Children's Fund Research Articles

Call for Special Issue Papers: Global Public Health - Contributions of Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine in Primary Care.

Call for Special Issue Papers: Global Public Health - Contributions of Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine in Primary Care.

Folic acid supplementation and malaria susceptibility and severity among people taking antifolate antimalarial drugs in endemic areas.

Folic acid supplementation and malaria susceptibility and severity among people taking antifolate antimalarial drugs in endemic areas.

Edukasi Pentingnya Asi Eksklusif Pada 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan Anak

From an early age children's growth and development requires attention to get a great opportunity so that the growth and development process can take place properly. Parents need to get knowledge about the golden age period and what needs to be prepared in dealing with this period, so that in order to reduce child morbidity and mortality, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommend that children should only be given water. Mother's milk (ASI) for at least six months. Solid food should be given after the child is 6 months old, and breastfeeding is continued until the child is two years old. The purpose of this activity is to educate parents, especially mothers, to give exclusive breastfeeding to their children, especially in the work area of the Sukajadi Public Health Center, Prabumulih City. . The method used in this activity is lectures, discussions and training on breastfeeding activities correctly, this community service activity was carried out at the Sukajadi Health Center, Prabumulih City from November 01st-06th , 2021, it went smoothly and got a good response and enthusiastic community. Each participant is given a message about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding.

The role of breastfeeding promotion in German hospitals for exclusive breastfeeding duration.

Breastfeeding promotion and support in hospitals is expected to have a positive impact on maternal breastfeeding outcomes. The objective of this study is to examine the association between breastfeeding promotion in maternity hospitals in Germany and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates during the first 4 months. Thus, a nationwide cross‐sectional web‐based survey of breastfeeding promotion was conducted in 103 hospitals. Mother–infant pairs (n = 962) were recruited at these hospitals for a prospective web‐based survey of breastfeeding status at five‐time points, that is, during a hospital stay, at discharge as well as after 0.5, 2, and 4 months. The hospital analysis was based on the “10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding” of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund, adapted for Germany. Their degree of implementation was stratified by a breastfeeding promotion index (BPI) as low (≤5 steps), medium (6–8 steps), and high (≥9 steps). The association between the BPI and the odds of EBF at each of the five‐time points was estimated by multivariable regression models, adjusting for various maternal factors. At all time points, the proportion of EBF among mothers from high BPI hospitals exceeded the proportion of those from medium or low BPI hospitals. A high BPI was associated with higher odds of EBF during the hospital stay and at discharge, while maternal factors for EBF such as breastfeeding experience and no early use of a pacifier persisted beyond. The high commitment of hospitals and tailored support of mothers is essential for EBF.

Prevalence and Socio-demographic Determinants of Low Birth Weight NewbornsA Prospective Observational Study

Introduction: Birth weight is not only strongly associated with foetal and neonatal mortality but also with stunted growth. Low Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in childhood, obesity and diabetes in adulthood. Despite all measures taken, the prevalence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) is not significantly decreasing in Southeast Asia (from 33% in 2000 to 27 % in 2015 according to United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 2019 data). And added to the surprise in UNICEF data from countries for LBW, from A-Z data, (A-Z data is data of LBW countries whose name starts from letter A to letter Z in alphabetical order) India was not included, because data from India was partial. Aim: To determine whether maternal socio-demographic factors determine LBW in newborns. Materials and Methods: A prospective hospital-based observational study was carried out in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, M.S, Maharashtra India, among 500 consecutive, consenting pregnant women from December 2017 to November 2019. Socio-demographic parameters and neonate birth weight were recorded. Statistical analysis was done by inferential statistics using Chi-square test and z-test with significance value considered at <0.05. Results: Among the total 500 subjects 162 (32.4%) had LBW and 338 Normal Birth Weight (NBW). By using Chi-square test, statistically significant difference was found in parity, socioeconomic condition, mother’s education, area of residence of both the LBW and NBW groups (χ2 =6.49, p=0.039; χ2 =51.32, p=0.0004; χ2 =12.95, p=0.012; χ2 =5.66, p=0.017), respectively. (significant at p<0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of LBW babies was 32.4%. Rural areas, low socio-economic condition, education, were significant determinants of LBW. As the parity increases birth weight increases

Assessment of indicators on drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices from rural schools of Kathua.

Safe and adequate water supply and sanitation in schools are prerequisites for right to basic education for school children. The provision of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities has been linked to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. The objective of this study is to assess the indicators of WASH in schools falling under the Rural Health and Training Centre (RHTC), Budhi, GMC Kathua. A cross-sectional study was conducted during a period of two months in the month of September 2019 to October 2019. It was done in the rural area under CHC Nagri Parole Kathua. The total number of schools under CHC is 981. Interview of the head of the school was done using world health organization (WHO) and united nations international children's emergency fund (UNICEF) Standardized Questionnaire for WASH Practices. The Questionnaire includes core and expanded questions on drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene practices. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and descriptive statistics was analyzed in the form of number and percentages. Out of total 139 schools, 57.72% schools had basic drinking water facilities. Only 29.11% schools have basic hand-washing facilities with soap and water; 81.29% of the schools have improved toilets. Political will and financing and effective delivery of interventions will be required to ensure universal access to WASH in schools.

"Vaccinate every child against COVID-19": A scientific or socioeconomic need?

ABSTRACTThe global pandemic of COVID-19 has created havoc worldwide. By the first week of December 2021, 0.26 billion COVID-19 infected cases and 5.2 million deaths have been reported globally.[1] United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) reports that more than 10,000 children and adolescents have died from COVID-19, with a case fatality rate of 0.3%. Out of 299 vaccine candidates, 28 are available to the general population in less than 1 year.[2] For children, WHO permitted vaccine Pfizer/BioNTech, Sinovac, and Sinopharm, Drug Controller General of India’s approved ZyCov–D and Covaxin, and the Cuban government approved Soberna 2, and Soberna plus are available.[3] Italy, Germany, France, Norway, Switzerland, Israel, Dubai, Japan, Canada, and the US have already started vaccinating their children. This step may decrease the transmissibility and mutations of the virus and thus restore normalcy. For India, it is a question of “To be or not to be?” Indian researchers have warned of the long-term impact of the pandemic on the health, development, learning, and behavior of children, thus pushing the agenda of vaccination and opening of schools. All attempts at opening schools have failed in the last 2 years. Vaccinating children is not easy as it has taken nearly 1 year to vaccinate half of the adult Indian population. In these circumstances, rather than “vaccine for all,” “vaccine for (chronically) ill” is the only feasible solution for children.

GAMBARAN PELAKSANAAN INISIASI MENYUSUI DINI (IMD)

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) have recommended that children start breastfeeding within the first hour after birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life (no food or other fluids are given). , including water) (UNICEF & WHO, 2018). An estimated 78 million babies - or three in five babies - are not breastfed in the first hour of life. This puts them at a higher risk of death and disease and makes them less likely to continue breastfeeding (World Health Organization, 2018a). Data from WHO shows that only 40% of infants have received early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD). WHO itself targets that by 2030 70% of infants have received early initiation of breastfeeding (WHO & UNICEF, 2018). The type of research used is descriptive, namely research that clearly describes the variables studied without doing statistical tests. This research was conducted at BPM Pematangsiantar City. The study was conducted in March 2021 with a sample size of 29 people. The sampling method in this study was non-probability sampling, namely by consecutive sampling. The description of the IMD implementation shows that the majority of respondents are aged 20-35 years (65.5%) and the least is <20 years old (6.9), the highest parity is 3 (34.5%) and the least parity is 5 (6.9%). ), all respondents gave birth at term pregnancy (100%), and all respondents did early initiation of breastfeeding (100%) while the implementation of IMD was mostly carried out immediately after birth (89.7%) and the longest IMD implementation was between 30 minutes to 30 minutes. d 1 hour (69%) but there are also those who carry out IMD less than 30 minutes (10.3%). Type of Research Analytical survey with cross sectional design. It is hoped that health workers will carry out an IMD in every delivery immediately after the baby is born and the need for husband and family support in accompanying the delivery process in carrying out IMD.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST CARE IMPLEMENTATION AND POST PARTUM MOTHER'S MILK PRODUCTION AT PMB VERONIKA SINAGA BATAM CITY

Breast care is one of the most important efforts for post partum mothers with the aim of facilitating the production of breast milk.In order to reduce child morbidity and mortality, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 recommended that infants be breastfed for at least six months.The success rate of breastfeeding in Indonesia in 2013 was 54.3%,(Kemenkes RI, 2014). The success rate of breastfeeding in the Riau Islands in 2013 was 52.6%,(Kemenkes RI, 2014).Exclusive Breast Milk Coverage in Batam City 47% in 2017. The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding may be due to the low awareness of the importance of breast care to support the production of breast milk,(Dinas Kesehatan Kota Batam, 2018).The purpose of this study was to explain the relationship between the implementation of breast care and the expenditure of breast milk in post partum mothers.The method used by the author is a descriptive type, in the form of research with a case study method or approach, with visits during the postpartum period to respondents aged 25 years P2A1 at PMB Veronika Sinaga Batam City and carried out 3 times.From the results of the study, it was shown that the breast care provided to the respondents went smoothly and there was an increase in the expenditure of breast milk after breast care was carried out.The conclusion in this study based on the results of the assessment and examination it was found that breast care for postpartum mothers was very influential, respondents were able to carry out breast care independently well, and the authors were able to apply midwifery care through a midwifery management approach and documented by the SOAP method.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST CARE IMPLEMENTATION AND POST PARTUM MOTHER'S MILK PRODUCTION AT PMB VERONIKA SINAGA BATAM CITY

Breast care is one of the most important efforts for post partum mothers with the aim of facilitating the production of breast milk.In order to reduce child morbidity and mortality, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 recommended that infants be breastfed for at least six months.The success rate of breastfeeding in Indonesia in 2013 was 54.3%,(Kemenkes RI, 2014). The success rate of breastfeeding in the Riau Islands in 2013 was 52.6%,(Kemenkes RI, 2014).Exclusive Breast Milk Coverage in Batam City 47% in 2017. The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding may be due to the low awareness of the importance of breast care to support the production of breast milk,(Dinas Kesehatan Kota Batam, 2018).The purpose of this study was to explain the relationship between the implementation of breast care and the expenditure of breast milk in post partum mothers.The method used by the author is a descriptive type, in the form of research with a case study method or approach, with visits during the postpartum period to respondents aged 25 years P2A1 at PMB Veronika Sinaga Batam City and carried out 3 times.From the results of the study, it was shown that the breast care provided to the respondents went smoothly and there was an increase in the expenditure of breast milk after breast care was carried out.The conclusion in this study based on the results of the assessment and examination it was found that breast care for postpartum mothers was very influential, respondents were able to carry out breast care independently well, and the authors were able to apply midwifery care through a midwifery management approach and documented by the SOAP method.

Prediction of neonatal and maternal index based on development and population indicators: a global ecological study

Introduction: Although worldwide maternal and neonatal mortalities have decreased, but Achieving sustainable development goals remains an unfinished agenda and global challenge. This study aimed to predict neonatal and maternal index based on development and demographic indicators. Methods: In this ecologic study, the dependent variables were Maternal mortality ratio (MMR), Neonatal mortality rate (NMR), and Under 5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) and the independent variables were Gender gap index (GGI) and its four components, human development, life expectancy, total fertility rate, and population growth. Data conducted using international secondary data published data bases of health metrics from 2016 to 2018 in 149 countries from WHO (World Health Organization), World Economic Forum, UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Data analysis was performed using correlation model in Stata version 14.1 software. Results: In this study, economic participation and total fertility rate are positively and educational attainment, Human Capital Index and life expectancy are negatively associated with MMR. Human Capital Index, Educational attainment, and Life expectancy are negatively associated with NMR. Economic participation and total fertility rate are positively and educational attainment, Human Capital Index and life expectancy are negatively associated with U5MR. Discussion: To reduce the maternal and neonatal mortality rate, it is important to pay attention to indirect causes such as equal conditions for men and women to demographic and population indices such as economic participation, educational attainment, Human Capital Index and life expectancy.

Studi Literatur: Depresi dan Konflik Selama Kehamilan Dikaitkan dengan Meningkatnya Peluang Terjadinya Stunting

According to the United Nations Children's Fund, it is estimated that worldwide around 165 million children were stunted in 2012. West Sulawesi currently has the highest prevalence of stunting (41.6 per cent), behind the WHO standard, which is below 20 per cent. Currently, the efforts that can be made by the Government of Indonesia are to target nutrition improvement in sustainable development (SDGs). This literature study aims to provide an overview of how depression and other problems during pregnancy can be associated with stunting. Literature from ProQuest, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases. The results showed that the 13 articles reviewed stated that depression and conflict during pregnancy were associated with an increase in stunting rates. An illustration of how depression and other problems during pregnancy can be used as a reference in implementing more diverse and appropriate interventions, especially in the region of one of the provinces in Indonesia, namely West Sulawesi, which has a high prevalence of stunting.

When ‘Seeing Was Believing’

Focusing on the pivotal period of 1919–23 and the large-scale humanitarian responses in Central and Eastern Europe, this paper discusses the development of advocacy in the movies made by organizations like the ICRC, Save the Children Fund or American Relief Administration. While aid agencies observed and competed with each other for visibility, humanitarian cinema shaped visual advocacy, grounded in the idea that ‘seeing is believing’. Exploring the fragmented audiovisual archives, as well as magazines and promotional material, this paper explores the testimonial function of humanitarian films in the 1920s. It first shows that the immediacy of the cinema technology increased the immersive and affective experience of the viewers by using forensic evidence and images of the body in pain. It then analyses how these films compelled audiences to witness suffering and act through persuasion, suggestion, and emotions. Finally, it inquires into the use of eyewitness images and first-hand accounts during the screenings, to show how these movies operated within larger regimes of visibility, while making claims on behalf of distant beneficiaries.

"Are We Feeding Them Enough?" Micronutrient Deficiency in Children Aged Six Months to Fourteen Years in India.

In this study, we conducted a systematic literature review of the various micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) that affect children in India and an examination of whether there is a geographic basis for MNDs.MNDs are a common problem in the developing world, in particular, among children in South Asia. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund, millions of children suffer from stunted growth, cognitive delays, weakened immunity, and diseases because of MNDs. These physical ailments have several economic, social, and public health implications, and they can severely hamper a country’s growth. This study aims to clarify existing data on this topic and highlight the disparities between children living in urban and rural areas in India.The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed to conduct this systematic literature review of a total of five studies. Study quality was assessed using appropriate checklists, and the studies strengthened the hypothesis that MNDs are common among children in India. Because the selected studies were heterogeneous, no statistical conclusions are drawn here. However, a central premise is that MNDs in children are prevalent in India and are related to poverty. No link between geographic location and MNDs is established; rather, recommendations are made for further research on the topic.

Funding for preventative Children’s Services and rates of children becoming looked after: A natural experiment using longitudinal area-level data in England

BackgroundChildren in care face adverse health outcomes, throughout the life-course, relative to the general population. In England, over the last decade, the rate of children entering care has increased. The rate of change differs markedly for older and younger children, who may also experience different preventative services. These services have been subject to inequitable spending reductions due to fiscal policies trailing the 2008 recession. ObjectiveTo assess the impact of cuts to prevention on rates of preschool children and adolescents entering care between 2012 and 2019. Participants and SettingChildren aged 1–4 and 16–17 years, across 150 English upper-tier local authorities. MethodsOur outcomes were annual rates of children entering care, aged 1–4 and 16–17. Our exposures were Children’s Services prevention spend per child under 5, and per child over 12. Regression models were used to quantify, within areas, associations between trends in prevention spend and trends in rates of children entering care, controlling for employment and child poverty rates. ResultsWe found no association between changes in prevention spend per child under 5 and changes in care entry for 1–4-year-olds. However, spending reductions per child over 12 were associated with rising rates of 16–17-year-olds entering care. Every £10 per child decrease in prevention spend was associated with an estimated additional 1.9 per 100,000 children aged 16–17 entering care the following year (95% CI 0.7 to 2.9), equivalent to 1 in 25 care entries in this age group between 2012 and 2019. ConclusionThis study offers evidence that rising rates of older children entering care has partly been driven by cuts to prevention services catering to their needs. Policies to tackle adverse trends should promote reinvestment in youth services, placing ordinary help on a robust statutory footing.

The long history of child sponsorship, c.1700–1950

Abstract The invention of child sponsorship, a fundraising tool that raises billions of dollars a year for global projects, is widely credited to the Save the Children Fund in 1919. This article is the first to revise that history, as it follows sponsorship through multiple iterations across more than two centuries. Doing so, it uncovers sponsorship’s roots in transatlantic Protestant missionary networks that combined new theologies of child saving with early capitalism’s ‘share holding’ system. Turning to the early twentieth century, it then shows how sponsorship mobilized ‘non-sectarian’ Christianity to lend authority to humanitarian appeals while opening up broader markets.

DETERMINANTS OF BREASTFEEDING EXCLUSIVE IN THE WORKING AREA OF RUMBIA HEALTH CENTER, BOMBANA REGENCY: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: Breast’s milk is an excellent food for the growth and development of infants. The United Nations Children’s Funds (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that children only be exclusively breastfed for six months and continued until two years. This study analyzes the effect of family support, health workers, and socio-culture on exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of the Rumbia Health Center, Rumbia District, Bombana Regency. Methods: This study involved 86 mothers who had babies aged 0-6 months who were registered and domiciled in the working area of the Rumbia Health Center spread over 4 Kelurahan and 1 Village, which were selected by purposive sampling using a cross-sectional design from February to April 2021. Data analysis using odds ratio (OR) and logistic regression at significance level < 0.05. Results: The largest age group in the range of 20-35 years, as many as 68 people (79.1%), undergraduate as many as 32 people (37.2%), and income above Rp. 2.552.014, – / month as many as 60 people (69.8%). The results showed an effect of family support on exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.002<0.05). There is no influence of socio-cultural factors on exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.282>0.05) and the results of multivariate analysis of the most dominant variables associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of Rumbia Health Center District Rumbia Bombana Regency is supported by health workers with an OR = 9.199 (p-value = 0.039<0.05). Conclusions: This study concludes that the support of health workers plays a very important role in exclusive breastfeeding to infants aged six months, which can impact improving the health of toddlers.

Raising Awareness of Agency to Address Climate Change: The Do One Thing (DOT) Strategy

The United Nations Children's Fund 2008 report, Our Climate, Our Children, Our Responsibility, warned that children will suffer most from the effects of climate change. Environmental education is one way to prepare children to cope and enable them to educate their families and friends about the need to act now to minimise the danger climate change poses. This article reports on findings from a participatory action research project aimed at integrating education for sustainable development into the Grade 7 curriculum, with a specific focus on climate change. Critical participatory action research has a transformative intent, engaging participants in learning to cultivate a sense of purpose and increase their capacity to solve local problems. Learner responses to qualitative questionnaires and recorded discussions related to the Do One Thing (DOT) strategy were used to determine learning about climate change and enable both learners and community members to identify action for change. Thematic coding was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the DOT strategy in increasing awareness of agency and resultant learning. The findings indicate that not only did the learners gain knowledge about the causes and consequences of climate change but the potential of the learners and community members to identify possible actions for change was increased as well. We provide suggestions as to how teachers can use the DOT strategy as part of an action research approach to integrating environmental education for sustainable development in order to raise awareness of local environmental threats and encourage learners and their families to behave in a more environmentally friendly way. The explanation of the research process offered in this article also highlights how participatory learning activities can help engage learners as active agents in their own learning.

DETERMINANT OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AMONG MOTHERS ATTENDING MASAKA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. MASAKA-UGANDA

Introduction:World health organization (WHO) and United Nations international childrens fund (UNICEF) recommend all mothers should initiate breastfeeding immediately with the first hours of delivery, thereafter mothers are encouraged to breastfeed their children for at least six months of life before introducing any form of complementary feeding. it is on this global call to promote meeting up with the target set by UNICEF in 2025, a study was conducted in Uganda to assess the determinant of exclusive breastfeeding among breastfeeding mothers attending Masaka regional referral hospital. Methodology:The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on 220 consenting breastfeeding mothers. The data from the survey was statistically analyzed using SPSS vs 26 and information was presented in frequency tables, bar, and pie charts. Results:This study showed that the majority of the 220 participants were between the age of 26-30years, 81 (36.8%) with 194 (88.2%) were married and 94 (42.7%) had secondary education. It also showed that 56 (25.5%) did ANC visits more than four times with the majority 151 (68.6%) delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery. 172 (78.2%) delivered at health facility and stayed at the facility for about 1-2 days. 100% of all babies were healthy and did not report any congenital malformations and 213 (96.8%) have never been admitted for malnutrition. The prevalence of EBF was 65.9%. Variables such as Age of the child, the weight of the child, mothers employment, educational status, and religion were statistically significant at P < 0.005. Conclusions:This study showed that the rate of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers attending Masaka regional referral hospital was generally above the expected target by WHA 2025.Hence strategies of improving health education about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding to the mother and child should be in place.It is recommended that rigorous interventions can build on this study to achieve the WHO recommendation of all infants should be breastfed exclusively 100%.

Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Motorik Anak Usia Prasekolah Di Tkit Al Hikmah

Development is the process of changing the functional capacity or working ability of the body's organs towards a state that is increasingly organized and specialized according to the wishes of their respective functions. According to the 2015 United Nations Emergency Children's Fund (UNICEF) report, data was found that the incidence of growth and development disorders in children under five, especially motor development disorders, is still high, namely 27.5% or 3 million children. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence the motor development of preschool children at TKIT Al Hikmah. This type of research is analytical with a cross sectional approach which was carried out in February 2021. The research population was 40 preschool aged children. With a sample of 32 respondents. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling. Data were analyzed using a logistic regression test with a confidence level of 95%. The results of the research showed that there was an influence of the length of interaction and stimulation with children on the motor development of preschool aged children and there was no influence of age, education and mother's occupation on the motor development of children aged 3 - 4 years at TKIT Al Hikmah. It is hoped that mothers can increase developmental stimulation during interactions with children and make contact time with children a useful time for stimulation.