Children's Physical Health Research Articles

Вплив булінгу на стан здоров’я дітей та подолання його наслідків в умовах воєнного стану (огляд літератури)

Purpose - to analyze data from the literature on the characteristics of bullying, its impact on the mental and physical health of children, and ways to overcome and prevent the consequences of this condition during the military invasion of Ukraine. For this, a search in scientometric databases was carried out, and a review of modern domestic and foreign medical literature, periodical publications, and official electronic resources was made. A review of the literature was conducted, which showed that the problems of school bullying and the consequences associated with it worsen not only mental and physical health but also have a negative impact on the quality of education of the younger generation. Bullying statistics regarding the number of completed administrative protocols in Ukrainian schools from 2019 to 2023 are given and analyzed. At the same time, human rights organizations noted that bullying was modified and became latent under martial law. It is emphasized that cases of bullying have a causal relationship with mental and physical health in adulthood. It is noted that starting in 2020, our country and the whole world will be celebrating the International Day of Combating Violence and Bullying at School. Forms of bulling, types of aggression and styles of behavior are described. It was noted that one of the important reasons for the spread of bullying is, unfortunately, its ignoring by adults. It is emphasized that children who differ in some way from others suffer most often from bullying.It is noted that under martial law, school bullying occurs more often in relation to temporarily displaced persons. It is emphasized that solving the problem of school bullying is possible through compliance with the principle of comprehensiveness between the administration of the institution, its employees, and parents. The main actors in the field of violence prevention and countermeasures who provide assistance outside educational institutions are listed. It is noted that the help and prevention of bullying consists of teaching the child to resist victimization. The role of the school nurse in the multidisciplinary medical team in overcoming the problems of school bullying and its consequences is noted. Recommendations for searching for information on organizations dealing with bullying issues on the website of the Ministry of Education and Culture of Ukraine are highlighted. It is emphasized that the most effective actions that contribute to reducing the number of cases of violence in the educational environment are systematic educational activities on non-violent behavior, implementation of high-quality preventive programs, and the promotion of anti-bullying policies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Motivations and challenges for grandparent–grandchild outdoor play in early childhood: Perception of Canadian grandparents

AbstractObjectiveWe investigated grandparents' motivations and challenges for grandparent–grandchild outdoor play with their 3‐ to 5‐year‐old grandchildren.BackgroundOutdoor play benefits children's and older persons' mental and physical health. Thus, intergenerational outdoor play could benefit both grandparents and their younger grandchildren.MethodSemistructured interviews were conducted with 14 grandparents (seven grandmothers and seven grandfathers) from British Columbia, Canada, who lived in the same province as their grandchildren and who were fluent in English. Grandparents were recruited using a convenience, purposive sampling method with social media advertisements, posters in community centers, and word of mouth.ResultsUsing a thematic analysis, we identified six themes: (a) improving grandparents' and grandchildren's health, (b) supporting children's needs, (c) feeling positive emotions, (d) supporting family closeness, (e) aspiring to go outdoors together, and, (f) maintaining the relationship despite the COVID‐19 pandemic.ConclusionOur study emphasizes the importance of outdoor play for grandparents, especially as they develop their relationship with their young grandchildren. Outdoor play provides a unique opportunity for a health‐boosting activity that also strengthens the relationship and family bonds, and supports grandchildren's developmental needs.ImplicationsOur research can contribute to promoting outdoor play across the life span, and more specifically the benefits of outdoor play during early childhood and older adulthood.

Qualitative study of the association between psychosocial health and physical activity/sleep quality in toddlers

Physical activity and sleep are important factors of mental and physical health in children, with some reports indicating that their effects can persist into adulthood. However, there is limited research on the qualitative aspects of physical activity and sleep in preschool children, particularly in those aged < 3 years. Therefore, to elucidate the association between psychosocial health and physical activity/sleep in early childhood in terms of qualitative aspects, we conducted a retrospective cohort study in 2985 3-year-old children (37.2 ± 0.75 months) in Shanghai, China. An analysis using structural equation modeling indicated that current physical activity had a direct and moderate impact on current psychosocial health evaluated using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. In particular, past physical activity had an indirect and mild effect on current psychosocial health via current physical activity in girls. However, regardless of sex, past sleep quality had slight impact on current psychosocial health, not only indirectly via current sleep quality, but also directly. These findings highlight the importance of considering the qualitative aspects of physical activity and sleep quality as significant factors influencing the current and future psychosocial health of children, even at a very early age (< 3 years).

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Children's Fundamental Motor Skills: A Study for the Taiwanese Preschoolers Teachers.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in reduced opportunities for children to engage in fundamental motor skills [FMS]. This prolonged inactivity and restriction of play can have serious consequences for children's physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to explore teaching strategies during the pandemic, whether there were differences in children's motor development, and the differences in the implementation of physical movement courses before and during the pandemic from the perspective of preschool teachers. This study was a retrospective study using an internet survey, and participants comprised 2337 preschool teachers. The statistical methodology of this study included descriptive statistics, the dependent t-test, and the independent t-test. The results showed that regardless of the time, frequency, activity intensity, and frequency of outdoor courses, the results from before the pandemic was better than those taken during the pandemic. Only the "frequency of implementing physical movement courses indoors every week" had not been affected by the pandemic. This study also obtained the performance of "children's fitness", "overall performance of physical movement ability", "stability movement skills", "locomotor movement skills", and "manipulative movement skills". All were better before the pandemic than during the pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mixed-age classes performed better than same-age classes in terms of frequency, time, intensity, outdoor course implementation, and physical fitness. Public schools performed better than private schools in terms of frequency, time, intensity, outdoor course implementation, and fundamental motor skills performance. Private schools implemented physical movement courses indoors every week, which was more than public schools. Excepting the frequency of implementing physical movement courses indoors every week, fewer than schools with five classes performed better than those who had more than schools with six classes. Finally, rural schools were better than urban schools in the implementation of outdoor courses and fundamental motor skills performance. Therefore, we suggest that in response to the pandemic, teachers should further improve their professionalism and use diversified teaching methods, and guide students to be willing to learn and improve their skill performance.

Examining the effects of cumulative environmental stressors on Gulf Coast child and adolescent health.

This study examines how community-level cumulative environmental stress affects child and adolescent emotional distress and chronic health conditions both directly and indirectly through stressors at the household, family, and individual levels. Data comes from the Women and their Children's Health (WaTCH) Study, which sought to understand the health implications of exposure to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DHOS) among a cohort of 596 mothers with children ages 10 to 17 in southeastern Louisiana. Community-level environmental stress was measured using a newly developed geospatial index. Household-level stressors included previous hurricane impacts, impacts of DHOS, degree of financial difficulty, and degree of housing physical decay. Family stressors included maternal depression, self-rated physical health, and degree of parenting stress. Child stress was based on perceived stress; child mental health was based on serious emotional disturbance; and child physical health was based on diagnosis of chronic illness. Structural equation modeling used weighted least squares means and variance and theta parameterization. Results showed a significant negative direct path between community-level cumulative environmental stress and child/adolescent serious emotional disturbance and chronic illness. However, the indirect relationship through household, family, and individual-level stressors was significant and positive for both child/adolescent serious emotional disturbance and chronic illness. These findings point to the centrality of the household and family in determining child and adolescent physical and mental health outcomes in communities exposed to frequent disasters and ongoing environmental stressors.

A test of the instability hypothesis in low- and middle-income countries.

The instability hypothesis proposes that family structure transitions lead to negative child outcomes through the pathway of stress. However, in many cases, family structure transitions are not associated with stress or negative child outcomes, suggesting that there are specific circumstances under which transitions are more or less stressful. Using five rounds of data (ages 1-15) from the Young Lives study (N = 8,062) which follows children and their caregivers in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, we had two aims: (a) to test the instability hypothesis, and (b) to examine the specific circumstances under which family structure transitions lead to stress and worsened child physical health. First, we used multilevel mediation to assess whether financial stress mediated the link between family structure transitions and children's physical health. We then added household size, multigenerational household, and horizontally extended kin household as moderators to the family structure transition-financial stress relationship. We found that financial stress did not mediate the link between family structure transitions and children's physical health in any of the Young Lives countries. We found some moderated mediation effects for household size and multigenerational households in Peru and Vietnam, but effect sizes were small. These findings highlight the need to further unpack the instability hypothesis to understand the specific circumstances under which family structure transitions lead to stress and worsened child outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Community-recruited parent perspectives of concern dismissal by pediatric providers.

Effective communication is a central tenet of family centered care, yet parent concerns are sometimes un- or underattended to by pediatric providers. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of, and factors related to, parental perceptions of concern dismissal by pediatric providers. In Spring 2020, 270 community-recruited parents of children ages 6-12 years (74% White, 74% female, 69% married) responded to an online survey about perceived concern dismissal experiences with their children. Characteristics of concern dismissal, differences in concern dismissal occurrence by parent factors, and emotional and practical impacts were assessed and explored. Thirty-three percent reported having experienced concern dismissal, most often in pediatric primary care settings. Concern dismissal was reported more frequently among parents employed in health care settings than those without health care employment histories. Most dismissed concerns related to the child's physical health and many incidents were characterized by provider impoliteness or provision of less testing or treatment than expected or desired. Many parents expressed disappointment in the health care system after experiences of concern dismissal. Concern dismissal was found to be common and upsetting for community-recruited parents. Future research should incorporate child and provider perspectives with demographically diverse samples. Pediatric providers should continue to work toward implementation of family centered care to decrease the likelihood of perceived dismissal by thoroughly recognizing and responding to concerns presented by parents and caregivers of pediatric patients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Parenting stress and autistic children's emotional problems relate to family-school partnerships and parent mental health.

Dimensions of family-school partnerships, including parent-teacher relationship quality and family educational involvement, are associated with positive outcomes for youth. Family-school partnerships are important for autistic youth, who may particularly benefit from cross-setting supports. Coordinated family-school partnerships may help maximize child outcomes. This study investigated the extent to which child behavioral and physical health (emotional, behavioral, and medical problems) and parent mental health (parenting stress, parent mental health history, and parent depressive symptoms) were associated with parent-teacher relationship quality and family involvement in a sample of 68 families of school-aged autistic children. Families were recruited through invitation letters disseminated at local early intervention and early childhood programs. Children in the sample were primarily boys, primarily White, and approximately 8 years old. Results suggest that (a) child emotional problems and parenting stress were negatively associated with parent-teacher relationship quality (large effects) and (b) parent history of mental health problems was negatively associated with family involvement (large effect). Intervention recommendations and future research directions are discussed. For example, it would be helpful for future research to include the perspectives of ethnically diverse samples when examining family-school partnerships among families with autistic children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The QUALITY OF LIFE IN ADOLESCENT DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC

Background : Assessment of quality of life in children is a useful indicator of overall health because it encompasses information about children's physical and mental health. Managing the existing environment and adhering to current constraints due to Covid-19 can be especially difficult for children and adolescents because these conditions can be regarded as incompatible with their developmental tasks. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) is a tool designed to assess children's quality of life based on age, maturity, and cognitive development. While self-report is the gold standard for measuring perceived PedsQL, there may be occasions when the kid is too young, too sick, or too tired to complete PedsQL instrument, in which case a parent-proxy report may be required.&#x0D; Methods : An analytic observational study using a cross-sectional design involve three elementary schools in the Jimbaran area, Badung, Bali. The research was conducted at Udayana University Hospital in July 2022. Detailed explanations about the context and how to fill out the PedsQL form were given to students and their parents. The students and parents fill out PedsQL forms in separate rooms. The PedsQL questionnaire used was the Indonesian version. Concordance between self-report and parent-proxy was evaluated using the Wilcoxon paired sign rank test. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to assess parent and child agreement.&#x0D; Results : Amongst 189 children, median age was 11 years (range 11–13 years). There was no difference in PedsQL between self-report and parent-proxy in overall and subscales functioning domain. Physical, emotional, social, and school functioning all had intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.85, 0.83, 0.79, and 0.88, respectively. Low energy (physical functioning), feel afraid or scared and feel angry (emotional functioning), and can’t do things that children his age do (social functioning) were found different among factor loadings. School functioning factor loadings were found similar.&#x0D; Conclusion : This study shows a good agreement and no significant difference in overall and subscale scores between children's self-report and parent-proxy reports. Although significant differences were found when examining each factor loadings in each component.

The Impacts of Divorce on Children: Exploring Consequences and Seeking Legitimate Solutions

With the acceleration of the divorce rate from the mid- 1960s to the early 1980s, the number of nontraditional families (such as single-parent families and reconstituted families) have increased relative to intact, first-time nuclear families, Divorce as a social carcass which yields as a results of separation between parents (couples) and divert them from their marriage rights has become one of the static problems of the day. . Although not entirely consistent, the pattern of empirical findings suggests that children's emotional, social, physical, and mental health adjustment, gender-role orientation, and antisocial behavior are affected by family structure, whereas other dimensions of well-being are unaffected. But the review indicates that these findings should be interpreted with caution because of the methodological deficiencies of many of the studies on which these findings are based. Several variables, including the level of family conflict, may be central variables mediating the effect of family structure on children. The purpose and aim of this paper is to investigate and study the consequences of Divorce on children. The study will also pinpoint the reasons of Divorce and effects both negative and positive aspect of Divorce. Secondary data will be apprehended to help as a perspective guide from recognized sources to elaborate the collective consequences of divorce on children. The study will also draw conclusions based on the diverse consequences of divorce on children.

Intervention Effect of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Based on Empowerment Theory on Loneliness in Obese Children.

Obesity, one of the independent risk factors affecting children's physical and mental health, has become a serious public health problem in the 21st century. Given physical anxiety and other psychological factors, obese children experience negative impact on their mental health and intellectual development from their loneliness, unwillingness to communicate with others, and lack of peer interaction. Therefore, exploring an effective psychological intervention model that can relieve loneliness in obese children is necessary. From February to October 2022, a quasi-experimental study was conducted on obese children recruited from communities in Harbin, China. The children recruited were evaluated with the UCLA Loneliness Scale. According to the evaluation results, one hundred and five children were selected and randomly divided into experiment group (52) and control group (53). The experiment group was given an eight-week solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) intervention based on empowerment theory. The control and experiment groups were measured and compared before and after the intervention. The loneliness score of the experiment group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.001). The self-efficacy score of the experiment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.001). The subjective well-being score of the experiment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.001). SFBT intervention based on empowerment theory has an effective intervention effect on loneliness in obese children and can improve their subjective well-being and self-efficacy. The results of this study provide a new perspective for the intervention on psychological problems in obese children.

The Commit to Be Fit framework: a community case study of a multi-level, holistic school-based wellness initiative in rural Virginia.

Public health interventions that target children's physical, mental, and emotional health will enhance their ability to learn and grow. Although more complex, school initiatives that address multiple ecological levels and take a holistic view may be more effective and likely to lead to lasting change. This article presents the framework of Commit to Be Fit (C2BF) as an example of how schools can integrate multi-level and holistic approaches for health. This innovative school-based intervention includes activities addressing individual, home, school, and community to create a culture of wellness. We describe the implementation of C2BF and its basis in ecological models and give examples of activities across three components: cafeteria, classroom, and community. We discuss challenges and note that leadership engagement and alignment were critical elements for C2BF's success thus far. C2BF uses a school-based multi-level approach to creating a culture of wellness and holistic health for students, teachers, and community members. C2BF is unique compared to other school-based programming and includes activities that address all eight domains posited for program sustainability within public health. Built to be flexible and adaptive, C2BF was able to successfully pivot during the COVID pandemic and also follow new science. C2BF and other multi-level holistic approaches are more likely to achieve long-term change by utilizing strategies across the multiple levels of the ecological model to improve health and wellbeing.

An Overview of How the Built Environment Relates to Children's Health.

Explore the varied pathways between the built environment and children's health. The review begins by describing how the built environment and transport infrastructure relate to conditions that lead to health outcomes. The review examines emissions, noise, and traffic dangers in relation to children's physical, mental, and social health. Evidence is increasing for walkable neighborhoods and health-related behavior such as physical activity. However, diverse land uses (often supporting walkability) were also found to increase traffic injuries. Cognitive impacts of motorways on children at schools were found. Finally, the relationships between social activities and built environment are beginning. The built environment's influence on various physical health outcomes is increasingly clear and is often through a transport pathway. However, the links with mental and social health are less developed, though recent findings show significant results. Having accessible child-relevant destinations is an important consideration for children's health.

Caregiver Perceived Stress and Child Sleep Health: An Item-Level Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis.

Up to 50% of children and adolescents in the United States (U.S.) experience sleep problems. While existing research suggests that perceived stress in caregivers is associated with poorer sleep outcomes in children, research on this relationship is often limited to infant and early childhood populations; therefore, we investigated this association in school-age children and adolescents. We used cross-sectional caregiver-reported surveys and applied item response theory (IRT) followed by meta-analysis to assess the relationship between caregiver perceived stress and child sleep disturbance, and moderation of this relationship by child age and the presence of a child mental or physical health condition. We analyzed data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, a collaboration of existing pediatric longitudinal cohort studies that collectively contribute a diverse and large sample size ideal for addressing questions related to children's health and consolidating results across population studies. Participants included caregivers of children ages 8 to 16 years from four ECHO cohorts. Caregiver perceived stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and child sleep disturbance was assessed using five sleep-related items from the School-Age version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Increases in caregiver perceived stress and child mental or physical health condition were independently associated with greater sleep disturbance among children. The findings reinforce the importance of accounting for, and potentially intervening on, the broader family context and children's mental and physical health in the interest of improving sleep health.

DAMPAK STATUS EKONOMI PADA STATUS GIZI BALITA

The nutritional status of toddlers is a health problem that has an impact on children's growth and development. This condition has an impact on the child's physical and mental health in the future. Many factors influence the nutritional status of children under five, one of which is the economic status of the family. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between economic status and the nutritional status of toddlers. The research method is cross-sectional by conducting analytic observational, the sample using accidental sampling based on toddlers who carried out anthropometric measurements of toddlers' height and weight obtained 155 toddlers. Analysis of research data with descriptive analysis, chi square analysis and logistic regression test. The results showed that families with low economic status had babies with low birth weight of 21.7%, underweight of 15.2% and stunting of 52.2%. The logistic regression test showed that there was a significant relationship between economic status and low birth weight babies (p value 0.025), underweight (p value 0.023) and stunting (p value 0.008). The conclusion is that there is a significant relationship of family economic status to low birth weight, underweight and stunting.

A comprehensive wireless neurological and cardiopulmonary monitoring platform for pediatrics.

Neurodevelopment in the first 10 years of life is a critical time window during which milestones that define an individual's functional potential are achieved. Comprehensive multimodal neurodevelopmental monitoring is particularly crucial for socioeconomically disadvantaged, marginalized, historically underserved and underrepresented communities as well as medically underserved areas. Solutions designed for use outside the traditional clinical environment represent an opportunity for addressing such health inequalities. In this work, we present an experimental platform, ANNE EEG, which adds 16-channel cerebral activity monitoring to the existing, USA FDA-cleared ANNE wireless monitoring platform which provides continuous electrocardiography, respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, motion, and temperature measurements. The system features low-cost consumables, real-time control and streaming with widely available mobile devices, and fully wearable operation to allow a child to remain in their naturalistic environment. This multi-center pilot study successfully collected ANNE EEG recordings from 91 neonatal and pediatric patients at academic quaternary pediatric care centers and in LMIC settings. We demonstrate the practicality and feasibility to conduct electroencephalography studies with high levels of accuracy, validated via both quantitative and qualitative metrics, compared against gold standard systems. An overwhelming majority of parents surveyed during studies indicated not only an overall preference for the wireless system, but also that its use would improve their children's physical and emotional health. Our findings demonstrate the potential for the ANNE system to perform multimodal monitoring to screen for a variety of neurologic diseases that have the potential to negatively impact neurodevelopment.

Longitudinal Associations Between Physical Health Conditions in Childhood and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms at Age 17 Years

Although evidence suggests significant cross-sectional relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and several physical health conditions, less is known about their longitudinal associations. We investigated the cumulative effect of childhood physical health conditions on ADHD symptoms at age 17 years, controlling for environmental factors, ADHD medication status, and ADHD symptoms at age 3 years. Using Millennium Cohort Study data (weighted n= 8,059), we assessed whether 4 physical health clusters (sensory, neurological, atopic, and cardio-metabolic) were associated with scores on the ADHD subscale from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at age 17 years. Environmental factors were grouped into 5 cumulative risk indices: prenatal, perinatal, postnatal environment, postnatal maternal well-being, and sociodemographic factors. Regression analyses determined whether each physical health cluster was associated with ADHD score while controlling for environmental factors, ADHD medication, and earlier symptoms. Sensory, neurological, and cardio-metabolic clusters were all significantly associated with ADHD symptoms (β range= 0.04-0.09, p< .001). The overall model explained 2% of the variance. This rose to 21% (ΔR2= 0.06) after adjusting for confounders. The sensory (β= 0.06) and neurological (β= 0.06) clusters remained significant (R2= 0.21, ΔR2= 0.06), but the cardio-metabolic cluster was no longer a significant predictor. Sensory or neurological conditions in childhood were associated with higher ADHD symptoms aged 17 after adjustment of confounders. This was not the case for atopic or cardio-metabolic conditions. These findings have implications for the care of children with sensory/neurological conditions and future research examining ADHD etiopathophysiology.

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on the physique of school-age children in Japan.

Schools in Japan were closed nationwide from March to May 2020 because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Many suspect that this school closure affected children's mental and physical health. We investigated changes in school-age children's physiques to determine the effects of the COVID-19 lockdown and restrictions on their health. Data were extracted from a database of school physical examinations in Osaka elementary and junior high schools for 4 consecutive years from 2018 to 2021. The following characteristics were analyzed: short stature, tall stature, underweight, mild obesity, middle grade obesity, and severe obesity. The paired Student t-test was used to compare school examination data in the prepandemic period (2018-2019), pandemic lockdown (2019-2020), and post-lockdown period (2020-2021). Obesity rates in elementary school students aged 6-12 years, particularly in boys, were significantly higher during the lockdown than they were in 2019. After the pandemic, the tall stature rate continued to rise, while rates of short stature and underweight decreased in both sexes in 2020. In junior high school students aged 12-15 years, rates of obesity and underweight tended to decrease in 2020. However, these rates rebounded and rose in 2021 when the lockdown was lifted. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, elementary school students gained weight, while junior high school students lost weight. The lockdown that was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic had an unfavorable effect on weight gain, particularly in young school-age children.

The benefits of nurturant-involved parentingfor children's internalizing symptoms and cardiometabolic health in high-risk contexts.

Despite evidence that nurturant-involved parenting is linked with children's social, psychological, and physiological development, less is known about the specific contexts in which nurturant-involved parenting is most beneficial for children's mental and physical health. The present study examined how associations between nurturant-involved parenting and children's internalizing symptoms and cardiometabolic risk varied as a function of children's stress and discrimination. Participants included 165 Black and Latinx children (Mage = 11.5 years) and their guardians. Children reported on their ongoing stress, experiences of discrimination, and internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety). Guardians provided information about their nurturant-involved parenting practices. Children's cardiometabolic risk was assessed as a composite reflecting a high level of systolic or diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, HbA1c, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. Regression analyses indicated that among youth who reported high levels of stress and discrimination, nurturant-involved parenting was negatively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Although children's stress and discrimination were significantly associated with their internalizing symptoms, neither stress nor discrimination moderated the relation between nurturant-involved parenting and internalizing symptoms. Results highlight the significant role that parents play in shaping children's health, particularly among youth experiencing high levels of stress and discrimination.

Does Maternal Social Capital Affect Children's Physical Health in the Future?

Social capital is one of the capitals needed by mothers in caring for children. This study aimed to analyze the impact of maternal social capital on children’s physical health in the future. Using pooled data in Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 1997 and 2014, this study could capture the long-term effect of maternal social capital in children’s early life via the mother’s participation in community-based associations. The methodology of this study is an instrumental variable to overcome the endogeneity of a mother’s social capital. The ethnic similarity is applied as an instrumental variable that correlates with maternal social capital but is uncorrelated with children’s physical health in the future. The result showed that maternal social capital could decrease their children’s physical health disorder as young adults. The more intense the mother participates in her association; the fewer children’s physical health disorders occur.