Children's Depression Inventory Research Articles

Depressive disorders in children with chronic kidney disease treated conservatively.

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience a lot of mental and emotional stress, which can lead to the development of depressive disorders. The prevalence of depressive disorders in CKD children is estimated to be between 7% and 35%. The aim of our study was to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of depression and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with CKD treated conservatively. The cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in 73 CKD children aged 8-18 and in 92 of their parents. To assess the mental wellbeing of CKD children, Kovacs's Children's Depression Inventory 2 (CDI2) was used as CDI2: Self-Report and CDI2: Parent Form. The majority of CKD children acquired medium scores in CDI2, 11% of participants reported symptoms suggesting depressive disorder, and among them 8.2% met the criteria for depression. A significant relationship was found between age and interpersonal problems, age at CKD diagnosis, and total score and ineffectiveness, CKD duration and total score/emotional problems. Depressive symptoms were associated with the stage of CKD, and they differed significantly between stages III and IV. We noticed the child-parent disagreement on reported depressive symptoms. Parents perceive their children's mental state as worse than the children themselves. There is a problem of depression in children with CKD treated conservatively. Variables associated with depressive symptoms in CKD children treated conservatively require further study. Key factors predisposing to the development of depression seem to be age at the time of diagnosis, disease duration, and progression of CKD from stage III to IV. Disparities between depressive symptoms self-reported by CKD children and their parents' assessment require further analysis. However, these disparaties indicate that the final diagnosis of the occurrence of depressive disorders should be based on a multidimensional assessment of the patient's situation.

Unveiling a novel clinical risk assessment model for identifying non-suicidal self-injury risks in depressed Chinese adolescents amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from low self-esteem, internet use, and sleep disturbance.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a highly prevalent behavioral problem among depression adolescent patients that can result in numerous adverse outcomes. This study endeavors to bridge this knowledge gap by creating a comprehensive model that incorporates multiple aspects of NSSI to accurately evaluate its risk in adolescents with depression, thereby enhancing our ability to prevent and address this challenging issue. Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited 302 adolescents with depressive disorders who visited or were hospitalized at Shandong Mental Health Center from December 2021 to June 2022. The participants completed several self-report questionnaires, including the Chinese version of the Internet Addiction Test, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire, the Defeat Scale, the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale and the Children's Depression Inventory. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the diagnostic factors, which were further used to establish clinical risk assessment models. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to identify the best model. An external validating team was introduced to verify the assessing efficiency. Based on a logistic regression analysis, three variables have been identified as significant risk factors. Specifically, adolescents with depression who experience low self-esteem, internet use, or suffer from sleep disturbance face an increased risk of NSSI. An integrated risk index for NSSI exhibits excellent accuracy in identifying depressed adolescents at risk of NSSI (area under the curve = 0.86, sensitivity = 0.88, specificity = 0.69). In the validation cohort, the identification performance remains strong (area under the curve = 0.84, sensitivity = 0.72, specificity = 0.81). This study highlighted the role of self-esteem, internet use and sleep disturbance in the development of NSSI. The risk index diagnosing NSSI onset may help to guide the design and application of novel interventions to minimize this risky behavior in future depressed adolescents.

Problematic video gaming is negatively associated with bone mineral density in adolescents.

Adolescent bone health may be negatively impacted by problematic video gaming (PVG) due to factors such as prolonged screen time, poor sleep quality, and increased depression. Although sedentary behaviors have been linked to decreased bone mass, there is limited research on how PVG impacts bone health. We aimed to evaluate the association between PVG and bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents by comparing the BMD z-scores of adolescents with and without PVG and by identifying PVG-related risk factors that may affect low BMD scores. This cross-sectional study took place between May 2019 and August 2021 with 110 adolescents who played video games for at least two hours per day. Data on screen time, game genre, tobacco, alcohol, caffeine consumption, and vigorous physical activity status were recorded. PVG was assessed using the Internet Gaming Disorder-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), with scores ≤ 16 comprising the control group and > 16 the PVG group. Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and depression was evaluated by Children's Depression Inventory. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD were compared between the two groups. The mean age of the participants was 14.2 ± 1.8years, and 86.4% were males. The PVG group exhibited lower femoral neck z-scores (p = 0.013) and a higher proportion of adolescents with low femoral neck BMD risk (27.8% vs 9.7%, p = 0.041). Lumber spine z-scores did not differ (p = 0.271). Despite poorer depressive symptoms and sleep quality in the PVG group, they were not associated with low BMD risk (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.97-1.08, p = 0.398 and OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.87-1.18, p = 0.972, respectively). Among all PVG-related risk factors, video game time (aOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.06-1.41, p = 0.006) and vigorous physical activity amount (aOR = 2.86, 95% CI = 0.93-8.76, p = 0.080) showed the strongest associations with femoral neck z-scores. Conclusion: The results of this study, showing a negative association between PVG and femoral neck BMD in adolescents, underscore the importance evaluating, monitoring, and supporting lower extremity bone health in adolescents with PVG. What is Known: • Adolescents with problematic video gaming are at risk for depression, impaired sleep; sedentary lifestyle; consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs; and high caffeine intake. • These risk factors might lead to compromised bone health. What is New: • Problematic video gaming is associated with the low femoral neck bone mineral density risk in adolescents. • Extended video game time and reduced physical activity are found to be the primary risk factors.

Impact of Child-Friendly Nursing on Reducing Anxiety, Fear, and Pain in Paediatric Circumcision: A Retrospective Study.

Paediatric circumcision is a standard surgical procedure that frequently induces anxiety, fear, and pain in young patients. Child-friendly nursing has shown potential in alleviating psychosocial distress in paediatric care settings. However, its specific impact on patients undergoing circumcision remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of child-friendly nursing in reducing patients' anxiety, fear and pain in patients undergoing paediatric circumcision. Clinical data of paediatric patients who underwent circumcision at Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province from January 2022 to November 2023 were retrospectively analysed. Patients were divided into the traditional nursing (January 2022 to December 2022) and child-friendly nursing (January 2023 to November 2023) groups. Psychosocial parameters, including anxiety, depression, pain, and fear, were assessed using the Children's Anxiety Meter-State (CAM-S), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS), and Children's Fear Scale (CFS), respectively. No significant differences were found in CAM-S, CDI, WBFPRS, and CFS scores between the two groups before intervention (p > 0.05). However, post-intervention scores for all parameters in the child-friendly nursing group were significantly lower than those in the traditional nursing group (p < 0.001). The results suggest that child-friendly nursing effectively reduces anxiety, depression, fear and pain in children undergoing circumcision. This study provides compelling evidence supporting the effectiveness of child-friendly nursing in enhancing surgical experiences and improving psychosocial outcomes for paediatric patients undergoing circumcision.

Abnormal Serum BDNF and p-mTOR in MDD in Adolescents with Childhood Trauma.

Adolescents with major depressive (MDD) episodes associated with childhood trauma have a poorer response to treatment and a higher risk of suicide. The underlying etiology is unclear. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) could improve depressive symptoms by down-regulating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways, which was involved in adverse environmental stimuli during neurodevelopment. BDNF and mTOR have not been reported simultaneously in adolescents with major depressive episodes associated with childhood trauma. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) were used to evaluate the recruited adolescents with major depression episodes. Serum BDNF and p-mTOR levels were measured by ELISA in 31 adolescents with major depression episodes with childhood trauma and 18 matched healthy control. The serum levels of BDNF were significantly lower (p<0.001); and the serum levels of p-mTOR were high (p=0.003) in the adolescents with the first episode of major depressive episode accompanied by childhood trauma. Of the 31 adolescents with major depressive episodes, 17 had suicide or self-injury. Compared with the healthy control group, the serum levels of BDNF in patients with suicide or self-injury were lower than those without suicide or self-injury(p<0.001); the serum levels of p-mTOR were higher than those without suicide or self-injury (p=0.01). While in patients without suicide or self-injury, only serum p-mTOR was significantly higher than that in healthy group (p=0.028).BDNF was negatively correlated with CDRS-R (r=-0.427, p=0.006), p-mTOR was positively correlated with CDI (r=0.364, p=0.048). According to Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC), the combination of serum BDNF and p-mTOR levels have better diagnostic value. Neurotrophic and signaling pathways, involving BDNF and p-mTOR, may play a role in adolescent MDD with a history of childhood trauma, especially patients with suicide and self-injury tendencies.

An analysis of risk factors and current status of depressive mood in mid-to-late adolescence and early adulthood in northern China.

At present, the incidence of adolescent depression is increasing each year, having a wide and profound impact on adolescents. This study investigated the mood state of mid-to-late adolescents and young adults and analyzed related factors; clarified the incidence of depression, suicide, and self-injurious thoughts/behaviors in this population; and conducted relevant analysis of related factors of depression and anxiety. Study subjects were students aged 14-25 years, from three high schools and one university in Liaoning Province. Study subjects were evaluated using several questionnaires that combined online and offline methods. Specifically, the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), Child Depression Inventory (CDI), the Chinese version of the Spence Child Anxiety Scale (SCAS), and a general questionnaire were utilized. Single-factor ANOVA, t-test, Chi-square, and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that, among the 14-17-year-old subjects, the incidence of depression was 336 (14.7%), the incidence of anxiety was 763 (33.5%). Among the 18-25-year-old subjects, the incidence of depression was 34 (8.6%), the incidence of anxiety was 7 (1.8%). In the general questionnaire, 2081 (77.8%) individuals were depressed, 689 (25.8%) had thoughts of self-injury, and 323 (12.1%) had self-injurious behaviors. Among the 14-17-year-old subjects, 1789 (78.46%) were depressed, 689 (30.22%) had self-injury thoughts, and 319 (1.71%) had self-injurious behaviors. Among the 18-25-year-old subjects, 292 (73.92%) were depressed, but 4 (1.01%) had self-injurious behaviors. The incidence of depression and anxiety in adolescents is high, presenting with a certain risk of self-injury. However, age is an important factor in the occurrence of depression and anxiety; among the 18-25-year-old subjects, the incidence of depression (8.6% vs. 4.7%) and anxiety (1.8% vs. 33.5%) was lower than that among the 14-17-year-old population. Through comparative analysis, adolescents aged 14-17 remained at high risk of depression and anxiety. In the analysis of risk factors for depression and anxiety, relationships with classmates, teachers, and parents were reported as important influencing factors of emotional state. Further, a good coping style was found to be protective against depression and anxiety.

Cognitive and psychosocial functioning in long-term survivors of pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant

Abstract Background Long-term survivors after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) may encounter issues that lower their quality of life. Data on the psychological effects of HSCT in childhood are scarce. Morever, the effect of HSCT on cognitive function is regarded as a key issue. Objectives Assess survivors of HSCT for cognitive or psychological affection and explore their quality of life after HSCT. Patients and methods A cross-sectional Study was conducted on 25 long-term survivors of HSCT. The children psychological aspects were assessed using Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), Self-esteem score of Rosenberg, Children Depression Inventory, Children anxiety scale, Pediatric Quality of Life (QOL),Wechsler III for IQ. Results The psychological evaluation scores of 14 males and 11 females showed that 28% of survivors had mild anxiety, 40% had a moderate anxiety and 32% had sever anxiety, according to PSC, 36% only reported emotional and behavioral problems. Regarding depression scale, 36% had mild depression and 12% had moderate depression and only 8% had severe depression. There was significant positive correlation between the survival period after transplantation and IQ (P value 0.008). There was statistically significant association between post-transplant infections and lower QOL (P value 0.047). Another significant association between chronic GVHD and lower self-esteem score (P value 0.031). Conclusion These findings brought to light ongoing issues with the cognitive and psychological evaluation of pediatric long-term survivors of HSCT, as well as the impact of chronic GVHD and post-transplant infection on their psychological evaluation, particularly on self-esteem score and QOL, respectively. Therefore, it is crucial to create focused treatments for pediatric HSCT care in Egypt. Psychologists must be a part of the transplantation care team.

Depressive symptoms and oral mucositis in children with oncological diseases: a cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between depressive symptoms and the occurrence of oral mucositis in children with oncological diseases treated at a reference hospital. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with individuals aged 4 to 18 years, diagnosed with primary neoplasms. Data was collected by using a questionnaire that assessed the degree of oral mucositis according to the World Health Organization index, the risk of oral mucositis according to the Child's International Mucositis Evaluation Scale, and depressive symptoms using the Children's Depression Inventory. The data were analyzed and subjected to Spearman's correlation, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test, considering p<0.05. A statistically significant correlation was observed between depressive symptoms and the degree of oral mucositis (p = 0.044), and also between the "pain" variable within the risk of oral mucositis and depressive symptoms (p = 0.021). Based on the findings, it can be inferred that oral mucositis may be associated with the development of depressive symptoms and may be influenced by the individual's hospitalization, thereby affecting the quality of life of pediatric patients.

Effectiveness of online group cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study.

To evaluate the effectiveness of online group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) based on the CAMALEO TOC manual in the treatment of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This is a quasi-experimental study with a single-group pretest-posttest intervention. Over a 12-week period, 11 adolescents aged 11 to 17 years with OCD participated in weekly online group CBT sessions based on the CAMALEO TOC manual. We used several assessment tools, including the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale to assess the severity of OCD symptoms, the Family Accommodation Scale for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-Interviewer-Rated to measure family accommodation, the Children's Depression Inventory to assess depression symptoms, the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale to assess anxiety, and the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale to measure satisfaction with life. OCD symptoms decreased significantly (d = -1.55) after online group CBT, and a strong effect size (d = -1.03) was found for family accommodation. After controlling for variables (e.g., engagement in psychotherapeutic treatment, medication use, or psychiatric comorbidities), no significant differences were found for OCD symptoms and family accommodation scores. In addition, there was insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of online group CBT in reducing symptoms of depression or anxiety or improving overall quality of life. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of short-term online group CBT as an effective therapeutic approach for adolescents with OCD.

Evaluation of Quality of Life and Psychosocial Problems in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

To evaluate the frequency of psychosocial problems and the factors affecting the quality of life in children and adolescents aged between 8 and 18 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In the study, children and adolescents aged between 8 and 18 years who had been followed for at least 6 months for T1DM were evaluated (T1DM group), and compared with healthy children and adolescents who applied to the general pediatric outpatient clinic and did not have any chronic disease (control group). Data on disease follow-up of children and adolescents with T1DM were obtained from medical records. Sociodemographic characteristics of both groups were recorded in the study form. In addition, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) and Children Quality of Life Questionnaire (KINDL: KINDerLebensqualitätsfragebogen) were applied to both groups. The scale scores of the T1DM group and the control group were compared. Factors affecting the scale scores of the T1DM group were evaluated. A total of 181 children or adolescents, 81 of whom were in the T1DM group and 100 in the control group, were evaluated for this study. The mean age was 13.1±2.4 years in the T1DM group and 12.4±2.1 years in the control group. The mean CDI, SCARED, and KINDL scores, respectively; it was 15.3±7.2, 23.6±11.9, and 53.5±13.7 in the T1DM group and 7.9±6.8, 14.7±13, 60±11.6 in the control group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean CDI, SCARED, and KINDL scores (all p values <0.001). As compliance with the diabetic diet decreased at home, there was a significant increase in the mean CDI score (p=0.005) and a significant decrease in the KINDL score (p=0.002). It was observed that KINDL score decreased significantly as compliance with the diabetic diet decreased outside the home (p=0.001). Quality of life is lower, and levels of depression and anxiety are higher in children with T1DM compared to healthy children. Psychosocial support should be provided from the moment of diagnosis in order to improve the psychosocial problems and quality of life of children with T1DM.

Impact Of Covid-19 On The Mental Health Of School Children Using The Children Depression Inventory (CDI) Instrument

Background: Educational services aimed at children of all ages are still not fully open, and teaching and learning activities from elementary grades onward are still being provided alternately offline and online. More than 2.2 billion children in the world, which is about 28% of the world's child population, experience changes in mental health. COVID-19 has affected the lives of children and young people like never before. Children may be more vulnerable than others to the psychosocial effects of a pandemic. This can hinder children's growth and development, eliminate children's opportunities to manage stress, and cause social isolation. This study aims to look at the relationship between post-COVID-19 impacts and the mental health of school-age children using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study using a conclusive research design aimed at examining a phenomenon through hypothesis testing. Data collection was carried out at 38 Public Elementary School, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi. The convenience sampling technique is used to select research respondents. Data collection used the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) questionnaire. Results: The results of the study obtained a p-value of 0.000 where 0.05, indicating a significant relationship between post-Covid-19 responses and the mental health impact of school-age children using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) at 38 Public Elementary School, Kendari City. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the mental health of school-age children needs to be one of the elements included in the nursing care process that will be provided by nurses.

Improving Social Isolation and Loneliness Among Adolescents With Physical Disabilities Through Group-Based Virtual Reality Gaming: Feasibility Pre-Post Trial Study.

Adolescents with disabilities experience alarmingly higher rates of depression and isolation than peers without disabilities. There is a need to identify interventions that can improve mental health and isolation among this underserved population. Innovations in virtual reality (VR) gaming "standalone" headsets allow greater access to immersive high-quality digital experiences, due to their relatively low cost. This study had three purposes, which were to (1) examine the preliminary effects of a low-cost, home-based VR multiplayer recreation and socialization on depression, socialization, and loneliness; (2) quantify the acceptability of the program as measured by participant adherence, total play time, and exercise time; and (3) identify and describe behavioral mechanisms that affected participant engagement. This was a single-group, pre- to postdesign trial. The intervention was conducted at home. Participants were recruited from a children's hospital. The intervention lasted 4 weeks and included 2×1-hour sessions per week of supervised peer-to-peer gaming. Participants used the Meta Quest 2 headset to meet peers and 2 coaches in a private party held digitally. Aim 1 was evaluated with the Children's Depression Inventory 2 Short Form and the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale 20 items, which are measures of social isolation and loneliness, respectively. Aim 2 was evaluated through the following metrics: participant adherence, the types of games played, friendship building and playtime, and program satisfaction and enjoyment. In total, 12 people enrolled (mean age 16.6, SD 1.8 years; male: n=9 and female: n=3), and 8 people completed the program. Mean attendance for the 8 participants was 77% (49 sessions of 64 total possible sessions; mean 6, SD 2 sessions). A trend was observed for improved Children's Depression Inventory 2 Short Form scores (mean preintervention score 7.25, SD 4.2; mean postintervention score 5.38, SD 4.1; P=.06; effect size=0.45, 95% CI -0.15 to 3.9), but this was not statistically significant; no difference was observed for University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale 20 items scores. Most participants (7/8, 88%) stated that they became friends with a peer in class; 50% (4/8) reported that they played with other people. Participants reported high levels of enjoyment and satisfaction with how the program was implemented. Qualitative analysis resulted in 4 qualitative themes that explained behavioral mechanisms that determined engagement in the program. The study findings demonstrated that a brief VR group program could be valuable for potentially improving mental health among adolescents with physical disabilities. Participants built friendships with peers and other players on the web, using low-cost consumer equipment that provided easy access and strong scale-up potential. Study findings identified factors that can be addressed to enhance the program within a larger clinical trial. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05259462; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05259462. RR2-10.2196/42651.

Circadian Rhythms and Depression in Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis of First Episode and Recurrent-Episode Groups.

Circadian rhythm disruptions are a hallmark feature of mood disorders. Patients experiencing acute depressive episodes report noticeable changes in their sleep-wake cycles. This research explains the association between depression and various circadian rhythm metrics, explicitly focusing on adolescents diagnosed with depressive disorders. Adolescence is a critical period marked by significant physiological and psychological changes, making it imperative to understand how mood disorders manifest during this phase. However, there have been minimal specific studies in pediatric populations to determine whether circadian rhythm changes differ between adolescents with first and multiple-recurrent depressive episodes. Our study involved a group of 61 adolescents aged between 13 and 18. We performed a cross-sectional study of a clinical population of patients presenting to a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic diagnosed with depression. Participants were asked to complete self-report evaluations using several tools: the Korean version of the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (K-BRIAN), the Korean Translation of Composite Scale to Measure Morningness-Eveningness (KtCS), and the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Tools such as the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and K-Mood Disorder Questionnaire (K-MDQ) were employed for the assessment of clinical characteristics of depression. Based on the frequency of their depressive episodes, participants were bifurcated into two distinct groups: those experiencing their first episode (n = 22, mean age: 15.09 ± 1.44 years) and those with recurrent episodes (n = 39, mean age: 15.95 ± 1.26 years). At first, the two groups' data revealed no significant differences regarding mood or circadian rhythm metrics (CDI: first episode 26.18 ± 10.54 and recurrent episode 25.90 ± 10.59, STAI-S: first episode 56.91 ± 12.12 and recurrent episode 57.49 ± 11.93, STAI-T: first episode 60.36 ± 11.63 and recurrent episode 59.09 ± 12.10, SPAQ-total: first episode 6.59 ± 4.86 and recurrent episode 6.77 ± 5.23, KtCS: first episode 30.32 ± 5.83 and recurrent episode 28.13 ± 7.36). However, we observed significant correlations between circadian rhythm disruptions and depression scales (CDI with SPAQ-weight (r = 0.26), KtCS (r = -0.48), K-BRIAN-sleep (r = 0.58), K-BRIAN-activity (r = 0.64), K-BRIAN-social (r = 0.71), and K-BRIAN-eating (r = 0.40)). These correlations were especially pronounced in the recurrent episode group, suggesting that with the progression and chronicity of depression, the relationship between circadian rhythms and depression becomes more intertwined and evident. In conclusion, especially in adolescents, as the severity and chronicity of depression increase, the interplay between circadian rhythms and mood disorders becomes more pronounced, warranting further research and clinical attention.

Identification of central symptoms of children depression and development of two short version of Children's Depression Inventory: Based on network analysis and machine learning

BackgroundUsing network analysis to study the central symptoms is important for understanding the mechanism of depression symptoms and selecting items for the short version depression screening scale. This study aimed to identify the central symptoms of depression and develop the short and effective depression screening tools for Chinese rural children. MethodsFirstly, the 2458 individuals (Mage = 10.74; SDage = 1.64; 51.2 % were female) were recruited from the rural children's mental health database. Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to assess depression symptoms. Then, network analysis was used to identify the central symptoms of depression. The accuracy, stability, and gender invariance of the depression symptoms network were tested. Finally, a short version of CDI with central symptoms (CDI-SC) and a new CDI-10 (CDI-10-N) were developed by network analysis and feature selection techniques to optimize the existing CDI-10. Their performances in screening depression symptoms were validated by the cutoff threshold and machine learning. ResultsThe central symptoms of Chinese rural children's depression were sadness, self-hatred, loneliness and self-deprecation. This result was accurate and stable and depression symptoms network has gender invariance. The AUC values of CDI-10-N and CDI-SC are over 0.9. The CDI-10-N has a higher AUC than CDI-10. The optimal cutoff thresholds for CDI-10-N and CDI-SC are 6 and 1. The performance of machine learning on AUC generally outperforms those of cutoff threshold. ConclusionsThe central symptoms identified in this study should be highlighted in screening depression symptoms, and CDI-10-N and CDI-SC are effective tools for screening depression symptoms in Chinese rural children.

Evaluation of Psychiatric Symptomatology, Quality of Life, and Caregiver Burden in Mothers and Children with Primary Immunodeficiency

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of life, depression, and anxiety scores of children with primary immunodeficiency (PID) and depression, anxiety scores, and the caregiving burden of their mothers. Methods: A total of 149 children aged 2-18 years and their mothers were included in the present study, along with 125 healthy children and their mothers as a control group. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Child Depression Inventory (CDI), and Screening for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) questionnaire were used based on the views of children and their mothers. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), and Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZCB) were used for the mothers. Results: According to children and their mothers, the scores of the PedsQL were lower than that of the control group (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, according to the views of children and mothers, we found that PID children had higher depression and anxiety scores than healthy children (P &lt; 0.05). The depression and anxiety levels of mothers in the patient group were also significantly higher than those in the control group (P = 0.05 and P = 0.001). Conclusion: Statistically, we found significantly lower psychosocial health summary scores and total scale score levels from the subclass of PedsQL in the patient group than in the control group. According to the views of both children and mothers, we observed that PID children had higher depression and anxiety scores than healthy children. It was also found that the BDI and BAI values in case of mothers in the patient group were significantly higher than those in the control group.

Self- and Caregiver-Reported Participation, Quality of Life, and Related Mood and Behavior Challenges in People Living With Dystrophinopathies

BackgroundPrevious studies of quality of life (QOL), mood, and behavior in muscular dystrophy focus on caregiver perceptions. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence of clinically significant mood and behavior problems by both patient and caregiver report and assess relationship between mood/behavior and QOL. MethodsForty-one patients with dystrophinopathies (Duchenne muscular dystrophy [DMD] and Becker muscular dystrophy [BMD]) were recruited through the University of Virginia Neuromuscular Clinic. Each patient and caregiver dyad completed questionnaires, including the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition (BASC-2); the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory for DMD (PedsQL-DMD); Children's Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition; and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders. ResultsPersons with dystrophinopathies rated most of their behavior and adaptive skills similarly to the general population. Sixty-four percent of parent assessments rated clinically significant problems on the BASC-2. Worse BASC-2 scores for self- and parent assessments correlated with lower (worse) scores in the Worry and Communication PedsQL domains. Patient-reported QOL scores were higher than parent-reported scores in each domain except Worry. ConclusionsIndividuals with DMD/BMD rate their adaptive skills, behavioral symptoms, externalizing and internalizing problems, and school problems more positively than parents/caregivers. Obtaining self-report data is a worthwhile endeavor that can add value to intervention planning, with the ultimate goal of optimizing QOL.

Change Score and Subscore Precision and Reliability of the Children's Depression Inventory.

The Child Depression Inventory (CDI) is often used to assess change in depression over time, but no studies estimate the reliability of CDI change scores nor its five subscores. Our study investigated the reliability of change scores for both the total score on the CDI as well as its five subscores. We examined CDI responses from 186 maltreated children and estimated change score reliability for relative (e.g., comparison) and absolute (e.g., diagnosis) purposes. We also conducted subscore utility analysis, which determines if subscores have adequate reliability and provide information beyond the total score. We found that the total change score had acceptable reliability of .70 for our sample for both relative and absolute interpretations. In addition, the total score was a better predictor of true subscore values than the observed subscores-suggesting subscores did not add value over the total score, and that the reliability of changes in subscores was too low to be useful for any purpose. In summary, we found that the total CDI change scores were useful for assessing change in studies that examine relative or absolute change, and we advise caution when interpreting CDI subscores based on our analysis.

The Relationship Between the Internet Usage Features, Internet Use Under Parental Supervision, and Depressive Symptoms in Children

Aims: Internet usage has become popular among children in the last decade. Little is known about how children should use the digital world. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between Internet use, frequency of Internet use under parental supervision, and depressive symptoms in children. Material and Methods: The prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 79 children aged 7-18 years old and their families who applied to the pediatric clinics between March 2021 and June 2021. The participants completed an online questionnaire, including sociodemographic data, children’s Internet use, and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Children’s Internet use was asked with a questionnaire created by ourselves for this study. Results: The present study found no significant relationship between Internet usage time and depressive symptoms in children. Nevertheless, we showed that children who used the Internet more frequently under parental supervision and used the Internet for study purposes had lower depressive symptoms (p=0.026, p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion: Internet use under parental supervision might protect children against the harmful effects of the digital world.

Central symptoms and network associations of depressive symptoms among school-aged students: A network analysis

BackgroundDepression is one of the most prevalent mental health problems occurred among school-aged students. Conceptualizing depressive symptoms as a network of interacting symptoms, this study used network analysis to identify central symptoms and network associations of depressive symptoms. The study also investigated how networks of depressive symptoms differ across school aged periods. MethodsA total of 2514 Chinese school-aged students in Grades 4 to 11 were recruited and asked to complete the Child Depression Inventory in this study. ResultsThe results showed that self-hatred consistently emerged as a central symptom of depressive symptoms across all school stages. Beyond this, each school stage had its unique central symptoms: loneliness was prominent in both elementary school and junior high school, while fatigue was more specific symptom to senior high school. When comparing the network structures across different school stages, there was a significant difference in network structure between elementary school students and junior high school students. The comparison in global strength showed that the network connectivity of depression network is stronger among elementary school students, with showing closer symptom associations. ConclusionsBy identifying central symptoms and their distinct associations, particularly the pronounced symptom interconnections among elementary school students, this study emphasize the critical importance of early interventions. Recognizing these stage-specific characteristics is essential for the development of effective prevention and intervention programs for depressive symptoms in school-aged students.

INTERNET GAMING DISORDER AND PROBLEMATIC INTERNET USE: THE LINKS BETWEEN CYBERBULLYING, AGGRESSION, LONELINESS AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITIES.

To compare adolescents clinically diagnosed with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and problematic internet use (PIU) in terms of cyberbullying, aggression, and loneliness. Male adolescent patients (N=124, 14.3±1.7 years) with Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) scores ≥50 were clinically interviewed for IGD in utilizing DSM-5 criteria. Patients without full IGD criteria were included as PIU comparisons. Clinical variables were assessed using the second version of the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory, short-form of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Child Depression Inventory, and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. Compared to individuals with PIU, those with IGD were significantly more likely to have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, higher social phobia scores, higher cyberbullying scores, higher loneliness scores, been a cyberbully, and been a cyberbully victim. Male adolescents with IGD have higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity, perceived loneliness, cyberbullying, and being a victim of cyberbullying than those with PIU. Future studies could evaluate these predictors of transition from PIU to IGD in large cohort samples.