Children's Food Intake Research Articles

Cross-Sectional Study of Nutritional Status and Dietary Nutrient Intake in Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) in China

To investigate the dietary nutrient intake and the nutritional status of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and to explore the correlation between them, so as to provide theoretical basis for the formulation of proper nutritional treatment for children with DMD. A total of 223 children aged 2 to 14 years who came to West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University from July 2017 to April 2021, and who were diagnosed with DMD by genetic testing were enrolled as the subjects of the study. Dietary assessment was conducted with a 3-day 24-hour dietary recall, and serum vitamin D level was measured by chemiluminescence method. Only 33.2% of the children with DMD were found to be of normal nutritional status. The incidences of stunted growth, underweight, overweight and obesity were 13.5%, 14.4%, 14.3% and 8.1%, respectively. Among the children with DMD, those with serum vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency accounted for 9.0% and 89.7%, respectively. According to the dietary recall of the children with MDM, the daily energy ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat were (47.40±6.64)%, (14.46±2.22)%, and (38.17±5.30)%, respectively. The daily intake of dietary calcium and vitamin D were (433.32±164.39) mg per day and (155.73±89.30) IU per day, respectively. The ratio of daily protein intake to the estimated average requirement for protein ( P=0.003) and ratio of daily energy intake to the estimated energy requirement ( P=0.007) were lower in children with stunted growth than those of DMD children of normal nutritional status. The dietary structure of children with DMD is obviously not suited to their condition and nutritional deficiency coexists with overnutrition among them. Further research needs to be done for developing appropriate nutritional guidance programs and standardized nutritional management measures for children with DMD.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Children's Characteristics, Family Characteristics, Food Intake, Eating Habits, and Disease History with Nutritional Status of Under-Five Children Based on the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure in Karangkamulyan Village, Cihara District, Lebak Regency, Indonesia in 2020

Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is an indicator of composite nutritional status assessment (WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ) to describe toddler's nutritional problems. In 2020, malnutrition, unemployment, and poverty in Banten Province were high, the population's income tends to be low. Karangkamulyan is an underdeveloped village with mining areas. This is a secondary study used a cross-sectional study design to analyze the relationship between children's characteristics, family characteristics, food intake, eating habits, and disease history with the toddler's nutritional status based on CIAF in Karangkamulyan Village in 2020. The primary research was conducted in September 2020, instrument used is a questionnaire. The sample was 141 toddlers aged 24-59 months. Data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate. The results found that children under five experienced nutritional problems were 36.2%. The variables related to toddler's nutritional status, is exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.026), energy intake (p=0.026), and vegetable protein consumption habits (p =0.003).

Undernutrition in children: features of clinical manifestations and food intake

Undernutrition in children is an important problem of health care due to negative impact on the development of an organism and increase of global morbidity and mortality..Objective. To assess the clinical manifestations and food intake of children with undernutrition.Patients and methods. Four hundred and thirty-one children with undernutrition aged 1 month to 17 years and 11 months (the median of age is 7 [2.5; 13] years), boys – 238 (55.2 %), girls – 193 (44.8 %), were examined. All children underwent anthropometry using Z-Score values by WHO criteria (WHO Anthro and Anthro plus programs). Specialized centile tables were used with subsequent conversion of the obtained indicators into sigma deviations Z-Score in children with genetic syndromes. Undernutrition was registered in children with body mass index (BMI) by age Z-Score ≤ –1, the stunting was diagnosed with growth by age Z-Score ≤-2. Assessment of food intake at home was underwent in 199 children by recording and accounting for weighted food.Results. Mild undernutrition was diagnosed in 175 (40.6 %) children, moderate – in 127 (29.5 %), severe – in 129 (29.9 %) children. Severe undernutrition (43.2 % and 38.9 %) was most often registered in the age groups of 11–14 years and 15–17 years. The stunting was observed in 116 (26.9 %) children. The onset of malnutrition was revealed in three-quarters of children before the age of 1 year. The analysis of food intake revealed hypocaloric diet in 153 (76.9 %) patients, normocaloric diet in 32 (16.1 %) and hypercaloric diet in 14 (7 %) patients. Deficiency of protein, fat and carbohydrate intake was registered in 38.7, 72.4, 78.4 % cases, respectively, by assessment of macronutrient composition of the diet in children with undernutrition.Conclusion. Most children had mild undernutrition. Severe undernutrition was revealed significantly more often in patients of older age groups. Сhildren with undernutrition need early correction of the diet and appointment of nutritional support due to decrease in the energy intake in 76.9 % of children and the imbalance in macronutrients

Evidence Based Update on Psychosocial Treatments for Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents

ABSTRACT Eating disorders (EDs) are life-threatening psychiatric illnesses that occur in adolescents. Unfortunately, limited randomized controlled trials exist to address EDs in this vulnerable population. The current review updates a prior Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology review from 2015. The recommendations in this review build upon those that were previously published. This update was completed through a systematic search of three major scientific databases (PsychInfo, Pubmed, and Cochrane) from 2015 to 2022 (inclusively) from three databases, employing relevant medial subject headings. Additionally, expert colleagues were asked for additional literature to include. Thirty-one new studies were added to this review. Psychosocial treatments included family therapies, individual therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive training, dialectical behavioral therapy, and more recently, virtual or telehealth-based practices and guided self-help modalities for carers of youth with EDs. Using the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology’s methodological review criteria, this update found behavioral family-based treatment modalities (FBT) for both adolescent anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa met well-established treatment criteria. To date, there were no well-established treatments found for child and adolescent avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, or binge eating disorder. Internet facilitated cognitive-behavioral therapy and family-based therapy were found to be possibly efficacious for binge eating disorder. Family-based treatment was found to be possibly efficacious for avoidant restrictive food intake disorder, with other clinical trials for cognitive treatment modalities under way. Ongoing research examining treatments for eating disorders in children and adolescents broadly is needed.

Multilevel study on the effects of dietary nutrients on body mass index of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17

Analyze the relationship between dietary nutrients and body mass index of children and adolescents aged 7-17 in China. The data comes from the "China Health and Nutrition Survey", and 5562 children and adolescents aged 7-17 who participated in at least one round(2000, 2006, 2011 and 2015) of the survey and had complete dietary and physical measurement survey data were selected as the research objects. A three-level(community-individual-observation level) linear random intercept mixed effect model of body mass index was constructed to analyze the influence of dietary nutrient intake of children and adolescents of different genders in urban and rural areas on their body mass index(BMI).24 hours for 3 consecutive days and family weight accounting were used to evaluate the dietary nutrient intake. BMI of urban children and adolescents is higher than that of rural children and adolescents. The BMI of children and adolescents aged 12-17 is higher than that of children and adolescents aged 7-11. BMI of boys was higher than that of girls, but the difference was statistically significant only in 2011 and 2015. After controlling for confounding factors such as individual level(survey year, age, physical activity and family per capita income) and community level(community urbanization index), the three-level model showed that the BMI of rural boys increased with the increase of cholesterol intake(P<0.01). BMI of urban girls increased with the increase of vitamin B_1 intake(P<0.05) and iron intake(P<0.01). BMI of rural girls increased with the increase of vitamin E intake(P<0.001) and sodium intake(P<0.05). There are some differences in dietary nutrients that affect the BMI level of 7-17 years old children and adolescents between urban and rural areas.

Australian parents' and children's food-related interactions during the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeDuring the COVID-19 pandemic people worldwide in the same household spent more time together and school children engaged in remote learning throughout extended lockdowns and restrictions. The present study aimed to explore parents' perceptions of their involvement and enjoyment in food-related interactions with their children during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated lockdowns/restrictions and changes in their children's food intake, especially children's lunches during the remote learning period.Design/methodology/approachData from parents (n = 136) were collected via an online survey in 2020. Parents' responses to closed-ended questions were analysed via descriptive statistics and open-ended responses were analysed thematically.FindingsMost parents (62%) reported that they interacted more with their school-aged (5–17 years) children about food during COVID-19 compared to pre-pandemic times. These interactions included cooking, menu planning, eating, conversations around food, and gardening. Most parents (74%) prepared meals with their children during the pandemic and most of them (89%) reported that they enjoyed it. Most parents (n = 91 out of 121) perceived that their children's lunches during remote learning were different to when attending school in person and these changes included eating hot and home-cooked food and more elaborate meals.Originality/valueThis study sheds important insights into a sample of Australian parents' food-related interactions with their school-aged children during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns and parents' observations and perceptions of changes in the children's food intake during the remote learning period.

The proportion of differently processed foods in the diet of Croatian school-aged children and its impact on daily energy and nutrient intake

In countries around the world, a dietary shift is observed in which the consumption of highly processed foods increases over unprocessed or minimally processed foods. The objective of this study was to observe the proportion of processed foods in the diet of school-aged children and to assess how this relates to sex, weight status and school meal consumption. The aim was to assess the impact of processed foods on overall diet quality in terms of ultra-processed foods contribution to total daily energy intake. Dietary intake was observed from dietary records for three non-consecutive days of 168 children (50.6% boys) aged 8.3 ± 0.5 years. All foods and beverages were classified into four groups according to NOVA food classification system. The contribution of each NOVA food group to total daily energy intake was calculated and the mean nutrient intake of children divided into terciles according to total daily energy intake from ultra-processed foods was compared. Anthropometric measurements were performed according to standard protocols, while sex and age z-scores were obtained using AnthroPlus software. Results show that unprocessed or minimally processed foods (38.1% kcal) and ultra-processed foods (38.1% kcal) had the highest proportion of dietary intake. There was no difference in NOVA food groups intake by sex or weight status, while number of school meals may contribute to the intake of processed culinary ingredients. Children who had higher energy intake from ultra-processed foods had lower intake of animal proteins (p=0.009), polyunsaturated fatty acids (p=0.014), vitamin A (p=0.027) and most minerals, but higher intake of carbohydrates (p=0.014) and copper (p=0.014) compared to children with lower energy intake from ultra-processed foods. In conclusion, school-aged children had equal share of energy from unprocessed or minimally processed foods and from ultra-processed foods. Higher share of energy from ultra-process foods may contribute to poor overall nutrition.

A nutrition education intervention to improve eating behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder: Study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication and social behaviors. Children with ASD often experience mealtime behavior challenges and selective eating behaviors. They also tend to consume fewer fruits and vegetables and more high-energy dense foods, compared to neurotypical peers. A nutrition intervention was designed to prevent the development of feeding disorders and the long-term negative health impacts associated with poor dietary intake. This randomized controlled trial will evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the nutrition education intervention for children with ASD and their parents through the Early Intervention (EI) services. We will recruit EI providers and parent-child dyads (n = 48) from EI programs, and randomly assign them into Autism Eats intervention (n = 24) or enhance usual care (EUC) comparison group (n = 24). The Autism Eats is 10 weekly sessions delivered individually as part of EI, while the EUC group will receive only 1 nutrition education session and then weekly parent handouts. The Autism Eats integrates ASD-specific feeding strategies and behaviorally-focused intervention strategies such as goal setting. Feasibility indicators include reach/participation, attrition, completion, fidelity, compatibility, and qualitative participant feedback. Outcome measures include dietary intakes and mealtime behaviors of children with ASD using 3-day food records and a validated questionnaire, the Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory (BAMBI). We will examine whether there are differences in children's food intakes, variety, diet quality, and mealtime behaviors between Autism Eats and EUC groups at post-intervention and 5-month follow-up assessment. This study will provide critical data to inform a full-scale randomized controlled trial.

Prospective relationship between autistic traits and nutrient intakes among Japanese children: Results of the Shika study.

It is known about food selectivity among children with autism spectrum disorder. However, the nutritional inadequacy among children with ASD is not clear. Especially, long-term evaluation has not been studied. We examined the prospective relationship between autistic traits in children and subsequent nutrient intake in later childhood. We utilized data obtained at two time points from a study conducted in Japan. Participants were 759 Japanese children aged between 7 and 12 years at baseline and between 10 and 15 years in the follow-up. The results showed relatively lower intakes of sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin D, vitamin B2, and vitamin B12 among children with than without autistic traits. Relatively lower intake of minerals and vitamins in children with autistic traits is more evident in later childhood. The results suggest the importance of screening the nutrient intake of children with autistic traits across childhood.

Energy and Nutrient Intake Status Among Indonesia Children Aged 1–5 Years With Different Dairy Food Consumption Patterns

ObjectivesDairy foods are an important food source of energy and nutrients for young children. We hypothesized that the intakes of energy and nutrients would be different in children aged 1–5 years who consumed different types of dairy foods in Indonesia.MethodsIn the current study, we analyzed dietary intake data of Indonesian children aged 1–5 years (n = 11,020) in the Survei Diet Total (SDT) survey conducted in 2014. First, energy and nutrient intakes of each child were estimated based on 1 day 24-hour dietary recall using Nutri-Survey software. Then we compared the energy and nutrient intakes of children who consumed different types of dairy foods. SDT 2014 classification approach of energy and protein intake status, and WHO estimated average requirements (EAR) were applied to defined inadequate intakes in this study.ResultsWe found that 57.3% of Indonesian children aged 1–5 years consumed dairy foods, with the highest percentages of consumption in 36–47m (82.6%) and the lowest in 48–60m (44.4%) children. The top 3 commonly consumed dairy foods were young children milk (YCM, 37.0%), condensed milk (12.3%) and cow's milk (6.9%). We then analyzed the nutrient intakes of all children, non-dairy consumers, YCM consumers, cow's milk consumers and condensed milk consumers separately. Over 50% of the children were inadequate in energy intake in this population, especially among non-dairy food consumers. In general, the micronutrient intake status was challenging, over 50% children had inadequate intakes of iron, calcium, zinc, vitamins A, D and Bs. Compared to dairy consumers, non-dairy consumers had lower intakes of many micronutrients across age groups. Among children across the age range who consumed different types of dairy foods, the percentages of children with inadequate intakes of iron, zinc, vitamins A, C and D were the lowest in YCM consumers.ConclusionsIn this study we found that children who consumed dairy foods, especially YCM, had lower proportion of children below nutrient intake recommendations compared to non-dairy consumers. Nutrition education and promotion of nutrient rich foods consumption, such as dairy, could improve the nutrient adequacy in Indonesian children aged 1–5 years.Funding SourcesThis study is funded by Société des Produits Nestlé SA.

Consumption of Ready-to-Eat Cereal and Its Associations with Daily Nutrient Intake in Children Receiving WIC Benefits, NHANES 2013–2016

ObjectivesThe Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC program) is a federal program providing nutritious foods to eligible participants in the United States. Ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) products that meet certain nutrition requirements are included in the WIC package. Consumption of RTEC and its association with nutrient intake in this population, however, has not been examined. This study was conducted to estimate the association between consumption of RTEC and daily nutrient intake in children receiving WIC benefits in the United States.Methods531 children aged 1 to 5 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2016 who were receiving WIC benefits at the time of the NHANES interview were classified as RTEC eaters or non-eaters depending on whether RTEC was reported in their day-1 dietary recall. Nutrient Intake was estimated as total intake from the day-1 dietary recall and was compared by RTEC consumption status using ANOVA for survey data.ResultsForty-five % of WIC children reported RTEC consumption. Those who reported RTEC consumption had significantly higher intake of energy (12%), carbohydrate (19%), dietary fiber (16%), calcium (18%), iron (75%), zinc (47%), vitamin A (36%) thiamin (39%), riboflavin (32%), niacin (41%), vitamin B6 (53%), folate (116%), vitamin B12 (57%), and vitamin D (28%), compared to non-eaters.ConclusionsThe results showed that consumption of RTEC was associated with higher intake of key vitamins and minerals in WIC children.Funding SourcesThe study was supported by Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills, Inc.

Frequency of Small Fish Consumption Is Associated With Improved Iron and Hemoglobin in Young Malawian Children

ObjectivesOur objective was to assess whether fish and meat consumption over 6mo was associated with plasma ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), hemoglobin (Hb), iron deficiency (ID), and anemia in a population of young Malawian children with a high (>50%) prevalence of iron deficiency anemia.MethodsThis secondary data analysis includes 585 Malawian infants, age 6–9mo, from a 6mo egg feeding trial. At enrollment and 6mo follow-up, 24hr dietary recalls and blood draws were conducted. Days with any small fish, large fish, or meat consumption were reported weekly in 7-day food frequency questionnaires. The % of days with flesh food consumption were totaled for each child. Plasma ferritin, sTfR, and Hb were assessed for associations with the % of days with small fish, large fish, and meat intake using linear regression. Prevalence ratios (PR) of ID (ferritin < 12µg/L or sTfR > 8.3 mg/L) and anemia (Hb< 11g/dL) were compared for each flesh food category using log binomial or modified Poisson regression.ResultsThe % of children with observed intake of small fish (4%), large fish (1%), and meat (2%) from 24-hr recalls at enrollment increased to 40%, 12%, and 9%, respectively, at the 6mo follow-up. Over 6mo, children averaged consumption of small fish, large fish, and meat on 25%, 8%, and 6% of days, respectively. More frequent intake of small fish was associated with higher Hb [geometric mean ratio (95% CI) per 10 percentage point difference: 1.01 g/dL (1.00, 1.01)] and lower sTfR [0.98 mg/L (0.96, 1.00)] but was not associated with ferritin concentration [1.03 µg/L (0.99, 1.07)]; nor was it associated with the prevalence of ID [PR (95% CI): 0.99 (0.97, 1.01)] or anemia [0.94 (0.88, 1.01)]. More frequent consumption of large fish was associated with a higher prevalence of anemia [1.09 per 10 percentage point difference in frequency, (1.00, 1.18)] but was not associated with ID [0.96 (0.92, 1.00)]. Meat consumption was predominantly chicken and not associated with iron or anemia indices.ConclusionsSmall fish are a primary contributor to total flesh food intake of young Malawian children and may provide modest improvements to iron status and hemoglobin. Meat and large fish were infrequently consumed and not associated with ID.Funding SourcesBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Tripartite of Malnutrition: Co-existence of Underweight, Overweight and Micronutrient Deficiency Among Children in Kisumu County, Kenya

ObjectivesThis study aim was to assess the status of underweight, overweight and micronutrient deficiency among children in Kisumu County, Kenya. Challenges facing Kenyan government include childhood underweight, overweight and micronutrient deficiencies. These forms of malnutrition have existed in several regions of the world with their consequences spreading to old age. A total of 11% of Kenyan children are underweight while 4% are overweight. Micronutrient deficiency affects 2 billion people worldwide with iron and Vitamin A Deficiency affecting 60% and 70% of children in Sub Saharan Africa respectively. Only 72% of Kenyan children consume diets rich in Vitamin A. MethodsCross sectional study was used that recruited 384 children aged less than 2 years. Anthropometric measurements assessed nutritional status while food frequency questionnaire assessed nutrient intake of children. STATA V.14 analyzed data. Bivariate analysis linked outcome and independent variables while multinomial logistic regression assessed factors influencing malnutritional status of children. ResultsA total of 23% of children were underweight while 30% were overweight. Only 10% consumed carbohydrate adequate diets while 31% consumed foods rich in iron. Children aged between 19 and 24 months had 80% higher risks of being overweight compared to those aged below 6 months while those living in permanent houses had 40% lower risks of being overweight compared to those living in temporary houses. Those with inadequate carbohydrate and iron intake had 20% and 80% lower risks respectively of being overweight compared to those with adequate intake. ConclusionsIn Kisumu county, 23% of children were underweight while 30% were overweight. Only 31% consumed diets rich in iron sources. Mothers’ income, type of housing and micronutrient intake were associated with nutritional status of children. Interventions and policies to target this early age as is window period of opportunity. Funding SourcesThis research was supported by the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa “CARTA”.

MOTHER'S KNOWLEDGE AND HYGIENE SANITATION AGAINST STUNTING IN TODDLERS

Toddler development can be disrupted if there are nutritional problems such as stunting. One of the factors that influence stunting is knowledge about nutrition and sanitation hygiene. Knowledge of maternal nutrition will affect children's food intake, while hygiene behavior is related to the incidence of infection in children. This study aims to determine the relationship between the incidence of stunting in children under five and mothers’ knowledge about nutrition and sanitation. This type of study was analytic observational with a cross-sectional study design. The number of samples in this study was 90 people in two villages (Laburunci and Dongkala villages, Pasarwajo sub-district, and Buton district). Sampling used the Non-Probability Sampling technique. The variable incidence of stunting was the dependent variable of this researcher, while the independent variable consisted of the mother's knowledge and sanitation hygiene. Univariate and bivariate data analysis with a chi-square test was carried out in this study. There was a relationship between the mother’s knowledge (p=0.000) and sanitation hygiene (p=0.000) of the incidence of stunting in the working area of the Banabungi Public Health Center. This study concluded that to prevent the toddler from stunting we need to increase the mother’s knowledge against stunting and efforts to improve sanitation hygiene to minimize the risk of infection which can affect the nutritional status of toddlers. Therefore, this study should be a base for the government to provide socialization about nutrition and hygiene sanitation to the community so that it can be applied in daily life.

Predictive Utility of Composite Child Feeding Indices (CCFIs) for Child Nutritional Status: Comparative Analyses for the Most Suitable Formula for Constructing an Optimum CCFI.

Composite child feeding indices (CCFIs) developed from various relevant measures of dietary intake by infants and young children have several potential applications in nutritional epidemiological studies for the development and deployment of precise public health nutrition interventions against child undernutrition. The predictive utility of some CCFIs (computed from varying formulation components) for child nutritional status (stunting, wasting, and underweight) were compared. The purpose of the study was to identify the most suitable among them for possible standardization, validation, and adoption by nutritional health researchers. Using cluster sampling, data from 581 mother–child pairs were collected. Multivariable regression analyses were applied to the data obtained through a community-based analytical cross-sectional survey design. Three of the CCFIs were found to be significantly associated with only wasting (WHZ) from the linear regression models after adjusting for potential confounders and/or correlates. None of the CCFIs (whether in the continuous nor categorical form) was consistently predictive of all three measures of child nutritional status, after controlling for potential confounders and/or correlates, irrespective of the choice of regression method. CCFI 5 was constructed using a dimension reduction technique—namely principal component analysis (PCA)—as the most optimal summary index in terms of predictiveness for child wasting status, validity, and reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.80) that captured relevant dimensions of optimal child food intake. The dimension reduction approach that was used in constructing CCFI 5 is recommended for standardization, validation, and possible adoption for wider applicability across heterogeneous population settings as an optimum CCFI usable for nutritional epidemiological studies among children under five years.

Pemberian makanan tambahan subtitusi tepung ikan gabus (PMT-tibus) dalam meningkatkan status gizi anak balita

Stunting is caused by inadequate nutrient intake in children and low parental knowledge, so it is necessary to provide additional food and nutrition education for parents. This study aims to determine the effect of providing supplementary food of snakehead fish flour substitution (called PMT-Tibus) on the nutritional status of children under five stunted. The study design used a randomized pretest-posttest control design. The study was conducted in Makassar City in 2019, using a sample of 24 people in each group. Group-1 was given PMT-Tibus with online nutrition education, while group-2 was only given online nutrition education. PMT-Tibus is given every day while the mother’s nutrition education is conducted periodically for one month. Nutritional status data was collected using anthropometric methods—processing and analyzing data using SPSS. WAZ of group-1 was increased by 0,11 ± 0,28. Otherwise, the WAZ of group-2 was decreased by -0,11 ± 0,42. HAZ of group-1 and group-2 increased (0,22 ± 0,31 vs 0,24 ± 0,31). WHZ of group-1 increased by 0,4 ± 0,04 and group-2 was decreased by -0,37 ± 0,68. There was a significant difference in WAZ and WHZ scores between the two groups, respectively, whit all p values &lt; 0,05. Snakehead fish flour-based supplementary feeding (PMT-Tibus) and online nutrition education can improve the nutritional status of WAZ and WHZ in stunted toddlers.

Asupan makanan dengan kejadian stunting pada keluarga nelayan di Kota Bengkulu

The prevalence of stunting in coastal areas in fishing families in Bengkulu city is 29,4%. The potential possessed by coastal areas is not accompanied by the welfare of the lives of the people who occupy low economic strata, including in fulfilling nutrition. This study aimed to determine the relationship between energy consumption, protein, fat, carbohydrates, zinc, and iron with the incidence of stunting aged 1-59 months in fishing families in Bengkulu city. The cross-sectional research method was carried out in 2020 in Padang Serai and Malabro villages, which are fishers' family areas in Bengkulu city. Samples were children under five and mothers respondents with a total of 74. Data on food intake of children under five, obtained through the Food Frequency Questionnaire-Semi Quantitative (SQ-FFQ) and analyzed by nutrisurvey and microtoice to measure height were analyzed by HAZ index. The analysis used Chi-square statistical test. The results showed that there was a relationship between intake of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and zinc in the incidence of stunting under five (p &lt; 0,05), and there was no relationship between iron intake and the incidence of stunting under five (p &gt; 0,05). In conclusion, toddlers with adequate food intake are associated with the incidence of stunting in fishing families. Toddlers need a balanced nutritional intake to prevent stunting through increasing maternal nutritional knowledge.

The Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on the Healthy Eating and Movement Behaviors of 0-12-Year-Old Children in Western Sydney, Australia.

This study examined effects of COVID-19 restrictions in early 2020 on movement (physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep) and healthy eating behaviors in families with 0–12-year-old children in western Sydney, Australia. A total of 1,371 parents completed an online survey about changes in children's and families' food intake and movement behaviors. There was an increase in sedentary screen use by children (4.18/5.00) and families (3.91/5.00) and a slight increase in reported physical activity (3.56/5.00), amount of food consumed (3.58/5.00) and meals and snacks eaten (3.69/5.00) during the height of the COVID-19 restrictions compared to before. There was little change in reported sleep (3.17/5.00). Lower socioeconomic families were disproportionately affected, with greater increases in unhealthy eating (t = 2.739, P = 0.06), lower levels of improvement in physical activity, such as walking and cycling (t = −7.521, P < 0.001) and outdoor activity (t = 5.415, p < 0.001), and higher increases in family sedentary behavior (t = 2.313, P = 0.021). Therefore, even short periods of restrictions can result in detrimental health behavior changes. Such changes could become entrenched leading to increased risk of lifestyle diseases. Programmatic and policy strategies should be geared toward promoting healthy movement behaviors, focusing on families of lower socioeconomic status to ensure the pandemic does not widen an existing gap.

Socioeconomic vulnerabilities and food intake in European children: The Feel4Diabetes Study

ObjectivesSocioeconomic inequalities create substantial burdens influencing children's health status and diet quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cumulative socioeconomic vulnerabilities and differences in the food intake of children. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 12 041 European parent–child dyads (children were 5–12 y of age with 49% boys) enrolled in the Feel4 Diabetes study. Parents completed standardized questionnaires to record details on socioeconomic status (SES), demographic, and children's frequency of food and beverage intake. Vulnerable groups were defined as children whose parents had <12 y of education, were unemployed, or reported difficult household income security. A cumulative SES vulnerability score (range 0–4) was created by adding the number of vulnerabilities a child was exposed to. ResultsLogistic regression showed that children with the highest SES vulnerability score were less likely to consume water (odds ratio [OR], 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30–0.59), fresh fruit (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56–0.78) and vegetables (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.56–0.81) daily in comparison with those with no SES vulnerabilities, whereas they were more likely to consume canned fruit (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.64-3.24), fruit juice (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.14-1.77), soft drinks (regular: OR, 4.85; 95% CI, 3.85-6.10; diet: OR, 4.81; 95% CI, 3.28-7.06), and salty snacks/fast food (OR, 3.92; 95% CI, 3.05-5.04) daily, after adjusting for children's age, sex, country, and weight status. ConclusionThe findings of this study highlighted that an unhealthy dietary profile was characteristic of European children in families with a high number of SES vulnerabilities. School-based public health programs promoting healthy eating in children should prioritize families with cumulative SES vulnerabilities.

Assessing the Diets of Young Children and Adolescents in India: Challenges and Opportunities.

Sustainably addressing the crisis of undernutrition for children and adolescents in underserved and resource-limited communities will require, among other investments, interventions aimed at optimizing the diets of these vulnerable populations. However, to date, there are substantial global gaps in the collection of dietary data in children and adolescents. This review article summarizes the challenges and opportunities in assessing diet among children and adolescents in India. National surveys in India identify the scale of the triple burden of malnutrition (undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and overnutrition) in children and adolescents and assess key nutrition and food security indicators for making informed policy decisions. However, national surveys do not collect data on diet, instead relying on anthropometry, biomarkers of micronutrient deficiencies, and summary measures of diet, such as the WHO infant and young child feeding summary indicators. Sub-national surveys and the scientific literature thus fill important gaps in describing the nutrient intakes of children and adolescents in India; however large gaps remain. Future research can be improved by investments in infrastructure to streamline the assessment of diet in India. The current challenges confronting the collection and analysis of high-quality dietary data occur in both the data collection and data analysis phases. Common methods for assessing diets in low-resource settings—such as 24 h recalls and food frequency questionnaires are particularly challenging to implement well in young children and adolescents due to motivation and memory issues in young respondents. Additionally, there are challenges with parental recall including children having multiple caretakers and meals outside the home. Furthermore, analysis of dietary data is hindered by the lack of affordable, accessible software for dietary data analysis relevant to the diversity in Indian diets. New technologies can address some of the challenges in dietary data collection and analysis, but to date, there are no platforms designed for population-level dietary assessment in India. Public and private sector investment in dietary assessment, as well as collaboration of researchers and the creation of open-source platforms for the sharing of data inputs (local food lists, recipe databases, etc.) will be essential to build infrastructure to better understand the diets of children and adolescents in India and improve dietary interventions in these target groups.