Child Victims Research Articles

Mapping the relationships among bullying, cyberbullying, child maltreatment, and parental intimate partner violence: A network analysis.

This study investigates the connections among various forms of violence experienced by adolescents, both online and offline, including bullying, cyberbullying, child maltreatment, and witnessing parental intimate partner violence (IPV). The aim was to elucidate the patterns of these adversities to enhance understanding from a child-centered perspective. We conducted an online survey with a sample of 934 parents (Mage = 41.05 years, SD = 4.76; Mchild's age = 14.37 years, SD = 1.84) recruited across 30 provinces and districts in China in August 2023. Network analysis was used to examine the associations among four types of bullying (physical, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying), three types of child maltreatment (physical, psychological, and neglect), and two types of parental IPV (psychological and physical). Our findings revealed that cyberbullying victimization had the highest expected influence in the network, suggesting that it plays a central role in exacerbating other adversities. The four types of bullying were strongly interconnected, both online and offline. Parental psychological IPV and child psychological abuse experiences had the highest bridge expected influence in the network, indicating their role in linking various forms of victimization. The findings demonstrate that IPV can facilitate the transmission of adversities across different domains of a child's environment. Understanding the intercorrelations of child victimization within and beyond the home can contribute to the development of a comprehensive child protection approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The Dynamics of Criminal Law Enforcement in Indonesia: An Analysis of Recent Cases in the Last Two Years and Their Contribution to the Achievement of the SDGs

Objective: Law enforcement in Indonesia regarding criminal cases involving children as victims aims to strengthen the rule of law and improve infrastructure such as the police, prosecutors, and courts. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified through Law No. 23 of 2002 concerning child protection, ensures that children are protected from all forms of violence, a fundamental right. The specific target of SDG 16 in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which focuses on ending all forms of violence against children, provides a renewed push towards realizing every child's right to live free from fear, neglect, abuse, and exploitation. This study aims to provide an overview of qualitative research on criminal cases involving children as victims in Indonesia. Theoretical Framework: This research adopts a theoretical approach that includes Law Enforcement Theory, the Concept of Restorative Justice, and the SDGs Framework. These frameworks connect legal norms, social behavior, and child protection, which interact to prevent children from being stigmatized by legal proceedings and to reduce violence, improve access to justice, and enhance the effectiveness of legal institutions. Method: This study employs a normative juridical approach, analyzing laws, doctrines, and practices concerning the implementation of Restorative Justice principles within Indonesia's juvenile criminal justice system. The data is analyzed qualitatively to provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics of criminal law enforcement and its connection to the Sustainable Development Goals. Results and Discussion: This study demonstrates that the reform of Indonesia's juvenile criminal justice system, which incorporates the principles of Restorative Justice, holds significant potential to advance the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG Goal 16 on Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions. For the Restorative Justice-based reform of the juvenile criminal justice system to effectively contribute to the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals, it requires unwavering commitment from the government and all stakeholders to address the current challenges and continually strengthen the legal and institutional frameworks that support this reform. Research Implications: Law enforcement in cases involving children as both offenders and victims must adhere to child-friendly justice principles that ensure the protection of children's rights. The findings of this study can promote the enhancement of the juvenile criminal justice system, including the establishment of specialized courts for children, the provision of legal assistance services, and the application of humane treatment in accordance with the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law. Originality/Value: This study focuses on child victims within the criminal justice system, a group often overlooked in academic and policy debates. By concentrating on this issue, the research examines how the law addresses child victims in various situations, including sexual violence, human trafficking, exploitation, and domestic abuse.

Framing victims and perpetrators: Local and international reporting on the International Criminal Court case against Dominic Ongwen

Building on research on victims and perpetrators of political violence and their depiction in the media, this article highlights the conceptual and practical challenge of specifying the process by which individuals acquire a morally ambiguous or ‘complex’ status in conflict. The authors conduct a content analysis of English-language print reporting on Dominic Ongwen’s International Criminal Court case and ambiguous status as a child soldier and victim–perpetrator. They identify important variation in how different news media frame the processes through which an individual becomes a victim–perpetrator and how these depictions relate to understandings of agency as well as transitional justice and post-conflict societal transformations. The article presents a framework for understanding how individuals are seen as ‘turning’ from one category of conflict-affected individual to another category as depicted in the news media.

PENERAPAN PEMENUHAN HAK RESTITUSI TERHADAP ANAK KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN DEMI KEPASTIAN HUKUM

Child Victims of Violence are entitled to Restitution for the loss of a crime, The legal application of the fulfillment of the Right to Restitution has been proven in the decision of the panel of judges, in the implementation of the restitution charged, the perpetrator cannot pay restitution, Restitution is regulated by Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, Government Regulation No. 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children who are Victims of Crime. The legal theories used are Legal Certainty Theory and Child Protection Theory. The research method used in this research is a normative juridical approach which is carried out as an effort to obtain the necessary data related to the problem. Data used with secondary data and tertiary legal materials. In addition, primary data is also used as a supporter of secondary data legal materials. For data analysis, a qualitative juridical analysis method is used. The results of the study that the application of the law to fulfill the restitution rights of child victims of violence in the form of a judge's decision in this case the perpetrator is unable to make restitution payments, therefore from the results of further research the legal rules for fulfilling restitution rights need to be revised to add phrases contained in article 21 of the regulation.

Tolak Ukur Keberhasilan terhadap upaya pemulihan pada Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual di Panti Sosial Asuhan Anak Balita Tunas Bamgsa

Crime is a phenomenon that often occurs in society so that it becomes a matter of public discussion both directly and indirectly, such as through social media and print media. The type of violence that occurs against children is dominated by sexual violence, which reached 9,588 cases, where the largest percentage of these cases occurred from the closest environment, namely family and relatives. When acts of sexual violence occur against children, there are impacts such as trauma after the violence occurs. The aim of this research is to determine the efforts, stages and treatment of recovery provided by PSAA Balita Tunas Bangsa to child victims of sexual violence in the orphanage. From the violence received, the impact and trauma experienced by children as a result of sexual abuse causes lasting trauma and can disrupt their activities in socializing with their environment. Based on the impact of violence, there is a need for handling and efforts to be made to resolve it with the parties provided by PSAA Balita Tunas Bangsa with several stages such as; 1). Establishing Safety (Building Safety), 2). Remembrance and Mourning (Memories and Grief), 3). Reconnection (Reconnecting). From the stages of the efforts given, results will be obtained in the form of benchmarks for the success of the recovery efforts that have been given by looking at the victim's progress regarding the trauma obtained from the victim's achievements, the wounds on the victim and the recovery of these wounds, and the victim no longer remembering the things that were done. leading up to the event.

Self-reported shyness and social and school adjustment in children and adolescents

Shyness in childhood and adolescence is associated with problems in social, academic, and psychological adjustment in today’s China. However, the functional meaning of shyness needs to be examined in the developmental context. This 1 year longitudinal study explored the relations between self-reported shyness and indexes of adjustment in Chinese children and adolescents. The participants included 2,308 students in China, with 1,062 initially in the fifth grade ( Mage = 11.50 years, 539 boys) in elementary schools and 1,246 initially in the eighth grade ( Mage = 14.27 years, 641 boys) in middle schools. Shyness was assessed using a self-report measure, and data on social and school adjustment were obtained from multiple sources. Among the results, shyness was negatively associated with later academic performance and positively associated with later behavioral problems and peer victimization in childhood. For adolescents, whereas shyness was not significantly associated with academic performance or behavioral problems, it contributed to decreased peer victimization. The results indicate the importance of understanding shyness from a developmental perspective.

Perspectives on psychosocial support services for unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and child victims of abuse in Türkiye

This article explores perspectives on psychosocial support services at Child Support Centers, one of the social service institutions in Türkiye. The research was conducted with 16 professionals providing a psychosocial support program to victims of abuse and unaccompanied asylum-seeking children. This program provides benefits to both professionals and children, facilitating tailored interventions based on individual needs. Furthermore, the psychosocial support process is influenced by factors such as working conditions, staff qualifications, in-service training, and legal regulations. The findings suggest the need for improved policies in child welfare, increased employment of social workers, and enhanced collaboration between social service organizations in Türkiye.

Child sexual grooming: Listening to victims in Jordan.

Little is known about sexual grooming among children in Arab-Islamic countries. Accessing victims of child sexual abuse in such a context is challenging; however, qualitative secondary analysis provides a framework for exploring this phenomenon. This study employed qualitative secondary analysis to identify sexual grooming behavior and strategies based on the statements made by Jordanian children. The primary dataset comprised 13 verbatim transcripts of forensic investigative statements of child victims aged 6-18years with an Arabic Islamic background. These statements were obtained from the Family Protection Department of Amman, Jordan. The statements were translated from Arabic to English and subjected to independent inductive thematic analysis and deductive analysis using the 2020 Sexual Grooming Model developed by Winters, Jeglic, and Kaylor as a framework. Four stages of child sexual grooming, each with specific goals and strategies, were identified and contextualized using the model. However, specific, nuanced differences between the findings and the model were identified, highlighting the influence of Arab culture and Islamic religious interpretations on grooming in Jordan. Educational efforts should be undertaken to raise awareness among parents and children regarding grooming strategies and, specifically, how Arab culture and Islamic principles may be used to coerce children to comply with grooming and abuse or otherwise compel their silence out of fear of punishment.

The Quality of Life Among Pediatricians and Nurses Caring for Child Victims of the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake

The Quality of Life Among Pediatricians and Nurses Caring for Child Victims of the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake

Adverse childhood experiences and health outcomes: a 20-year real-world study.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) refer to traumatic life events occurred in childhood that comprise abuse (e.g., psychological, physical, sexual), neglect (psychological and physical), indirect violence or household dysfunctions. Such experiences ultimately lead to severe short-, medium- and long-term consequences for the victim's health. The goal of this study is to analyze the prevalence of health outcomes in children <16 years of age, who were suspected of ACEs by physicians. The specific objectives consist of analyzing 3 health outcome groups: (a) traumatic injuries and intoxications; (b) mental health disorders; and (c) physical disorders. We performed a real-world, retrospective, observational, cross-sectional, and multicentric study, using complementary data from electronic health records and healthcare registries from the local healthcare unit of Matosinhos, generated between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2021 (total child population <16 years observed during that period=40 536). Keywords and ICD-9, ICD-10, and ICPC-2 codes were applied to find data on the victims. Just over 2% of children were referred to as victims in the available information (n=918). Social problems, injuries and intoxications, mental health disorders, and physical disorders were observed at higher percentages in suspected victims than in the total analyzed population. These results reveal that child victims of ACEs may be underdiagnosed, which, given the aforementioned (and described in the literature) severe consequences for their current and future health, should be taken as a critical warning for healthcare professionals. Detections and reports are fundamental for early treatment, aiming to avoid an escalation of damage and prevent re-victimization.

통제요인들이 아동·청소년기 범죄피해 궤적에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of control factors on the process of victimization over time based on the phenomenon of multiple victimization and repeat victimization of children and adolescents. This study hypothesizes that the types of victimization based on the category of poly-victimization can vary by the developmental stage of children and adolescents; the types of victimization based on the category of poly-victimization can exist in various groups over time; parental supervision, parental bonds, peer bonds, and self-control can affect victimization and victimization trajectories. The hypotheses were tested using data from the Korean Children &amp; Youth Panel Survey(KCYPS), focusing on the period from the sixth grade of elementary school to the second grade of middle school. Frequency analysis, growth model analysis, latent class model analysis, and growth mixture model analysis were conducted to test hypotheses. The results show that the types of victimization are decreasing over time; victimization trajectories can be classified as risk group and general group; the most influential control factor on victimization trajectories is self-control. The findings suggest that the elementary school period is the most vulnerable period based on the types of victimization; there is a group that is vulnerable to victimization during the developmental stage of children and adolescents; victimization trajectories are better explained by the heterogeneity perspective than the event-dependence perspective; one of the risk factors for victimization is low self-control.

Integration of Child Protection and Social Protection for Child Victims of Violence in Indonesia

Social protection (SP) programs for children who are victims of violence have been provided through Child Protection (CP) services, but there are still gaps in meeting the needs in a comprehensive and sustainable manner. This study aims to determine the quality of CP services and their integration with SP services for child victims of violence in Indonesia. Using a qualitative case study method, this study was conducted in 4 provinces and 10 districts/cities, 5 cases of child victims of violence, and a number of informants from parents of victims, and stakeholders in the regions who are responsible for the issue of child victims of violence. Using qualitative methods, the results of the study indicate that there is no integrated policy between CP and SP services for child victims of violence. The lack of integration of CP and SP occurs both among institutions and within the Ministry that has the main tasks and related functions. In some policies related to SP in the form of social assistance under the social rehabilitation program, it is only intended for the poor, so that only children who are victims of violence and are poor can get this service. Integration of child protection and social protection is very important to create a comprehensive framework to address the needs of children who are victims of violence and their families. This paper recommends the integration of social protection and social protection programs by including violence against children as part of the poverty indicators.

Sanksi Rehabilitasi Bagi Anak Pecandu Narkotika

The use and abuse of drugs, especially by children, causes harm to individuals and society. Child drug abusers are considered self-victimizing victims, as they become victims of their own actions. The problem that often occurs in Indonesia is that drug cases in children are not given legal protection and many of these cases children are actually given sentences in prison. Therefore, the concept of punishment for drug addicted children through restorative justice is needed. Punishment can be carried out through a double track system if the conditions of restorative justice are not met. Article 127 of the Narcotics Law provides guidance to consider medical and social rehabilitation for child drug abusers. The application of criminal sanctions against child drug abusers needs to consider the rehabilitation aspect as the main alternative, considering the child as a victim who is not fully responsible for his actions. This research uses normative and doctrinal juridical research methods that focus on analyzing legal regulations, legal documents, and legal theories. The results of the research show that although there are regulations governing rehabilitation, its implementation still faces obstacles, such as the dominance of prison sentences for children who abuse drugs. The criminal justice process for children who abuse drugs has not fulfilled children's rights, which include protection, assistance, and guidance that takes into account the best interests of the child. The best interests of child victims of narcotics crime should be carried out through the provision of rehabilitation criminal sanctions. Therefore, legal protection of child drug abusers needs to be improved through a more effective and in-depth rehabilitation approach, as well as collective awareness to involve all parties in protecting children as the nation's assets.

Fulfillment of Victims’ Rights to Handling Child Victims of Sexual Violence in Buleleng Regency

This research aims For analyze fulfillment of victims' rights in Handling case child victims of violence sexual in Buleleng Regency. With use approach juridical-empirical, this research explores implementation of the legal protection provided to child victims of violence sexual, as well as evaluate effectiveness mechanism handling carried out by the party authorities, including apparatus enforcer law and child protection institutions. The results of this study indicate that although there is adequate regulation, still there is constraint in implementation, such as limitations source Power humans and their lack mentoring psychological. This research is expected can become input for maker policy For increase efforts to protect and fulfill the rights of children who are victims of violence sexual.

Child victims of violence: resilience or culture of silence?

Malgré plusieurs textes sur le droit et la protection de l’enfant ratifiés et adoptés par Madagascar, les enfants malgaches sont encore victimes de différentes sortes de violences. Les causes en sont nombreuses mais celles de la région Sud-ouest s’intensifient par la vivacité des coutumes qui y sont présentes et permissives à plusieurs violences. Puisque ces dernières entraînent des conséquences néfastes, les enfants victimes adoptent plusieurs comportements pour affronter leurs situations. Certains préfèrent garder le silence, d’autres développent des traumatismes, d’autres paraissent résilients. La résilience ainsi abordée est la faculté pour une personne de s’adapter positivement malgré ces violences, réussir face à une situation où d’autres échoueront. Les violences, surtout lorsqu’elles sont d’origine familiale, sont difficiles à appréhender puisque la famille est censée être le lieu de développement de l’enfant.

Coping mechanisms and the protective role of relatives for children victims of parental violence

ABSTRACT This research is crucial due to the escalating cases of violence against children, demanding prompt intervention to prevent further victimization. This study aims to reveal forms of violence experienced by children in urban families; survival mechanism employed by children to evade victimization in urban families; and the roles of relatives and the social milieu in urban areas in the effort to forestall and address violence against children in the family. This research constitutes a descriptive study focusing on the patterns of violence against children and endeavors to safeguard children’s rights within urban family environments. The study involved 500 respondents from urban families. Many parents still resort to threats, physical punishment, and other forms of violence to correct what they perceive as disobedient behavior in their children. In these societies, physical discipline is commonly used to quickly instill obedience in children. Notably, parents in these societies do not feel remorse for their actions, as they believe that such discipline benefits their children. The coping mechanism developed by some children to avoid being scolded and punished by their parents is they choose to lie to their parents to avoid receiving severe punishment and to evade the risk of experiencing hurtful treatment from their parents. Generally, relatives hesitate to intervene in cases of child abuse due to concerns about causing misunderstandings, regardless of the parents’ disciplinary methods. Therefore, among relatives, it is primarily the grandmother, as the closest and one of the oldest family members, who dares to intervene in preventing child abuse.

PELECEHAN SEKSUAL TERHADAP ANAK DI MEDIA SOSIAL

Children's use of technology has a significant impact on their physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. One of the technologies that children often use is social media. While social media can provide benefits, there are also negative impacts such as bullying and harassment. Therefore, supervision from parents, educators, and authorities is essential. Technology is not all good or all bad; what matters is how its use is managed to suit children's needs and development, while considering its positive and negative impacts. This research aims to find out and analyze various countermeasures that can be taken against children who experience sexual harassment on social media in accordance with the provisions in the Child Protection Law, as well as identify forms of legal protection provided to child victims of sexual harassment in cyberspace based on applicable regulations. This analysis includes measures for prevention, handling, and recovery of victims, as well as legal implementation to ensure that children's rights are optimally protected in the midst of rampant cases of harassment in the digital realm. Data collected from primary legal materials and secondary legal materials are then analyzed qualitatively. Countermeasures against child sexual abuse on social media according to Law number 35 of 2014 and Law number 12 of 2022 involve integrated preventive and enforcement actions.

Uncertainty of Law Regarding Restitution as Legal Protection for Child Victims of Sexual Violence

This study examines the legal uncertainty related to the implementation of restitution as a form of legal protection for child victims of sexual violence. The issues raised include unclear regulations, complicated administrative procedures, and lack of support from law enforcement officers in the process of submitting and fulfilling restitution. These conditions often prevent victims from obtaining compensation that is their right according to court decisions that have permanent legal force. This study aims to analyze the legal uncertainty related to the implementation of restitution for child victims of sexual violence in Indonesia, identify obstacles in its implementation, and provide recommendations for improving the existing legal system to create better legal certainty. This study uses a normative legal method with a statute approach and a case approach. The results of the study indicate that legal uncertainty regarding restitution for child victims of sexual violence is caused by ambiguous regulations, inconsistencies between applicable regulations, and complicated administrative procedures. Support from law enforcement officers, especially public prosecutors, is often less than optimal in facilitating restitution applications by victims. In addition, limited socialization regarding victim rights exacerbates uncertainty in the implementation of the law. This study provides theoretical and practical implications in the development of criminal law and child protection. Theoretically, this study enriches the criminal law literature related to victims' rights and the implementation of restitution. Practically, the results of this study can be a reference for policy makers in formulating clearer and more implementable regulations. The proposed recommendations include simplifying administrative procedures, strengthening the role of prosecutors, and increasing the socialization of victims' rights to create a more responsive and equitable legal system.

Legal Protection for Child Victims of Crimes According to The Child Criminal Justice System in Indonesia

Children are legal subjects and national assets, but every year, juvenile delinquency always increases. One of the efforts to overcome juvenile delinquency is implementing a juvenile criminal justice system. Law Number 3 of 1997 concerning Juvenile Courts specifically regulates the juvenile criminal justice system in Indonesia. The philosophical paradigm of Law Number 3 of 1997 adopts a formal legal approach with an emphasis on punishment. The process of punishment given through formal criminal justice placing children in Correctional Institutions has not succeeded in deterring them. This study uses a normative legal approach method, examining secondary data collected using literature studies using a legislative and conceptual approach. The formulation of policies for handling children must be carried out using a restorative justice approach, a settlement process carried out outside the criminal justice system by involving victims, perpetrators, families of victims and perpetrators, the community and those interested in a crime that occurs to reach an agreement and resolution. This policy is based on the fact that the response or reaction of perpetrators of juvenile delinquency is ineffective without the cooperation and involvement of victims, perpetrators and the community. Restorative justice-based legal protection for children as victims in handling legal cases requires child judges at the District Court to conduct diversion before examining criminal cases of children, as ordered by the SPPA Law. Diversion must be carried out within 7 days, involving related parties, according to the terms and conditions stipulated in the SPPA Law.

Legal Protection of Child Victims of Sexual Crimes from a Legal and Psychosocial Perspective

Introduction: The protection of children needs serious attention because often, children become victims of sexual crimes. The number of sexual crimes against children shows that cases of sexual crimes against children are at an alarming level. Cases against children, especially minors, seem to have become a phenomenon. Case after case began to be revealed to the public, whether the perpetrators or victims were minors. The need for adequate legal protection for victims of sexual crimes is not only a national issue but also an international issue; therefore, this issue needs serious attention. Aims: This study discussed how legal protection is for child victims of sexual crimes from a legal and psychosocial perspective. Method: The research method used in this study is a normative juridical research method. Result: The result is the development of students' digital competencies plays an important role in improving global competitiveness towards the Golden Indonesia 2045. With research collaboration based on technological innovation, students can become the driving force for sustainable transformation of science.