Developmental Problems In Children Research Articles

“Stop, pause and take a break”: a mixed methods study of the longer-term outcomes of digital emotional wellbeing training for perinatal women

BackgroundMaternal psychological distress is related to poorer physical and mental health as well as child developmental problems. Interventions that optimise maternal mental health and wellbeing during the “first 1,000 days” of life should have wide-reaching benefits for the mother and her child. Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) during this critical period have the potential to equip women with enhanced coping strategies that can be applied and maintained in daily life. This study aimed to understand uptake of DMHIs in pregnancy, and the extent participants apply intervention strategies 10–12 months post-participation in a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing different digital programs.MethodsA mixed methods triangulation approach was undertaken. We explored demographic data and psychological distress measures in the intervention groups and a comparison group that were offered the intervention but did not participate or did not meet the inclusion criteria based on gestational age (n = 525). Intervention participants (n = 54) were invited to undertake an interview up to 12 months post-intervention to understand ongoing skills application. Fifteen interviews were undertaken using a phenomenological approach to analyse the data.ResultsBaseline psychological distress results showed a significant difference between those who enrolled in the intervention, compared to those who did not, with higher psychological distress (combined), and stress and depression (sub-scale) scores for the intervention groups. Qualitative content analysis identified four main themes relating to long-term engagement: (1) Motivations to use skills; (2) Taking time for oneself; (3) Emotional support; and (4) Improving wellbeing (such as aids sleep and emotional impacts). Within each theme there were several sub-themes, including enablers or barriers to engagement.ConclusionsThis study indicated that women who chose to enrol in DMHIs in pregnancy have greater psychological distress than those who chose not to participate. Many participants in this study continued to apply learnt skills in everyday life, such as breathing exercises. This implies that digital strategies may be effective and applicable longer-term to enable women to apply positive coping skills during critical child developmental periods. Ultimately, this will contribute to designing apps that sustain wellbeing and could be protective in preventing postnatal psychological distress.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number (ACTRN12620000672954p); (12/06/2020).

The importance of birth cohort studies to low and middle income countries

ABSTRACT In order to discern the causes of the health and developmental problems of children, and thence develop preventative strategies, longitudinal cohort studies offer major advantages. They can monitor the consequences of exposure to physical and psychological events and thence identify antecedents of various disorders. We describe the historical background to the development in the UK of this study design, and the uptake of longitudinal birth cohorts in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), using the cohorts in Jamaica, South Africa and Brazil as exemplars. We describe the benefits of such studies and show how undertaking longitudinal cohort studies can have major health and financial benefits to the populations concerned. Additionally, the paper outlines the advantages of collaboration between studies and the pooling of data.

Aus Klinik und Praxis / From Clinic and Practice. Die Erweiterung der psychotherapeutischen Perspektive durch bifokale Young Child Observation. Methodisches und Kasuistisches zur Konzeption der Vienna Parent-Toddler Group Study

Expanding the Psychotherapeutic PerspectiveThrough Bifocal Young Child Observation. Methodological and Case-Related Considerations on the Design of the Vienna Parent-Toddler Group Study The parent-toddler group concept was developed at the Anna Freud Centre in London. Since 2021 it has also been used at the Child Guidance Clinic in Vienna.The Vienna Parent-Toddler Group (PTG) study investigates the significance of participation in such a therapeutic group for changes in children's relational experiences and developmental problems in their families. Among other research tools, the bifocal use of Young Child Observation according to the Tavistock concept is used:The children are observed as continuously as possible in their interactions and relations both in the group and at home.The article first describes the background and the design of the research project. Subsequently, with reference to accounts from the observation of a child with eating problems, it is shown in which respect this observation design provides a deeper understanding of the eating problem. Finally, the arguments for and against an early exchange of considerations between the observers and the psychotherapists are discussed.

Interventions to address parenting stress among caregivers of children with chronic diseases: An umbrella review.

Caregivers of children with chronic diseases suffer from great parenting pressure, which directly affects the treatment and rehabilitation of children, reduces the quality of life of caregivers and damages family functioning. Existing reviews have not systematically summarized and evaluated interventions for parenting stress in caregivers of children with chronic diseases. Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, OVID, CNKI, CBM, Wan Fang and Cochrane Library were searched for eligible reviews in November 2021 and October 2022. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, reviewed full texts of articles for eligibility, and appraised the quality of reviews using JBI. The quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. Findings are reported in accordance with PRISMA checklist. Narrative summaries grouped findings by intervention types. Out of 2632 records, we included 21 systematic reviews for a synthesis. Interventions for parenting stress in children with chronic diseases were divided into seven categories. Cognitive behavioural interventions, psychosocial interventions, child behavioural and/or developmental parent interventions and synthesized interventions have shown high-level evidence in reducing parenting stress for caregivers of children with chronic diseases. Furthermore, outcome measures and intervention protocols were highly heterogeneous across interventions. This umbrella review suggest that reducing the parenting stress of caregivers of children with chronic diseases can directly target caregivers' parenting stress through cognitive behavioural interventions/psychosocial interventions and/or provide guidance to parents on the behavioural and developmental problems of children with chronic diseases. A more standardized approach to outcome measures is essential to assess efficacy and compare interventions across studies. The findings provide information and evidence for reducing parenting stress among caregivers of children with chronic diseases to guide the development of comprehensive intervention strategies. Patient or public contribution does not apply to this study.

Study on primary screening technique for children with autism spectrum disorder

To explore screening tools for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which are convenient for primary hospitals, it can provide basic data for formulating ASD prevention policies. This was a cross-sectional study by cluster sampling. Huyi District and Xincheng District were extracted for investigation in Xi'an City. From July 2021 to September 2022, all children aged from 3 months to 36 months who live in the two districts were subjected to primary screening. The child care physician used the routine screening tool "warning signs checklist for screening psychological, behavioral and developmental problems of children" and cartoon pictures of "early high-risk warning signs of autism", the children who were positive in the initial screening were referred to the district level maternal and child health hospital for re-screening, and those who were positive in the re-screening were referred to Xi 'an Children's Hospital for diagnosis. The results showed that a total of 17 905 children aged from 3 months to 36 months were initially screened in the two districts, including 10 588 children aged from 18 months to 36 months, 50 children who were positive in the initial screening and 50 children who were re-screened. 23 children (18 boys and 5 girls) were diagnosed with ASD. The prevalence rate of ASD in children was 2.17‰ (95% confidence interval:1.29‰-3.06‰). 42 children were positive for "warning signs checklist" at the preliminary screening, and 19 were confirmed as ASD. 27 children were positive for "cartoon pictures" in the preliminary screening, and 23 were confirmed with ASD. The "cartoon pictures" in the preliminary screening and diagnosis of consistent rate was higher than the "warning signs checklist", two kinds of screening methods comparison were statistically significant difference in the odds of consistent (χ2=11.01, P=0.001). In conclusion, relying on the three-level network of maternal and child health care, it is conducive to the whole process management of screening and diagnosis of children with ASD, and to guide the formulation of prevention policies. The cartoon pictures of "early high-risk warning signs of autism" can assist the identification of children with ASD based on the "warning signs checklist", which is simple, effective and suitable for promotion in the community health care.

Analysis of Stunting Factors in Toddlers Using Data Mining Method the Apriori Algorithm

Stunting is one of the developmental problems in children which is influenced by many factors. Experts of nutrition mention several influencing factors such as nutrition during pregnancy, the mother's knowledge about nutrition, limited access to services, and inadequate access to sanitation and water hygiene. These patterns will be analyzed using a data mining method. In this study, 557 stunting data in Jakarta will be analyzed. The data mining method used is the association rule with the a priori algorithm. The steps taken are to perform data cleaning, data integration, data transformation, data mining, and pattern evaluation. There are many attributes in the data studied, but it is determined that several attributes are appropriate to obtain optimal results. The attributes taken are adjusted to research from the health sector. The test results produce several association rules. From all the association rules obtained using the Apriori algorithm, it is taken that meets a minimum support of 0.2 and a minimum confidence of 0.5. There is a result of 73% of the total meeting the minimum support and confidence. So that the results of the association rules can be used by health experts and stakeholders as a reference in determining policy.

Parental perspectives on the impact of screen time on the language skills of typically developing Indian children.

The overuse of screen-based devices results in developmental problems in children. Parents are an integral part of the children's language development. The present study explores the parental perspectives on the impact of screen time on the language skills of typically developing school-going children using a developed questionnaire. 192 parents of typically developing children between 6 and 10 years of age participated in the study. Phase 1 of the study included the development of a questionnaire targeting the impact of screen devices on language development. The questionnaire was converted into an online survey and was circulated among the parents in Phase 2. Descriptive statistics were performed on the retrieved data and a chi-square test was done to determine the association between the use of screen devices across all language parameters. Parents reported television and smartphones to be the most used type of device, with a large proportion of children using screen-based devices for 1-2 hours per day. Most parents reported children prefer watching screens mainly for entertainment purposes, occasionally under supervision, without depending on them as potential rewards. The impact of screen-based devices on language skills has been discussed under the semantics, syntax, and pragmatic aspects of language. The findings of this study will help identify the existing trends in the usage of screen-based devices by children, thereby identifying potential contributing factors towards language delays. This information will also benefit in parental counselling during the interventional planning of children with language delays.

INFLUENCE OF BABY MASSAGE KIT (BABY MASSAGE, MUSIC, AROMA THERAPY) ON BABY DEVELOPMENT at BIDAN'S PRIVATE PRACTICE IN PRUMNAS DISTRICT OF REJANG LEBONG DISTRICT

Aspects of development are gross motor, fine motor, personal social, and language. child development problems such as motor delays. Developmental delays in children can be prevented by providing stimulation that can improve development in children. one form of stimulation is baby massage. This study aims to determine the effect of baby massage KIT (baby massage, music, aromaTherapy) on the development of toddlers in the independent practice of midwives in the working area of the health center prumnas rejang lebong Bengkulu.Quasi Experimental research design, with pre test and post test design with control group.The population in this study were all toddlers in the working area of Perumnas Health Center, Rejang lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province. The sample was toddlers in the work area of Perumnas Health Center, Rejang lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. The number of samples in this study were 42 respondents, with the criteria of 21 respondents in each group. The data collection tool in this study used a questionnaire to determine the characteristics of the respondent's mother, development in toddlers. Data collection for development using KPSP instruments. The data analysis used was the Wilcoxon test and the man whitney test. The results showed the influence of baby massage KIT (baby massage, music, aroma therapy) on the development of toddlers with a value of P <0.05. Conclusion: There is an effect of baby massage KIT (baby massage, music, aromaTherapy) on the development of toddlers. man whitney test obtained p value 0.000 <0.05 this means there is a difference in influence between baby massage Kit and conventional massage counseling on development

Exploring the Impact of Homoeopathy on Developmental Problems in Children

Exploring the Impact of Homoeopathy on Developmental Problems in Children

Hubungan antara Keterampilan Literasi Awal dengan Kemampuan Bahasa Pragmatik pada Anak Umur Prasekolah di Taman Kanak-Kanak Marsudirini Surakarta

ABSTRACT
 Background: In 2018, Indonesia is still faced with child development problems. There are around 56.34% of preschoolers experiencing delays in developments such as reading and writing. The development of literacy is important to pay attention to and in early childhood development, language really needs to be developed considering the importance of language for all of us. Viewed from the aspect of language, pragmatics is the highest stage of language, pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that discusses what is included in the structure of language as a means of communication between speakers and listeners. Objective: This research aims to find out the correlation between early literacy skills and pragmatic language skills in preschool-aged children in TK Marsudirini Surakarta. Method: The type of research used is quantitative. The research design to be used is a correlational study. The sampling technique that will be used in this research is purposive sampling. The number of samples that have been used in this research were 30 respondents. Result: The results showed that 6 respondents (20%) were in the early literacy skills category, the sufficient category was 11 respondents (36.7%), and the good category was 13 respondents (43.3%). Respondents in pragmatic language skills in the unable category were 14 respondents (46.7%) and in the able category were 16 respondents (53.3%). Bivariate analysis used the Spearman Rank statistical test with a ???? value of 0.001 and a correlation coefficient of 0.732. This shows that the direction of the correlation between the two variables is positive, which means that if one variable increases, the other variable will develop. Conclusion: There is a correlation between early literacy skills and pragmatic language skills in preschool-aged children in TK Marsudirini Surakarta with a strong correlation strength.
 Keywords: Literacy Skills, Pragmatic Language, Preshool Children

Awareness of children's developmental problems and sharing of concerns with parents by preschool teachers and childcare workers: The Japanese context.

This study aims to determine the extent to which preschool teachers and childcare workers are aware of the presence of developmental problems among children and to what extent they share information with parents about their concerns regarding a child's development or diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We wrote to all 924 preschools and childcare centres in Japan's Nagano and Yamanashi prefectures to request participants. We then sent survey forms to the preschools and childcare centres that agreed to cooperate for three grades comprising 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds in the school year 2020. We asked the staff member in charge of each child to complete the survey. The survey included questions about the teacher's concerns regarding the possibility of an NDD and whether the matter had been shared with the children's parents. We obtained data for 10 354 children from 206 preschools and childcare centres (response rate = 22.3%). Among these children, 457 (4.4%) had an NDD diagnosis that their parents shared with the teachers. However, the teachers of 1274 children (12.3%) had concerns regarding their development but were not informed by the parents about the diagnosis, if any. These 1274 children included 775 (60.8%) cases where the teachers failed to share their concerns with parents because (1) the teachers could not communicate with parents (n = 119), (2) the teachers were not sure if there was a neurodevelopmental problem (n = 360) and (3) the parents were not aware of the problem (n = 296). Preschool teachers and childcare workers had concerns about the development of a substantial proportion of children in their charge. However, teachers and childcare workers did not share their concerns regarding many children's developmental problems with their parents. The findings suggest that there are challenges in information-sharing between teachers/childcare workers and parents.

Ebeveynlerin Çocuğa Yönelik Temsillerinin ve İlgili Ebeveyn Davranışlarının Çocuğa Etkileri

Parental representations tend to be formed in the prenatal period and affect the child- parent relationship in the long term. Therefore, in the clinical environment, it is important to define parents’ representations to increase the success of therapeutic interventions and prevent childhood psychopathologies with various intervention programs. With this concern, the aim of this review was to summarize the literature about parental representations and their relationship between parenting behavior, and childhood developmental problems. Related to this purpose, this review includes the definition and categories of parental representations, the factors which contribute to parental representations, and the relations between parenting and childhood developmental problems.

Screening for early warning of psychological crisis and intervention in children aged 8-18 years with cancer: a historical controlled trial.

Childhood cancer is becoming an emerging healthcare issue in mainland China. Extensive evidence in the literature has demonstrated that cancer and its treatment experience can cause psychological distress that can lead to developmental problems in children with cancer. This study aims to screen for early warning of psychological crisis in children aged 8-18 years with cancer, establish a model of early warning intervention for children with cancer, and explore its application effects. We recruited 345 children with cancer and aged 8-18 years as the study participants, of whom 173 children were selected as historical controls during the period between December 2019 and March 2020 and 172 children were selected as the intervention group during the period between July 2020 and October 2020. The routine nursing model was adopted for the control group, and the early warning and intervention model was applied for the intervention group. The early warning and intervention model consisted of four stages: (1) establishing a management team to assess the risk of psychological crisis, (2) developing a three-level early warning response mechanism, (3) developing specific response plans, and (4) creating an evaluation summary and optimization mode. The DASS-21 was used to evaluate the psychological status of children with cancer before and 3 months after the intervention. The average age of the control group was 11.43 ± 2.39 years, with 58.96% boys and 61.27% diagnosed with leukemia. The average age of the intervention group was 11.62 ± 2.31 years, with 58.72% boys and 61.63% diagnosed with leukemia. There was a significant reduction in depressive symptoms (4.91 ± 3.98, t = 12.144, P < 0.05), anxiety symptoms (5.79 ± 4.34, t = 8.098, P < 0.05), and stress symptoms (6.98 ± 4.67, t = 11.22, P < 0.05) in the intervention group. The incidence rates of depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly lower in the intervention group (12.79%, 29.07%, and 5.23%, respectively) than in the control group (46.82%, 49.71%, and 27.17%, respectively) (all P's < 0.05). Our study suggests that the early detection and timely management of psychological symptoms through a nursing intervention model can effectively reduce depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms in Chinese children with cancer. Future work should include conducting qualitative interviews to understand the psychological experiences of children with cancer throughout their entire life cycle.

Known groups validity of the SPARK36: To guide nurse-led consultations for the early detection of child developmental and parenting problems.

Early detection of child developmental and parenting problems is important for timely prevention. The SPARK36 (Structured Problem Analysis of Raising Kids aged 36 months) is a novel broad-scope structured interview guide aimed at assessing parenting concerns and needs for support for child developmental and parenting problems, using the parental and professional's (Youth Health Care nurses) perspective. The applicability of the SPARK36 in practice was already demonstrated. Our aim was to evaluate its known groups validity. SPARK36 data were collected in a cross-sectional study in 2020-2021. The known groups validity was assessed by testing two hypotheses: the SPARK36 risk assessment shows a higher risk of parenting and child developmental problems in children (1) from parents with a lower socioeconomic status and (2) from families with ≥4 risk factors for child maltreatment. To test the hypotheses, Fisher's exact tests were applied. In total, 29 Youth Health Care nurses from four School Health Services performed SPARK36-led consultations with 599 parent-child pairs to assess the risk for child developmental and parenting problems. Both hypotheses were accepted at a significant p level. The results of the known groups validity support the hypothesis that the SPARK36 risk assessment for child developmental and parenting problems is carried out in a valid way. Future research is needed to assess other aspects of the validity and reliability of the SPARK36. This is a first step in validating the instrument for use during a nurse-led consultation with parents of 3-year-olds in Flemish School Health Services. Thereby, SPARK36 supports the nurses in accomplishing their assignment, making a risk assessment, and contributes to quality of care. This study aimed to evaluate the known groups validity of the SPARK36. Therefore, it was not conducted using input from the public or the patient population.

Examination of physical activity development in early childhood: protocol for a longitudinal cohort study of mother-toddler dyads

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) development in toddlers (age 1 and 2 years) is not well understood, partly because of a lack of analytic tools for accelerometer-based data processing that can accurately evaluate PA among toddlers. This has led to a knowledge gap regarding how parenting practices around PA, mothers’ PA level, mothers’ parenting stress, and child developmental and behavioral problems influence PA development in early childhood.MethodsThe Child and Mother Physical Activity Study is a longitudinal study to observe PA development in toddlerhood and examine the influence of personal and parental characteristics on PA development. The study is designed to refine and validate an accelerometer-based machine learning algorithm for toddler activity recognition (Aim 1), apply the algorithm to compare the trajectories of toddler PA levels in males and females age 1–3 years (Aim 2), and explore the association between gross motor development and PA development in toddlerhood, as well as how parenting practices around PA, mothers’ PA, mothers’ parenting stress, and child developmental and behavioral problems are associated with toddlerhood PA development (Exploratory Aims 3a-c).DiscussionThis study will be one of the first to use longitudinal data to validate a machine learning activity recognition algorithm and apply the algorithm to quantify free-living ambulatory movement in toddlers. The study findings will help fill a significant methodological gap in toddler PA measurement and expand the body of knowledge on the factors influencing early childhood PA development.

Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Angka Kejadian ISPA Akut pada Balita Usia 0-11 Bulan Disumatra Utara pada Tahun 2018

Developmental problems in children in Indonesia and in developing countries are generally caused by two things, namely poor nutritional conditions and infectious diseases. The high number of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) is caused by one of the factors that must also be known by the public is the nutritional status including malnutrition. This study aims to find the correlation between of nutritional status with the incidence of ispa in toddlers in the tompaso health center of minahasa regency. This research used quantitative with a cross sectional approach. Sampling in this study using the Purposive Sampling method obtained the number of samples as many as 100 respondents. The study was conducted by calcilating of z-score nutritional status of toddlers according to WHO and according to health professional assesment. The data analyzed using the Chi-square test. of the study based on nutritional status characteristics obtained malnutrition as many as 8 toddlers, malnutrition as many as 10 toddlers, then the characteristics of ARI were obtained who temporarily experienced ARI as many as 12 toddlers and those who did not or had previously experienced ARI as many as 6 toddlers. Based on the characteristics of the nutritional status of children under five in the working area of the Delitua Health Center, Deli Serdang Regency, they are in the good nutrition category, the incidence of ISPA in children under five at the Tompaso Health Center, Kab. Minahasa is in the category of temporarily experiencing ARI. There is a relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ARI in toddlers at the Delitua Health Center, Deli Serdang Regency

Quantifying the contribution of poverty and family adversity to adverse child outcomes in the UK: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

BackgroundAdolescent health is poor in the UK, with higher prevalence of adverse outcomes in adolescents exposed to family adversities that cluster with poverty from early life. However, little evidence exists to quantify the contribution of these exposures to poor child health in the UK to inform policy. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of child physical, mental, cognitive, and behavioural outcomes that could be prevented if exposure to poverty and family adversity during childhood were eliminated. MethodsWe used nationally representative birth cohort data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study to calculate population attributable fractions. Exposure trajectories were characterised using previously developed group-based multi-trajectory models of childhood adversities up to age 14 years, including low poverty and family adversity, persistent poverty, persistent parental alcohol use, persistent domestic violence and abuse, and persistent poverty and poor parental mental health trajectory; and we assessed the effect of these trajectories on adolescent outcomes using regression models. These models were used to calculate population attributable fractions by contrasting a hypothetical scenario in which all children were in a low poverty and family adversity trajectory with the real-world scenario. FindingsThe identified exposure trajectories contributed substantially to the burden of childhood developmental problems. Compared with the low poverty and family adversity trajectory, the overall percentage of socioemotional behavioural problems at age 14 years attributable to persistent poverty and family adversity trajectories was 54% (95% CI 45–60). A percentage of 36·1% (95% CI 21·8–46·2) was reported for drug experimentation, 32·6% (18·8–40·7) for cognitive disability, and 27·4% (12·9–34·9) for obesity (appendix). InterpretationPoverty and family adversity contribute to a substantial burden of adverse child health and developmental outcomes in the UK population. FundingThe National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and the UK Medical Research Council.

Doughnut” Shaped Mesiodens Associated With Impacted Central Incisor: A Case Report

Supernumerary tooth is one of the developmental problems in children. Mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth present in the midline between the two central incisors. It usually results in oral problems such as malocclusion, food impaction, poor aesthetics, and cyst formation, delayed eruption and impaction central incisor. It is usually an extra tooth with a cone- or - peg-shaped crown and a short root or a supplemental tooth. The purpose of the presentation is to describe an unusual morphology and management of mesiodens associated with impacted central incisor

Impact of the orientation program on sexuality among parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities

Parents of persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities are usually distressed by the progressive deteriorating conditions of their children with differential abilities. Children of parents with intellectual disabilities are considered to be at risk for child neglect, and developmental and behavioral problems, due to parenting skill deficits. Years of research have demonstrated that parents with intellectual disabilities can be taught a variety of parenting skills through behavioral skills training with corresponding benefits to their children. Whereas the parents play a prima facie role in the upliftment of their children from the day they are born. On knowing the condition of their child after birth they face the vicious cycle of denial, shock, and worthlessness. This condition creates negative perceptions and stigmatizes them to the condition. They start searching for gainful resources from where they could find some practical solution for their child. In this scenario, some parents show optimism whereas some are pessimistic about the present situation they are dwelt in. The professionals in the field of disability rehabilitation play a significant role in this crisis situation of parents, helping them to resolve the issue, empowering them to come out of the crisis situation, and molding their perception positively towards the cause, by facilitating their active participation in various training programs. Parents from their own seek various training resources to meet the challenges with regard to their child with special needs. Throughout the world, there are various kinds of training programs that are aimed to reconcile the challenging situation of parents having children with different abilities. The present study seeks to understand the underlying factors that facilitate the participation of parents of children with special needs. In this study, 100 such parents including 14 fathers and 86 mothers were studied using group and single case design that includes direct observation of the parenting behavior of parents with Intellectual and developmental disabilities with IQs ranging from 35 to 49 from the preschool and primary group of students. The study is restricted to the city of Secunderabad.

PRENATAL DEPRESSION’S IMPACT ON NEWBORNS AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Background: Depression throughout pregnancy may be a drawback that's still under-addressed in midwifery services, so many studies have found that there is an influence between pregnancy depression on child development in the future. Objective: To understand prenatal depression’s impact on newborns and its long-term effects on child development from mothers who are depressed during pregnancy. Methods: The author used 10 reliable journals that discuss the impact of prenatal depression on birth outcomes and long-term effects on child development. Results: Several studies have additionally shown that prenatal depression has an effect on child development. The importance of paying attention to the mental health of mothers by partners, health workers, and the State is a preventive measure for children's health in the future. Conclusion: There are relationships between prenatal depression on child development, both emotional, behavioral, affective problems, physical growth, intelligence, neurobehavioral development, and other problems which can continue to affect their life. Besides, some studies suggest there is no relationship between prenatal depression and some developmental problems in children. It is better if health workers as doctors and midwives pay attention to the importance of maintaining the mental health of pregnant women as an initial preventive measure. Keywords: prenatal depression, newborns, child development.