WSR) and body mass index (BMI) was identified using Youden’s index. Results Cut point of BMI for identification of hypertension was 19.69, 25.5, 20.65 and 24.13 for boys at middle and high school, girls at middle and high school, respectively. This measure for WSR was 0.44, 0.50, 0.45 and 0.517 for boys at middle and high school, girls at middle and high school, respectively. Regarding WC, it was 69.50, 96.5, 65.5 and 77.5 for boys at middle and high school, girls at middle and high school, respectively. Conclusions In middle school boys, WSR, WC and BMI are associated with DBP but by increasing age, only BMI and weight are associated with DBP. BMI is the consistent anthropometric determinant of DBP. We also observed the relationship between WSR and SBP in boys, which could be applied as a predictive measure.

Investigation of Virulence Factors, Phylogenetic Group Features, and the Presence of ST131 Clone in Escherichia coli Isolates, a Urinary Tract Infection Agent in Children

Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli is a significant health issue in children. Today especially E.coli O25b/ST131, defined as a pandemic clone, is a serious public health problem due to its high virulence and antimicrobial resistance rates. In this study, a total of 200 (100 first and 100 recurrent UTI-causing) E.coli isolates from urine samples sent to the Ankara University School of Medicine Cebeci Training and Research Hospital Central Laboratory between January and September 2021 with the preliminary diagnosis of UTI in pediatric patients aged three to 18 years were analyzed for antimicrobial resistance rates, phylogenetic group distributions, virulence factor frequencies and whether they belong to the O25b/ST131 clone. It is aimed in this study that, the obtained data will shed light on new studies for diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis options that can be developed for more effective UTI management by contributing to the surveillance studies in our country. Antimicrobial susceptibility of E.coli isolates identified by conventional methods was evaluated by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was evaluated by double disc synergy test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the investigation of phylogenetic grouping, the O25b/ST131 clone, virulence genes and the molecular level classification of the isolates detected as uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed with the isolates collected at different times from the same patient. The highest antimicrobial resistance rates observed were against ampicillin (n= 100, 50%), cefazolin (n= 99, 49.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n= 55, 27.5%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (n= 43, 21.5%) and cefotaxime (n= 43, 21.5%). In recurrent UTI agents, resistance rates were higher for cefotaxime (n= 29, 29%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n= 35, 35%) and cefepime (n= 25, 25%) and in O25b/ST131 isolates (n= 67) the rates were higher for amikacin (n= 3, 4.5%), gentamicin (n= 10, 14.9%) and ciprofloxacin (n= 17, 25.4%) when compared to the first UTI agents and non-O25b/ ST131 isolates (p< 0.05). It was found that 29% (n = 58) of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 19% (n = 38) produced ESBL.The rate of recurrent UTI agents was found to be higher among ESBL producing isolates and/or MDR isolates (n= 36, 62% and n= 27, 71%, respectively, p< 0.05). It was found that 45.5% (n= 91) of the isolates were in D, 37.5% (n= 75) in B2, 12.5% (n= 25) in A, and 4.5% (n= 9) in B1 phylogenetic groups and isolates belonging to B2 and D phylogenetic groups had higher antibiotic resistance rates and carried more virulence genes (p< 0.05). Of the isolates, 33.5% (n= 67) were found to belong to the O25b/ST131 clone, no significant difference was found between the O25b/ST131 rates among the first and recurrent UTI agents (p> 0.05). It was determined that the isolates most frequently carry virulence genes for adhesion [fimH 97% (n= 194), papA 57% (n= 114), yfcV 49.5% (n= 99)] and iron uptake systems [fyuA 85.5% (n= 171), chuA 78% (n= 156), iutA 73% (n= 146)]. All virulence factors were detected more frequently in isolates belonging to the O25b/ST131 clone (p< 0.05). Of the isolates, 97% (n= 65) belonging to the O25b/ST131 clone and 27.1% (n= 36) not belonging to this clone were defined as UPEC with molecular analysis (p< 0.0001). Thirty-three isolates belonging to 15 patients were evaluated with PFGE, and it was observed that the latter isolate and the first isolate of eight patients (53%) had the same band profile. Focusing on surveillance, diagnostic testing, treatment algorithms, and preventive measures for E.coli and especially for ST131 clone, which is frequently observed as causative agent in childhood UTIs, will help to manage challenging E.coli infections.

The roles of health literacy in parents’ honey use and the use of complementary alternative medicine in a Turkish population

BackgroundAs a biologically based therapy, honey is used by parents in many parts of the world as a home remedy for their children. While information exists regarding the traditional use of honey for health issues in children, data regarding its relationship with health literacy is lacking. The aims of this study were to determine the use of honey to address children’s health issues among parents of children aged 0–72 months and to explore the relationship between the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and health literacy.MethodsThe data for this descriptive, cross-sectional study were collected between October and November 2022 via an online survey of 907 parents of children aged 0–72 months. A sociodemographic data collection form, the Holistic Complementary and Alternative Medicine Questionnaire (HCAMQ), and the Turkey Health Literacy Scale-32 (THLS-32) were used to collect the data. A t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyze the data.ResultsThe majority (86.5%) of the parents used honey for their children’s health problems. Among the parents, 83.1% utilized honey as a remedy for alleviating cough symptoms, 10.4% employed it as a treatment for diarrhea, and 14% administered it for the management of oral mucositis. The mean THLS-32 and HCAMQ scores of the parents were 29.39 and 21.31, respectively, and there was a moderate correlation between the parents’ THLS-32 and HCAMQ mean scores (r = 0.662, p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study revealed that a significant proportion of parents who used honey to alleviate their children’s health issues displayed positive attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) while concurrently exhibiting insufficient or limited health literacy levels. Therefore, it is advisable to enhance health literacy regarding the proper and safe utilization of honey, which functions as a biologically based CAM therapy.

Assessing non-right-handedness and atypical cerebral lateralisation as predictors of paediatric mental health difficulties.

Research utilising handedness as a proxy for atypical language lateralisation has invoked the latter to explain increased mental health difficulties in left-/mixed-handed children. The current study investigated unique associations between handedness and language lateralisation, handedness and mental health, and language lateralisation and mental health, in children, to elucidate the role of cerebral lateralisation in paediatric mental health. Participants were N = 64 (34 females [52%]; MAge = 8.56 years; SDAge = 1.33; aged 6-12 years) typically developing children. Hand preference was assessed via a reaching task, language lateralisation was assessed using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (fTCD) during an expressive language task, and mental health was assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. As hypothesised, leftward hand preference predicted increased general mental health issues in children, with a strong relationship noted between leftward hand preference and the emotional symptoms subscale. Contrary to expectation, no relationship was found between direction of language lateralisation and general mental health issues, although exploratory analyses of subscales showed rightward lateralisation to predict conduct problems. Hand preference and direction of language lateralisation were also not significantly associated. The relatively weak relationship between manual and language laterality coupled with discrepancy regarding the predictive scope of each phenotype (i.e., hand preference predicts overall mental health, whereas language laterality predicts only conduct problems) suggests independent developmental pathways for these phenotypes. The role of manual laterality in paediatric mental health warrants further investigation utilising a neuroimaging method with higher spatial resolution.

텍스트 마이닝과 CONCOR 분석을 통한 정신건강복지 관련 학술연구 동향 분석

This study analyzed domestic academic journals published from 2016 to 2022 after the full revision of the Mental Health Welfare Act, focusing on the keyword “mental health welfare” to understand mental health welfare trends. Through this, we would like to present basic data to promote the direction and activation of research related to mental health welfare. The analysis data were A total of 866 academic papers on mental health welfare published in domestic academic journals for seven years from 2016 to 2022, when discussions on the revision of the Mental Health Welfare Act began in earnest, were converted of titles, keywords, abstracts from these papers into text. The analysis period was divided into two sections based on the COVID-19 pandemic period, when major issues related to mental health welfare were greatly changed, and the meaning was identified in the pattern and overall data of the paper. In particular, from the beginning of the discussion on the full revision of the Mental Health Welfare Act, it was compared and analyzed by dividing it into two sections based on the COVID-19 pandemic period. The reason is that the COVID-19 pandemic has been a global issue over the past few years and has had a great impact on all academic fields, and it is expected that major changes in related issues have occurred in the mental health welfare sector. The results of the study are as follows. As a result of word frequency analysis, which is the top major keyword, there was and the emergence of the top frequency of related research keywords due to changes in the situation by section from a complete revision of the Mental Health Welfare Act to the COVID-19 period, although. But nevertheless, mental health, depression, anxiety, suicide, specific mental diseases, family, social welfare services, program effectiveness, and policy research related to the Mental Health Welfare Act were generally carried out regardless of the section. Second, when comparing and analyzing TF-IDF keywords by section, it can be seen that TF-IDF keywords commonly appearing in the top 30 by section or TF-IDF keywords appearing alone by section are almost similar to the frequency analysis results of words. However, if related studies were mainly conducted in the existing mental health welfare, such as burnout, abuse, stigma, and violence, which appeared only in the TF-IDF value, the perspective of the study was expanded from the perspective of a worker in the mental health care sector' human rights, burnout, and workers' life satisfaction. This is a major issue related to the full revision of the Mental Health Welfare Act, and is thought to be the result of reflecting the concept of human rights and freedom rights. Third, as a result of comparing and analyzing connection-centered keywords by section, it can be represented that studies on mental health issues for children and adolescents, COVID-19-related studies, and improvement of laws or policies before and after the full revision of the Mental Health Welfare Act were conducted. Fourth, as a result of CONvergence of iteration CORrealtion(CONCOR), there were four clusters in both sections 1 and 2, and as a result, the most active research topics in both periods are as follows. In other words, there are studies that a microscopic general mental health welfare issues centered on individuals and groups studies and more mesotic mental health welfare on centered about family issues, policy, community mental health, people's perceptions and human rights, and then issues on mental health welfare law have been conducted in common. Finally, based on the above analysis results, trends in academic research on mental health welfare were examined, and various suggestions were presented of future academic research on mental health welfare.

Cough Education is Effective for Parental Independence in Overcoming Children's Cough

Coughing is one of the common health problems experienced by children. Although in many cases coughing is the body's natural response to infection or respiratory tract irritation, for parents, coughing in children is often a source of worry and anxiety. The method of activities is carried out by interactive and participatory, information communication and education. The result of dedication is that education is very effective in increasing knowledge for parents or the community in the independence of parents to overcome children's coughs. It can be concluded that educational activities about overcoming children's cough have proven to be very effective in increasing the knowledge and independence of parents or the community. With an interactive approach, strong relevance, and measurable outcomes such as increased confidence and coping skills with children's health issues, the program has a real positive impact

DIAGNOSIS OF VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN BY USING METHYLMALONIC ACID, HOMOCYSTEINE AND HOLOTRANSCOBALAMINE

Objective: Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common health issue in children. Though the sensivity of serum vitamin B12 measurement for the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency is low, combined methylmalonic acid, homocysteine and holotranscobalamin have been reported to be more specific biomarkers in early and accurate diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to verify the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency in children by measuring methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, holotranscobalamin and to determine the accuracy of them.&#x0D; &#x0D; Material and Methods: The study included 277 patients aged

PACES: a primary care tool to detect mental health disorders in Indigenous Colombians.

The aim of this research was to present the process of intercultural creation and validation, in addition to the analysis of the psychometric properties of the Parenting, Behavior, Emotions and Suicide risk scale. A cross-sectional study, cultural adaptation and validation with an ethnic approach were carried out by expert judges in mental health; subsequently, the instrument was applied, and a factorial analysis was carried out, and it was established that there was agreement between the instrument results and two expert perspectives regarding spiritual disharmony. The sample consisted of 168 families of children and young people (54.8% women, 45.2% men), with a mean age of 11.2 years, in Colombia. Regarding the geographical location, 44% were from Guajira, 44.6% were from Nari&ntilde;o and 11.3% were from Vaup&eacute;s, from the Wayuu, Aw&aacute; and Ember&aacute; communities, respectively. The scale showed high reliability (Chronbach's &alpha;=0.911), and in the factorial analysis the following parenting domains were formed from the parents: involvement, monitoring and bond, from boys, girls and young people; suicidal risk perceived by caregivers and perceived by children and young people; in addition to a total mental health risk. The questions that inquired about hallucinations and seizures did not show grouping in any factor, and two questions were eliminated. Similarly, a high inter-rater concordance was shown, with a higher Cohen's &kappa; coefficient for all domains. There are few intercultural and early detection studies of parenting and mental health problems in children and youth that have an ethnic approach. It is observed that the instrument serves as a means of monitoring mental health issues in children and adolescents, as well as the parenting practices employed in their socialization, from both the perspective of caregivers and the young individuals themselve. This study indicates that the scale is an adequate tool, quick and easy to administer in first-level care settings.

Grandmothers - a cultural resource for women and children's health and well-being across the life cycle.

Grandmothers exist in all societies. Especially in the non-western Majority World, where Elders are both highly respected and responsible for transmitting their knowledge to younger generations, there is extensive anecdotal evidence of Grandmothers' role in health promotion and healing. However, due to Eurocentric and reductionist views of families and communities, in the extensive past research on maternal, child and adolescent health issues across Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East, and in Indigenous societies in North America, Australia and New Zealand, scant attention has been given to the role of Grandmothers. This paper addresses this oversight and supports the imperative to decolonize health promotion in the non-western world by building on non-western worldviews, roles and values. Based on an eclectic body of both published and gray literature, this review presents extensive evidence of Grandmothers' involvement across the life cycle of women and children and of the similar core roles that they play across cultures. While in some cases Grandmothers have a negative influence, in most cases their involvement and support to younger women and children is beneficial in terms of both their advisory and their caregiving roles. For future research and interventions addressing maternal, child and adolescent health, the conclusions of this review provide strong support for: adoption of a family systems framework to identify both gender-specific and generation-specific roles and influence; and the inclusion of Grandmothers in community health promotion programs dealing with different phases of the life cycle of women and children.

Impaired Soil Health in Agricultural Areas Close to Fe-Ni Mines on Euboea Island, Greece, Caused by Increased Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Elements, and the Associated Impacts on Human Health

Agricultural soils close to mining establishments may suffer from airborne pollution, due to excavation and transportation activities. To assess the impact of soil pollution from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) on soil and human health in agricultural areas close to Fe-Ni mines, 36 composite topsoil samples were collected from central Euboea Island, Greece. The soils were analyzed for their physicochemical properties and for total and bioavailable Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations; the BCR sequential extraction protocol was additionally applied to all samples. Soil enrichment caused by the metals and the implications of soil degradation on the ecosystem were evaluated using the calculation of single pollution indices (PI) and the potential ecological risk index (RI), respectively. The hazard index (HI) for non-carcinogenic metals and life cancer risk (LCR) for carcinogenic metals were used to appraise the human health risks. Extremely high, very high, and considerably high total concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Mn, respectively, were determined. Though most of the total amounts of metals in soil samples were found to be related to the residual fraction, the considerable portion extracted in the first two steps of the BCR process can be regarded as able to introduce toxicity issues in the local biota. High PI values of Cr, Co, and especially Ni point to severely polluted soils, and the mean RI values indicate a considerable risk for biota. HI values &gt; 1 show increased possibilities for non-carcinogenic health issues in children, whereas the LCR values of Ni were above the critical limit, 1 × 10−4, for both children and adults.

Atopic Dermatitis in Children Under 5: Prevalence Trends in Central, Eastern, and Western Europe.

Atopic dermatitis is a major public health issue worldwide, but data on trends in prevalence in children in European countries are sparse. The aim of this study was to assess the trends in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children under 5 in the Central, Eastern, and Western European sub-regions from 1990 to 2019. In this study, a descriptive, observational epidemiological method was applied. In addition, an ecological study design was used. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess trends. A total of 118 million (54 million males and 64 million females) prevalent cases of atopic dermatitis in children under 5 were reported in European countries in 1990-2019. More than half of all cases of atopic dermatitis in children under 5 in Europe were recorded in the Western European sub-region. The highest prevalence rates of atopic dermatitis in children under 5 were observed in the Eastern European sub-region, with the highest rates in both males and females recorded in Estonia (equally at about 15,000 per 100,000), followed by the Russian Federation (equally at about 12,000 per 100,000). Moreover, the lowest prevalence rates were reported in the Eastern European sub-region (equally at about 5000 per 100,000 in Romania and Latvia). A sex disparity in the prevalence and trends of atopic dermatitis in children under 5 was observed. A significantly increased trend in atopic dermatitis prevalence in children under 5 was recorded in the Eastern European sub-region from 1990 to 2019 (by +0.3% per year in males and by +0.1% per year in females). Conversely, in the Western and Central European sub-regions, trends in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children under 5 slightly decreased (about -0.1% per year). The Pearson coefficient showed a significant negative correlation between the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children under 5 and the Human Development Index in most countries in the Eastern European sub-region, while a significant positive correlation was reported between the prevalence and HDI in high-income countries in the Western European sub-region. High prevalence rates and mostly stable trends during the last three decades make atopic dermatitis still a major health issue in children under 5 in European countries.

Efforts and Changes in Health Aspects to Fulfilling Child Welfare in the Child Correctional Institution

Several studies have shown that physical health problems are more common among children in conflict with the law (CICL) in correction institutions than among their peers outside the institutions. The children's health issues are not just health and disease problems, but also environmental, behavioral and health service factors that directly affect their health status. The CICL health fulfillment must be completed to support behavior change in children under the guidance of the Child Correctional Institution (LPKA). The purpose of implementing the health aspect is to increase their awareness and attention to maintaining their health. The purpose of this study is to analyze the CICL welfare in LPKA Bandung, Palembang and Tangerang on health needs. This research adopts a qualitative method and type of explanatory research. This study also used purposive sampling techniques. Data collection by the researcher included in-depth interviews, observations and literature studies. The results of the study examined the health status, efforts made and access to health care of the children in conflict with the law and the presence of risk and protective factors affecting behavioral change in their health.

PROMPT: Prospective Meta-analysis for Pessary Trials Study Protocol.

Preterm birth, defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation, is a leading cause of perinatal and infant mortality throughout the world. Preterm birth is also associated with long-term neurological disabilities and other significant health issues in children. A short cervix in the second trimester has been noted to be one of the strongest predictors of subsequent spontaneous preterm birth in both singleton and multiple pregnancies. Some studies have shown that cervical support in the form of an Arabin pessary lowers the risk of preterm birth in women with a singleton gestation and short cervical length; however, other studies have conflicting results. Our objective was to form an international collaborative of planned or ongoing randomized trials of pessary in singleton and twin gestations with a short cervix. In November 2014, an international group of investigators, who had initiated or were planning randomized trials of pessary for pregnant people with a short cervix and singleton or twin gestation to prevent preterm birth, formed a collaboration to plan a prospective individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of randomized trials (PROspective Meta-analysis of Pessary Trials [PROMPT]). The PROMPT investigators agreed on meta-analysis IPD hypotheses for singletons and twins, eligibility criteria, and a set of core baseline and outcome measures. The primary outcome is a composite of fetal death or preterm delivery before 32 weeks' gestation. Secondary outcomes include maternal and neonatal morbidities. The PROMPT protocol may be viewed as a written agreement among the study investigators who make up the PROMPT consortium (PROSPERO ID# CRD42018067740). Results will be published in phases as the individual participating studies are concluded and published. Results of the first phase of singleton and twin pessary trials are expected to be available in late 2022. Updates are planned as participating trials are completed and published. · Short cervical length predicts preterm birth.. · Results of prior cervical pessary trials are mixed.. · Meta-analysis of pessary trials protocol..