Appetite In Children Research Articles

Effects of Open-Label Placebos on Visual Food Cue Reactivity in Children and Adolescents

Background: A high level of food cue reactivity (FCR) is a risk factor for overeating and weight gain. This randomized trial investigated whether open-label placebos (OLPs: placebos honestly administered) can reduce FCR (reported appetite) in children and adolescents. Method: Children (n = 73; 8–12 years old) and adolescents (n = 187; 16–18 years old) were randomly assigned to either an OLP group or a control group (without OLP). Participants viewed images depicting food (sweets and fruits) and non-food items. Before viewing, the OLP group received a placebo for appetite reduction. Participants rated their desire to eat the depicted food items (0–100) and the perceived effectiveness of the OLP intervention. Results: The OLP exhibited a large effect in children, leading to a general reduction in appetite (group difference OLP vs. no OLP: M = −20.8; ηp2 = 0.20). This general effect was absent in adolescents, whose appetite reduction was restricted to fruits (OLP vs. no OLP: M = −8.1; ηp2 = 0.03). Additionally, children perceived the OLP as more effective than adolescents. Conclusion: The reduced response and skeptical attitudes of adolescents towards OLP treatment require further investigation.

The Effectiveness of Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorriza) Plus Honey in Increasing Children Under Five Years’ Body Weight

Background: Malnutrition is still nutrition problem in Indonesia. One of the factors is the loss of appetite of children. In empirical side, Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza) is known having effect of increasing appetite. Honey is a natural ingredient that has been used for its energy and can stimulate appetite. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Temulawak plus honey on toddlers’ body weight gain in Blora District, Central Java, Indonesia. Materials and methods: This was a quasi-experimental study design. The subjects were children aged 1-5 years old. Treatment group received 250 gr powdered Temulawak and 1 tablespoon of honey and mixed with 125 cc mineral water. While the control group just received 250 gr powdered Temulawak mixed with 125 cc mineral water. All the subjects drank two times in every day (morning and evening before eating) lasts for 30 days. Body weight was measured before and after the treatment. Independent t-test was employed to test the difference mean of body weight in treatment and control group. Results: The study resulted that the average mean in the treatment group was 1.247 kg while in the control group was 0.393 kg. There was difference mean of body weight gain between treatment and control groups. The treatment group resulted the body weight gain statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusions: This study approved that Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza) plus honey effective in increasing children under five years old body weight. It is strongly recommended to give Temulawak plus honey for children who have loss of appetite to prevent them from malnourished status.

The Effectiveness of Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorriza) Plus Honey in Increasing Children Under Five Years’ Body Weight

Background: Malnutrition is still nutrition problem in Indonesia. One of the factors is the loss of appetite of children. In empirical side, Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza) is known having effect of increasing appetite. Honey is a natural ingredient that has been used for its energy and can stimulate appetite. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Temulawak plus honey on toddlers’ body weight gain in Blora District, Central Java, Indonesia. Materials and methods: This was a quasi-experimental study design. The subjects were children aged 1-5 years old. Treatment group received 250 gr powdered Temulawak and 1 tablespoon of honey and mixed with 125 cc mineral water. While the control group just received 250 gr powdered Temulawak mixed with 125 cc mineral water. All the subjects drank two times in every day (morning and evening before eating) lasts for 30 days. Body weight was measured before and after the treatment. Independent t-test was employed to test the difference mean of body weight in treatment and control group. Results: The study resulted that the average mean in the treatment group was 1.247 kg while in the control group was 0.393 kg. There was difference mean of body weight gain between treatment and control groups. The treatment group resulted the body weight gain statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusions: This study approved that Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza) plus honey effective in increasing children under five years old body weight. It is strongly recommended to give Temulawak plus honey for children who have loss of appetite to prevent them from malnourished status.

INOVASI BAKSO PENTOL DAUN KELOR (MORINGA OLEIFERA) TERHADAP SELERA MAKAN PADA ANAK SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGANAN STUNTING

The acceleration program for improving nutrition in Indonesia is an effort to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's). Moringa oleifera Lam (known as Kelor) is a plant that has extraordinary nutritional and therapeutic properties. Globally considered a food that has the potential to eradicate malnutrition and contributes significantly to preventive health care. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving meatballs made from moringa leaves on increasing body weight and appetite in children in Cinta Rakyat Village. The research method was a quasi-experimental study with a Completely Randomized (CRD) using a One group pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Research Results The provision of moringa leaf intervention appeared to have an effect on the appetite and weight gain of toddlers after being given additional meatballs made from moringa leaves on the daily menu for 90 days.

The effects of parent-child dysfunctional interactions on early childhood weight: A serial mediation model through emotional feeding and child appetite traits

Parent-child dysfunctional interactions (PCDI) are known to contribute to children's weight status. However, the underlying mechanisms in how dysfunctional interactions between parent and child influence child weight are not clear. This study investigates the impact of PCDI on toddlers' weight, focusing on the potential serial mediation by maternal emotional feeding and child appetite traits. We conducted a secondary analysis of longitudinal data from a larger intervention trial to prevent childhood obesity in low-income Hispanic families. A total of 241 mother-child dyads were included in these analyses. Measurements were taken at various stages: PCDI at child age 19 months, maternal emotional feeding at 28 months, and both child appetite traits and weight-for-age z-score (WFAz) at 36 months. Serial mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of early PCDI on later child WFAz through maternal emotional feeding and two child food approach traits (food responsiveness, emotional overeating) out of the eight child appetite traits assessed. PCDI at 19 months was associated with increased use of emotional feeding in mothers at 28 months, which was associated with heightened food responsiveness and emotional overeating in children at 36 months, which in turn was linked to greater child WFAz at 36 months. The findings of this study expand the understanding of the mechanisms underlying PCDI and child weight, emphasizing the interplay between maternal feeding practices and child appetite in the context of adverse parent-child interactions during early childhood.

Parental perceptions of body weight and appetite in infants and toddlers with cystic fibrosis

Nutritional status has clinical relevance and is a target of guidance to parents of children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Growth is routinely monitored in CF clinics but there is no standardized way of assessing appetitive behaviors or parents' perceptions of their children's appetite. Greater understanding of these factors could improve clinical guidance regarding parent feeding behaviors. We therefore aimed to assess parent perceptions of child weight, and parent reports of child appetite using the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ), in a sample of infants and toddlers with CF, compared with a community sample. We additionally assessed relationships of parent perceptions of child weight with parent feeding behaviors in the sample with CF. Anthropometric and questionnaire data were collected for 32 infants and toddlers with CF, as well as 193 infants and toddlers drawn from RESONANCE, a community cohort study. Parents perceived children with CF to be lower in weight than their actual weight, to a greater extent than was evident in the community sample. Parents who perceived their children with CF to be underweight vs. right weight reported greater slowness in eating on the BEBQ. Parents perceived children with CF to have greater slowness in eating and lower enjoyment of food, compared to parents of children in the community sample, independent of sample differences in child weight, age, and sex. Our results demonstrate the potential utility of the BEBQ in a clinical sample and suggest it may be helpful for clinicians to assess parents' perceptions of their child's weight and appetite to promote a fuller understanding of the child's nutritional status, facilitate appropriate feeding behaviors and alleviate unnecessary concerns.

Pengembangan Seni Hidangan Alternatif dan Terinspirasi pada Kader Posyandu Balita Sesuai Kandungan Gizi Isi Piringku di Desa Karangsono Kabupaten Jember

Stunting poses a serious health issue in Indonesia. In 2022, the national prevalence of stunting stood at 22.6%, exceeding the World Health Organization's requirement of below 20%. According to the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI) 2022 by the Ministry of Health, Jember Regency has the highest prevalence of stunted toddlers in East Java, reaching 34.9% or approximately 35,000 toddlers. To address the stunting problem, health efforts are being made through the prevention of stunting diseases with the implementation of the "SEHATI" (Seni Hidangan Alternatif dan Terinspirasi or Alternative or Inspired Food Art) program in Karangsono Village, Bangsalsari Subdistrict, Jember Regency. This program involves community health volunteers managing meals according to the "Isi Piringku" guidelines with appropriate nutritional content for toddlers. The aim of this activity is to raise awareness and knowledge among community health volunteers about the importance of managing balanced and nutritious meals according to the "Isi Piringku" program issued by the Ministry of Health. This study uses a Pre-Experimental Design method with a Pretest-Posttest design model to measure the increase in knowledge of community health volunteers after socialization about the "Isi Piringku" program. The research results show that 90% of volunteers experienced an average knowledge increase of 13.5 after the counseling activities. The "SEHATI" program successfully stimulates children's appetite through unique and appealing foods with balanced nutritional value. The "SEHATI" program is expected to serve as an example for the community in preparing balanced and nutritious meals for children. Through accurate and easily understandable nutrition education, it is hoped that awareness of the importance of healthy and nutritious food intake will increase, ultimately aiding in the prevention of stunting and other nutritional problems in Jember Regency.

A Randomized Control Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Manna Go Grains to Promote Growth, Immunity, and Well-Being in Children

Objective: Nutrition in school-going children is crucial for their lifetime. India witnesses macro and micronutrient deficiencies in school-going children. The present study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Manna go grains in promoting and improving growth, immunity, and well-being in children.
 Method: This was a 90-day randomized, controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial. 6-12 years old apparently healthy sixty-two children were randomized either into a test (Manna go grains plus milk) or a control group (milk) in a 1:1 ratio. We assessed changes in growth, immunity, appetite, and overall well-being before and after treatment.
 Result: The test group showed a significant increase in height, weight, height to age, and weight to age Z score and percentile, which was greater than the control group. There was significantly more improvement in VO2 max and appetite of children in the test group was observed as compared to the control group. A significant reduction in recurrent URTI episodes, sick days, recovery days, and missed school days was observed in the test group compared to the control. Memory questionnaire scores also increased significantly by 75% and 27.61% in the test and control groups. Test group parents reported significantly better growth, stamina, and immunity than the control group. There was clinically and statistically insignificant change in CBC, serum iron, serum calcium, and immunity markers like CD3, CD4, CD8, and IgG in both groups.
 Conclusion: Thus, Manna Go grains are thought to be a good candidate as a supplement for potentially stimulating growth and development in children and promoting their well-being.

Edukasi Gizi Seimbang Melalui Metode Isi Piringku di SD Nahdlatul Wathan

Understanding balanced nutrition in children and toddlers is the key to success in efforts to prevent nutritional problems (Adriani, Kartika, 2011). Nahdlatul Wathon Elementary School is a private elementary school in the Sumberbaru area, Jember Regency which has the habit of eating lunch together with provisions from each home. From routine learning activities, it is known that the habit pattern that is instilled from the family, especially from the role of mother and family, is that healthy and nutritious food is expensive food. Children's understanding of balanced nutrition has an impact on attitudes and behavior in selecting and providing food ingredients and on children's appetite, so providing education to students about the components of balanced nutrition and providing an understanding that nutritious food is not expensive food is a solution to nutritional problems through activities community service through Balanced Nutrition Education activities using the fill my plate method at Nahdlatul Wathan Elementary School. Balanced nutrition education activities are carried out at the stage of brainstorming by asking questions about what food they consume every day. Then ask about their favorite food. The activity then continues by showing a video of the children's song "My Plate". After observing the video of the contents of my plate, students were invited to sing together. At the end of the activity, share pictures of plates and various side dishes and then ask students to arrange balanced nutrition according to what they understand.

The Efficacy of Egg White Powder on Anthropometric Indices in Malnourished Children

Background: White egg powder provides essential amino acids compounds. This study aims to investigate the theory that a regular consumption of white egg powder would improve weight gain and appetite in children with malnutrition. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted among children aged 3-6 years with mild to severe malnutrition referred to Ghadir Mother and Child Hospital affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from April to October 2017. The malnourished children received egg white protein (1 g/kg of their current body weight) for 3 weeks. Weight loss as a primary outcome and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ), height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), and BMI-for-age Z-score (BAZ) were measured as secondary outcomes, assessed at baseline and after six weeks of study. Results: Of the 23 children included, 20 finished the study. Weight increased in all children although it was not significant (P = 0.101). A lower appetite was seen at the end of the intervention, but it was not significant (P = 0.575). Malnutrition based on WHZ and BAZ decreased compared to the baseline measurement, while the changes were not significant. Regarding other markers, no statistically significant changes were found compared to the baseline measurement. Conclusion: The addition of white egg powder to complementary nutrition could not improve weight gain and appetite in malnourished children. Further research with a larger study population and longer intervention time is needed to demonstrate the clear effect of egg white on improving malnutrition in children.

532 Eating behaviors and appetite in children with cystic fibrosis aged 2 to 5: Feeding Infants Right from the STart study

532 Eating behaviors and appetite in children with cystic fibrosis aged 2 to 5: Feeding Infants Right from the STart study

Complementary Feeding and Child Appetitive Traits in a Sample of Hispanic Mother-Child Dyads.

Complementary feeding practices may contribute to toddler eating practices that affect weight outcomes. Studies are needed to understand the relationship between complementary feeding practices and toddler dietary self-regulation. This study tests the hypothesis that earlier complementary food introduction predicts toddler food responsiveness and emotional overeating (ie, tendency to overeat in response to food cues and emotions, respectively), and considers whether introduction of certain foods better predict toddler dietary self-regulation. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a parent longitudinal birth cohort study on early growth/development among Hispanic mother-infant dyads. The analytic sample included 174 mother-child dyads recruited from maternity clinics affiliated with the University of Southern California in Los Angeles County. Recruitment and data collection were ongoing from July 2016 to April 2020. At 1-, 6-, 12-, and 24-months postpartum, mothers reported exclusive breastfeeding duration and age of complementary food introduction via questionnaire. Child food responsiveness and emotional overeating scores calculated from the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire at 12 and 24 months of age. Separate linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to examine associations between age of complementary food introduction as a predictor of child food responsiveness or emotional overeating, controlling for infant sex, birth body mass index z score, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and mother's body mass index. In separate models, delaying complementary food introduction by 1 month was associated with a 6% reduction in food responsiveness (P= 0.007) and a 5% reduction in emotional overeating scores (P= 0.013). Fifty-eight unique combinations of complementary foods introduced first were found, precluding analyses to examine whether specific combinations were related to eating behavior outcomes due to sample size limitations. Earlier complementary feeding was associated with higher food responsiveness and emotional overeating scores among Hispanic children. Future studies in larger samples are needed to characterize patterns of complementary food introduction and their influence on child self-regulation.

THE EFFECT OF HYPNOPARENTING AS AN EFFORT TO IMPROVE THE APPETITE OF PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN WITH PICKY EATER

Picky eater is a child eating problem that is often complained of by parents which causes a low appetite at mealtimes, usually occurring in preschool-aged 3-5 years. Picky eaters accompanied by a decrease in appetite if left unchecked for a long time can cause children to lack nutritional intake which results in a low nutritional status of children. Parents' efforts are needed to fix children's eating problems, which is hypnoparenting. Hypnoparenting is applied as coaching children with the principle of hypnosis through suggestions given by parents to the child's subconscious mind. To determine the effect of hypnoparenting as an effort to improve the appetite of preschoolers with picky eaters. The research design uses pre-experimental with one group pretest posttest. The research respondents were 26 children aged 3-5 years. Data collection was carried out by filling out questionnaires (Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire and picky eater questionnaires) which were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Obtained from the results of the Wilcoxon analysis test, the significance value of appetite was p value 0.005 ≤ 0.05 and the picky eater's significance value was p value 0.000 ≤ 0.05, then Ha was accepted and H0 was rejected which means there is an influence of hypnoparenting as an effort to improve the appetite of preschool-aged children with picky eaters. 26 preschool-aged children (100%) have poor appetites with picky eaters before hypnoparenting, and 19 preschool-aged children (73.1%) have good appetites without being picky eaters so there are an influence on the appetite of preschool-aged children before and after hypnoparenting.

Edukasi Pemanfaatan Buah Pepaya (Carica Papaya L) terhadap Nafsu Makan Anak sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Stunting

The toddler period (golden period) is a golden period that is very sensitive to the environment and this period is very short and cannot be repeated. Stunting is linear growth that fails to reach its genetic potential as a result of poor diet and infectious diseases. Many parents have difficulty dealing with the problem of lack of appetite in children. Drugs are always the first choice for this condition. Drugs that increase appetite in the long term cause other chronic diseases. Multivitamins in the form of fruits that have high nutritional value, taste sweet, are cheap and easy to obtain are Carica Papaya. The aim is to increase the knowledge of mothers under five about the benefits of papaya fruit (Carica Papaya) on appetite as an effort to prevent stunting. Based on the results of community service regarding Health Education Regarding the Utilization of Papaya Fruit (Carica Papaya) Against Children's Appetite as a Stunting Prevention Effort which was carried out on December 10, 2022. This community service activity went smoothly with the participation of 30 mothers with toddlers. The participants were very enthusiastic. As many as mothers have used papaya fruit (Carica Papaya L) as an appetite enhancer as an effort to prevent stunting.

Short Term Effect of Lipid-Based Nutritional Supplement on Caloric Intake, Appetite, Glucose, and Insulin Levels in Moderately Malnourished Children

Background: Malnutrition is a major health problem specially effecting children under the age of 5 years. Malnutrition has serious outcomes such as suppressed immune system, delayed and stunted growth, slow wound healing etc. Objective: To look into the impact of a lipid-based nutritional supplement on caloric intake, appetite, glucose and insulin levels of school going children of age 5-10years. Methods: In this single blind randomized controlled trial, 38 children with BMI (Z score between-2 and -3SDS) were randomly allocated to Lipid based nutritional supplements & Placebo groups. They were given supplements (535kcal) /Placebo (92kcal). They were served ad libitum buffet meals (breakfast and lunch). The appetite responses were measured by marking the Likert scale questionnaire at 0, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes. The total caloric intake was calculated for the ad libitum buffet breakfast and lunch. The insulin and glucose levels were measured using COBAS C3 analyzer. Result: On the trial day, there was no significant difference in total caloric intake between lipid based nutritional supplements LNS (766.3272.4) kcal and Placebo (806311.5) kcal. Appetite was measured using a Likert scale, but no significant differences were found between the two groups. There was also no significant difference between glucose in the LNS vs. PLACEBO, i.e. (929.13 vs.97.111.7) mg/dL and insulin (1.6±0.97 vs. 2.09±1.15) µU/mL in both the groups. Conclusion: In mildly underweight children the Lipid based nutritional supplements reduces the caloric intake from the regular habitual diet, which extends to the lunch time. This suppression of caloric intake might be related to the changes in appetite.

Short Term Effect of Lipid-Based Nutritional Supplement on Caloric Intake, Appetite, Glucose, and Insulin Levels in Moderately Malnourished Children

Background: Malnutrition is a major health problem specially effecting children under the age of 5 years. Malnutrition has serious outcomes such as suppressed immune system, delayed and stunted growth, slow wound healing etc. Objective: To look into the impact of a lipid-based nutritional supplement on caloric intake, appetite, glucose and insulin levels of school going children of age 5-10years. Methods: In this single blind randomized controlled trial, 38 children with BMI (Z score between-2 and -3SDS) were randomly allocated to Lipid based nutritional supplements & Placebo groups. They were given supplements (535kcal) /Placebo (92kcal). They were served ad libitum buffet meals (breakfast and lunch). The appetite responses were measured by marking the Likert scale questionnaire at 0, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes. The total caloric intake was calculated for the ad libitum buffet breakfast and lunch. The insulin and glucose levels were measured using COBAS C3 analyzer. Result: On the trial day, there was no significant difference in total caloric intake between lipid based nutritional supplements LNS (766.3272.4) kcal and Placebo (806311.5) kcal. Appetite was measured using a Likert scale, but no significant differences were found between the two groups. There was also no significant difference between glucose in the LNS vs. PLACEBO, i.e. (929.13 vs.97.111.7) mg/dL and insulin (1.6±0.97 vs. 2.09±1.15) µU/mL in both the groups. Conclusion: In mildly underweight children the Lipid based nutritional supplements reduces the caloric intake from the regular habitual diet, which extends to the lunch time. This suppression of caloric intake might be related to the changes in appetite.

Parent-reported child appetite moderates relationships between child genetic obesity risk and parental feeding practices.

Food parenting practices are associated with child weight. Such associations may reflect the effects of parents' practices on children's food intake and weight. However, longitudinal, qualitative, and behavioral genetic evidence suggests these associations could, in some cases, reflect parents' response to children's genetic risk for obesity, an instance of gene-environment correlation. We tested for gene-environment correlations across multiple domains of food parenting practices and explored the role of parent-reported child appetite in these relationships. Data on relevant variables were available for N = 197 parent-child dyads (7.54 ± 2.67 years; 44.4% girls) participating in RESONANCE, an ongoing pediatric cohort study. Children's body mass index (BMI) polygenic risk score (PRS) were derived based on adult GWAS data. Parents reported on their feeding practices (Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire) and their child's eating behavior (Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire). Moderation effects of child eating behaviors on associations between child BMI PRS and parental feeding practices were examined, adjusting for relevant covariates. Of the 12 parental feeding practices, 2 were associated with child BMI PRS, namely, restriction for weight control (β = 0.182, p = 0.011) and teaching about nutrition (β = -0.217, p = 0.003). Moderation analyses demonstrated that when children had high genetic obesity risk and showed moderate/high (vs. low) food responsiveness, parents were more likely to restrict food intake to control weight. Our results indicate that parents may adjust their feeding practices in response to a child's genetic propensity toward higher or lower bodyweight, and the adoption of food restriction to control weight may depend on parental perceptions of the child's appetite. Research using prospective data on child weight and appetite and food parenting from infancy is needed to further investigate how gene-environment relationships evolve through development.

Mothers' descriptions of their feeding strategies in response to fussy eating with children of different levels of trait fussiness

Parent feeding practices influence a child's dietary intake. Many studies examining how parents react to children's fussy eating behaviours have been limited to questionnaire measures, which assess a limited number of feeding practices. There is a lack of research exploring the range of strategies parents use when their child is being fussy and/or refusing to eat. Therefore, the aims of this study are to describe the strategies used by mothers when their child is being fussy or refusing to eat, and to assess differences in the strategies depending on the child's trait fussiness levels. In 2018, 1504 mothers of children aged 2–5 years completed an online survey. Trait fussiness was assessed using the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Mothers were also asked the open-ended question “What are the strategies you use when your child is being fussy or refusing to eat?“. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo. Themes were compared by child trait fussiness levels. Seven main themes were identified: child-led feeding/trust in child's appetite, spectrum of pressure, home or family strategies, different types of food offerings, communication, avoid certain strategies, and never or rarely fussy. Mothers of children with severe trait fussiness levels reported more pressuring or persuasive strategies. This study provides novel information regarding the diverse range of feeding practices parents use in response to children's fussy eating behaviours. Mothers used more feeding strategies typically associated with unhealthy dietary intake for children of high levels of trait fussiness. It is important that future interventions tailor the information to provide support to parents of children with high levels of trait fussiness regarding the use of feeding practices recommended to support healthy dietary intake.

Reply to Henschel et al. Comment on "Qiu et al. Effect of Protein-Rich Breakfast on Subsequent Energy Intake and Subjective Appetite in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2840".

We want to thank Henschel et al. [...].

Comment on Qiu et al. Effect of Protein-Rich Breakfast on Subsequent Energy Intake and Subjective Appetite in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2840.

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