Children's Participation Research Articles

Determining the state of guidance on pediatric biobanking for researchers, HRECS, and families: Regulatory mapping of international guidance

Biobanking—the storage of human biological samples, including tissue, blood, urine, and genetic data—raises many ethical, legal, and social issues, including confidentiality and privacy. Pediatric biobanking is more complicated, with difficulties arising because children lack capacity to consent and acquire this capacity upon maturity when the research is still ongoing. Yet given the limited availability of pediatric samples, the translational nature of biobanking presents a unique opportunity to share samples and produce clinically necessary information about pediatric development and diseases. Guidance on navigating these legal and ethical difficulties is needed for those involved in pediatric biobanking—including researchers, participants, and families, and those involved in biobank governance. This paper seeks to map the current regulatory framework governing pediatric biobanking to determine what guidance is currently offered. Regulatory mapping of current international and national guidelines on pediatric biobanking addressing the ethical, legal, and social nuances of pediatric biobanking was undertaken. This paper finds that international guidelines around biobanking are mostly for adults, and even when pediatric-specific, documents are non-binding, inconsistent, or only limited guidance is offered on a range of important issues specific to pediatric biobanks. Conclusion: This paper shows a need for consistent, comprehensive, and clear regulation on pediatric biobanking so that research can more quickly, efficiently, and ethically be translated to useful information and treatment in pediatric care.What is Known:• Pediatric biobanking presents new opportunities to conduct valuable translational research to benefit pediatric populations. However, the storage of pediatric biological samples raises many ethical, legal and social issues—in part because child participants may be considered to lack capacity to consent but can acquire this capacity upon maturity when the research is still ongoing. Pediatric biobanks must grapple with issues of consent, confidentiality and privacy, and long-term participation regarding child participants.What is New:• Regulatory guidance on these ethical, legal, and social issues is needed for researchers, participants, and families and those involved in biobank governance. This paper identifies nationally specific and international guidance on biobanking and summarizes the guidance provided in relation to these pediatric specific issues. It finds that most guidance is non-binding and inconsistent between guidance documents and may offer only limited guidance to stakeholders. A need for consistent, comprehensive, and clear regulation on pediatric biobanking is needed at an international level to enable research.

Çocuklarla birlikte tuvalet tasarlamak: Okul öncesi eğitim kurumunda bir tasarım serüveni

Children have long been neglected by designers. However, children's participation in the design process is essential for the creation of creative spaces. Children have the right to be involved in the design of the spaces they use based on their personal experiences. Preschool educational institutions are essential as the initial socialization environment for the child. The designs of these facilities have an impact on the lives of children in the future. The process of toilet training, which includes the preschool years, impacts the lives and development of children in the future. In addition to a healthy toileting routine, it is necessary for children to develop awareness in many areas, such as muscle control and self-care abilities. The design of toilet interiors in preschool educational institutions also affects the cognitive, physical and mental development of children. The purpose of this study is to determine the interior design criteria of the toilet as a wet area in preschool educational institutions in accordance with the expectations of children in the 36-72 month age range who are members of Gen Alpha. The case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in this research, along with a mosaic approach, which allows the process to be conducted with children The study's findings revealed that the suggestions for the design of the toilet interiors of the 36-72 month group children, who are Gen Alpha, are tech-focused.

Legal Protection for Neglected Children Based on Regional Regulation of Bali Province

<p>The aims of this research are to determine legal protection for neglected children based on the regional regulations of Bali Province. The problem in this study is how legal protection for neglected children in the province of Bali is based on the Regional Regulations of Bali Province Number 6 of 2014. This research uses a normative legal method by taking a statutory approach. The sources of legal materials used are primary and secondary, which are reviewed using literature study techniques and analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The result can be seen that legal protection for neglected children based on Article 2 of Regulation Number 6 of 2014 of Bali Province concerning child protection states that every child has the right to be able to live, grow, develop, and participate appropriately following human dignity. Preventive protection is also emphasized, where the state, government, local government, community, family, and parents or guardians are obliged and entirely responsible for child protection. This protection is based on the principles of child protection, namely the principle of non-discrimination, the principle of the child's best interests, the right to live, grow, and develop, and the principle of children's participation.</p>

Physical fitness in children with Marfan and Loeys-Dietz syndrome: associations between cardiovascular parameters, systemic manifestations, fatigue, and pain

Children with Marfan (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) report limitations in physical activities, sports, school, leisure, and work participation in daily life. This observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study explores associations between physical fitness and cardiovascular parameters, systemic manifestations, fatigue, and pain in children with MFS and LDS. Forty-two participants, aged 6–18 years (mean (SD) 11.5(3.7)), diagnosed with MFS (n = 36) or LDS (n = 6), were enrolled. Physical fitness was evaluated using the Fitkids Treadmill Test’s time to exhaustion (TTE) outcome measure. Cardiovascular parameters (e.g., echocardiographic parameters, aortic surgery, cardiovascular medication) and systemic manifestations (systemic score of the revised Ghent criteria) were collected. Pain was obtained by visual analog scale. Fatigue was evaluated by PROMIS® Fatigue-10a-Pediatric-v2.0-short-form and PROMIS® Fatigue-10a-Parent-Proxy-v2.0-short-form. Multivariate linear regression analyses explored associations between physical fitness (dependent variable) and independent variables that emerged from the univariate linear regression analyses (criterion p < .05). The total group (MFS and LDS) and the MFS subgroup scored below norms on physical fitness TTE Z-score (mean (SD) −3.1 (2.9); −3.0 (3.0), respectively). Univariate analyses showed associations between TTE Z-score aortic surgery, fatigue, and pain (criterion p < .05). Multivariate analyses showed an association between physical fitness and pediatric self-reported fatigue that explained 48%; 49%, respectively, of TTE Z-score variance (F (1,18) = 18.6, p ≤ .001, r2 = .48; F (1,15) = 16,3, p = .01, r2 = .49, respectively). Conclusions: Physical fitness is low in children with MFS or LDS and associated with self-reported fatigue. Our findings emphasize the potential of standardized and tailored exercise programs to improve physical fitness and reduce fatigue, ultimately enhancing the physical activity and sports, school, leisure, and work participation of children with MFS and LDS.What is Known:• Marfan and Loeys-Dietz syndrome are heritable connective tissue disorders and share cardiovascular and systemic manifestations.• Children with Marfan and Loeys-Dietz syndrome report increased levels of disability, fatigue and pain, as well as reduced levels of physical activity, overall health and health-related quality of life.What is New:• Physical fitness is low in children with Marfan and Loeys-Dietz syndrome and associated with self-reported fatigue.• Our findings emphasize the potential of standardized and tailored exercise programs to improve physical fitness and reduce fatigue, ultimately enhancing the physical activity and sports, school, leisure, and work participation of children with Marfan and Loeys-Dietz syndrome.

Children's participation in everyday life: An international overview

AbstractMuch of the research on children's right to participation has focused on formal settings, with less attention given to everyday contexts. The current study explores the scope of children's participation in everyday life in the family, school and community. Based on a sample of 46 000 children from 32 countries, children's participation was found to vary across the different contexts. Moreover, the quality of the children's relationships with adults was found to be positively related to the degree of their participation. Finally, some cross‐national differences were found.

Promoting relational thinking in preschoolers (ages 3–5) through participatory science learning: insights from RMTS with Roma children

The study examined the development of relational thinking in children aged 3–5 years within a Roma community using the relational matching-to-sample task. Following a four-month period of participatory science learning, there was a twofold increase in the proportion of relational choices made by the children. The teachers and assistant teachers deliberately encouraged child participation in science activities, while adhering to the established state curriculum. This emphasis on child involvement in science activities was discussed as a potential factor contributing to a domain-general shift in relational thinking, an effect not observed in the control group of children from the same community.

Heard and Seen: Developing Inclusive Activities for Enabling the Voices of Children with Disabilities in Oral Health Research

The Convention on the Rights of the Child argues for children’s involvement in research. Oral health research frequently excludes children with disabilities and their voices. This study takes a rights-based approach by devising methods to include disabled children in oral health research. This is an ethnographic study. Methods utilized interviews, guided tours, symbols, drawings, pictures, and games. The selection of method depended on the ability and preference of each child. Using pictures and games as prompts enabled child participation. The guided tour activity facilitated the development of relationships with the children. It also increased their ability to chat informally and appeared to reduce power imbalances compared to formal, structured interviewing. Focus group interviews, symbols, and drawings acted as barriers to children’s participation. Involving children with disabilities in oral health research requires using appropriate methodological designs and innovative, pluralistic methods drawn from different disciplines. This promotes a rights-based approach, which recognizes diversity and aims to reduce the discrimination and disempowerment of children with disabilities.

A collaborative process: child participation in interventions provided by Swedish child and family welfare services

ABSTRACT The right of children to express their views on matters concerning them is a core principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, as defined in Article 12. However, research shows that interventions provided by Swedish child and family welfare services are planned and based on parents’ perspectives even though research suggests that child participation results in welfare service provision that is better matched to the children’s needs. The aim of this study is to explore how child participation is constructed in interventions provided by Swedish child and family welfare services and to study which elements are of importance to this process. The article is based on a qualitative interview study with 14 family social workers and 11 children aged 7–16 with experience of family interventions provided by the child and family welfare services. The results suggest that child participation is a collaborative process in which both the child and the FSW have an active role to play. Participation is constructed through a series of seemingly small, everyday actions in the meeting between the child and the FSW. By actively asking questions and allowing the child to practice participation and influence the process, the FSW can, together with the child, work towards increased child participation in interventions.

Parental perspectives on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: Unraveling concerns, and study participation willingness.

The impact of disease burden extends beyond pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients to include their parents. Previous studies, predating the biologic era, have highlighted parental concerns about potential side effects associated with IBD medications. However, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding parents' perceptions of clinical studies involving pediatric IBD patients. This study aims to explore the specific concerns troubling parents of children with IBD, identifying factors influencing these concerns, and assesses parental willingness to allow their child's participation in clinical studies. Utilizing social media, we disseminated an anonymous questionnaire to parents of pediatric IBD patients. The questionnaire encompassed queries about parental willingness for their child to partake in clinical studies, aspects of the disease deemed bothersome, and the sense of coherence scale (SOC). Responses were obtained from 101 parents, with a mean age of 46.4, of whom 82.2% were female. Concerns about potential future side effects of their child's medications surpassed worries about disease symptoms (80.04% vs. 73.47%). Linear regression analysis revealed that parents with lower SOC scores, limited medical care accessibility, and a higher age of the child at diagnosis, exhibited heightened concerns about the future impact of the disease on their child (p = 0.016, 0.003, and 0.045, respectively). While a majority rejected participation in studies involving new medications (54.5%), there was greater agreement for studies on nutritional therapies (84.2%) and complementary medicine (91.1%). Classification tree analysis indicated that women were more inclined to permit their child's participation in studies focusing on complementary medicine (adjusted p = 0.002). Parents of IBD patients express greater apprehension about potential side effects from IBD medications and display reluctance toward their child participating in clinical studies related to medications.

Skills on wheels: initial pre-post findings from a pilot study of a pediatric wheelchair skills training program

Skills on Wheels, a 5-week pediatric wheelchair skills training program implemented over 2 years, was developed to address confidence, social participation, and mobility for wheelchair-using children. This study tests the hypothesis that pediatric wheelchair skills training will increase wheelchair skill ability, confidence, and participation of wheelchair-using children. Individualized instruction was delivered by occupational (N = 50) and physical (N = 12) therapy practitioners and doctoral students. The primary program intervention was adapted for pediatric wheelchair users from the adult Wheelchair Skills Training Program, developed by Dalhousie University, consisting of a total of 33 wheelchair skills. An adapted version of the Wheelchair Confidence measure (Wheel-Con-M-P), the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth (PEM-CY), and Wheelchair Skills Test (WST) were used to measure participants confidence and ability to complete wheelchair skills, endurance, and participation and satisfaction in community, school, and home. The study resulted in: increases in confidence in ability to move wheelchair over threshold (+1.00, p < 0.05), ability to carry lunchbox/bookbag (+0.65, p < 0.05), ability to move in wheelchair when worried or scared (+1.3, p < 0.05), ability to ask for help, and ability to say “no” if they don’t need help (+0.58, p < 0.05) were indicated. The WST indicated increased ability (p < 0.05) on several skills. The Fear of Falling Measure found an overall decrease in fear of falling (−2.37, p < 0.01). The Skills on Wheels program demonstrated many successes in this initial 2-year study and data suggest a positive trend for iterations to come.

A systematic review of the efficacy of group social skills interventions on social functioning and social participation in children with acquired brain injury or cerebral palsy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Group social skills interventions (GSSIs) versus any comparator on social functioning in children aged 5-12 years with acquired brain injury or cerebral palsy. GSSIs are an evidence-based approach to foster social skills development in children with autism spectrum disorder. Currently, limited literature exploring GSSIs in children with acquired brain injury and cerebral palsy is available. MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, clinicaltrials.gov, ICTRP and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses were systematically searched. Study screening, risk-of-bias, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Six studies were included in the narrative synthesis (one randomised controlled trial and five nonrandomised studies). Results indicate that GSSIs may increase children's social skills as measured on the Social Skills Rating System and Social Skills Questionnaire. Very low certainty evidence was found for improvements in social functioning and competence. There is low certainty evidence that participation in GSSI may lead to gains in social functioning for children with acquired brain injury or cerebral palsy. Given the certainty of the evidence, these results must be interpreted with caution. Only one randomised controlled trial of GSSIs for children with acquired brain injury was identified, underscoring the need for additional high-quality studies.

Developing and assessing the measurement properties of an instrument to assess the impact of musculoskeletal pain in children aged 9 to 12—the pediatric musculoskeletal pain impact summary score

BackgroundDespite the high prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) pain in children, there is a lack of instruments to measure the impact of MSK pain on children's activity and participation. ObjectiveTo assess the reliability and construct validity of the Pediatric MSK Pain Impact summary score in school children (aged 9 to 12) with MSK pain. MethodsWe used a pragmatic approach in a reflective framework to assess internal consistency, structural validity, convergent validity, and discriminative validity in a sample of 615 children with MSK pain. ResultsThe confirmatory factor analysis results indicate that the summary score has limited internal consistency and construct validity. The estimated Cronbach's alpha was 0.63, and most goodness of fit indices met the recommended thresholds (SRMR = 0.030; GFI = 0.993, CFI = 0.955, RMSEA 0.073), although they were close to the lower bounds of the thresholds. The convergent validity showed appropriate correlation of the summary score with quality of life (r = -0.33), care-seeking (r = 0.45), and medication intake (r = 0.37). Discriminative validity showed that the instrument can discriminate between the impact of pain on children with frequent and infrequent (2.93; 95% CI: 2.36 - 3.50) MSK pain. ConclusionThe Pediatric MSK Pain Impact summary showed limited internal consistency and construct validity; however, it can discriminate between children with frequent and infrequent pain. The results are promising for clinical and research practices as it is a short and convenient tool to be used in school-aged children.

Perceived Participation to Kindergartens, Teachers, and Parents of Physical Education in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China

Background and Aim: This study addresses the scarcity of empirical evidence on children's participation in Physical Education (PE) and the perspectives of teachers and parents within the Chinese context. The study aims to determine the level of student engagement in PE and identify factors influencing their participation. It also seeks insights into how teachers and parents view PE's importance in children's well-being. Materials and Methods: Conducted in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China, the study involved 201 kindergartens, 200 parents, and 65 teachers. Analytical methods included tables, frequencies, percentages, mean proportion analysis, standard deviation proportion analysis, confidence interval analysis, one-sample z-score test for proportion, two-sample z-score test for proportion, and correlation analysis. The research also led to the development of a guide for creating a kindergarten's physical literacy model. Results: Kindergartens exhibit a moderate perception of PE, with males generally having a higher perception than females. Teachers view PE positively, considering it moderately beneficial for physical and mental development. However, barriers to teaching PE include limited event space, security concerns, venue and equipment issues, weather-related inconveniences, and parents' lack of sports proficiency. Parents have a favorable view of PE, acknowledging its positive impact. Barriers for parents include safety concerns, extracurricular workloads, limited interest in after-school sports, venue limitations, and academic pressures. Kindergartens express enthusiasm for sports like basketball and football, but challenges may reduce physical activity and lead to frustration. Conclusion: The perception of physical education in kindergartens varies among different stakeholders, with gender differences and positive attitudes from teachers and parents. However, numerous barriers, including space limitations and safety concerns, need to be addressed to ensure a more effective and enjoyable PE experience for children in this educational setting.

Are Recreational Sports a Relic of the Past OR a Solution for the Future?

Children's participation in sport is a critical component to their physical and social development and as such, efforts should be made to provide all children with the opportunity to play. In recent years, there has been an observed shift in the focus of youth sports from that of participation for the health benefits of physical activity and fun to that of winning and competing. As a result, there has been a rise in club sports offerings and a subsequent reduction in recreational sports opportunities. This change presents unique challenges to children's access to sport and may not adequately support their overall physical, social, and emotional development. This commentary will discuss the benefits and barriers to increasing recreational sport opportunities using the Social Ecological Model as a framework. It also will propose solutions that can be implemented at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy levels to revive recreational sports.

Children in Family Mediation

This article explores the impact of three interlinked developments on both theoretical understanding of the specific role of children in family mediation and on its professional practice implications. First, the adoption of an imported terminology deviates from the clarity and precision of existing policy in respect of the nature and purpose of professional intervention in relation to children in mediation; second, current high standards of practice risk being compromised by an overemphasis of a rights approach to determining a child’s direct participation in mediation; and third, how a failure to sufficiently recognize the impact on families of multiple harsh pressures, including poverty and deprivation, at a time of conflict and stress, risks both overstating the scope of mediation for meeting a child’s needs as well as underplaying the complexities involved in relation to the direct participation of children in mediation. The article explores the tensions arising from these developments and the challenges, theoretical and professional, involved in protecting the ethical and professional principles of mediation while ensuring that the voice of the child can be heard in the process. Keywords: ADR; mediation; family mediation; children in mediation; children’s rights.

Perceptual training facilitates Mandarin tone production for preschoolers with cochlear implants: Evidence from acoustic analysis

This study primarily aimed to investigate the benefits of an established perceptual training in the production of lexical tones for Mandarin-speaking preschoolers with cochlear implants (CIs). Thirty-two pediatric CI recipients were tested in this study. Half of the child participants received five sessions of high variability phonetic training (HVPT) within a period of three weeks, whereas the other half served as control who did not receive the formal training. Production of Mandarin tones was recorded before the provision (pretest) and after (posttest) the completion of the training protocol, which was coded and analyzed acoustically with automatic pitch tracking implemented in the software of Praat. Results showed significantly enhanced concave characteristic of dynamic pitch contours for the trained children’s Mandarin tones produced in posttest relative to pretest using growth curve analysis. Moreover, a tonal ellipse analysis indicated significantly improved tone differentiability and tone hit rate from pretest to posttest following training. By contrast, no significant changes were observed in the control children between the two test sessions. The findings represent initial acoustic evidence of HVPT-induced benefits in lexical tone production for CI users, which supports the application of this perceptual training protocol to aural rehabilitation practice.

INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH ON PARENTS' PARTICIPATION IN CHILDREN'S PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF INTELLECTUALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF INTELLECTUALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN

With the development of special education, the education of exceptional children has also received more and more attention. Generally, the education and training of parents of special children brand behavioral intervention are keys to helping special children. The ecological theory of child development believes that parents are the critical factors influencing the development of exceptional children; children' learning occurs in the natural environment and runs through daily life activities. The family is the earliest environment for children, and parents are children's first teachers. Education must start from the family; the first person to build a bridge for children can only be parents.In China, the participation of parents of children with intellectual disabilities in their children's physical education has not received enough attention, and the physical education of most children with intellectual disabilities has not been fully implemented to address this phenomenon. This article uses literature methods, field surveys, expert interviews, data statistics, questionnaires, and other methods to research and investigate the attitudes, current situation, and approaches of parents of children with intellectual disabilities in Maoming City about how to participate in their children's physical education. It was found that there are constraints such as insufficient understanding of participation in children's physical education, low overall level of participation in children's physical education, participation in children's physical education as a formality, insufficient depth of participation, and traditional participation in children's physical education. This was discussed and proposed. Practical suggestions for modifications. This study is of great value in providing reference literature for developing family education for the mentally handicapped in the future. There needs to be a higher overall level of participation in children's physical education as a formality, insufficient depth of participation, and traditional participation in physical education. This was discussed and proposed. Practical suggestions for modifications. This study is of great value in providing reference literature for developing family education for the mentally handicapped in the future

Parental support in esports through the lens of the theory of planned behaviour.

Esports have grown substantially in the last decade and may be an effective way of engaging and exposing the youth, who is not actively participating in traditional sports, to the benefits of sports related performance environments. However, due to negative stereotypes about gamers and concerns about esports, parents might be hesitant to support their children's esports participation and may instead actively discourage it. The purpose of this perspective article was to discuss the determinants of parental support based on the theory of planned behaviour. Parents attitudes seem to be mostly negative and their perceived behavioral control is likely low due to a lack of knowledge about esports. The subjective norms are mixed and seem to be growing progressively more positive. Based on the theory of planned behaviour, parents seem unlikely to support their children's esport participation, however, more research is needed. Recommendations on how to increase the likelihood of parental support are discussed.

Factors Influencing Parental Willingness to Consent to a Survey Study for Patients in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

To identify factors that impact parental willingness to consent to research studies conducted for their children during visits to pediatric emergency departments (EDs). Parents and guardians of children receiving care in our pediatric ED were approached and asked if they would be willing to let their child participate in a research study requiring the child to complete an electronic questionnaire. No such questionnaire existed, however, because the primary purpose was to ascertain the parent's willingness to let their child participate. All parents were debriefed and informed of the true purpose of the study and asked to complete a survey themselves to help understand factors that influenced their initial decision of whether to consent. Bivariate tests and logistic regression were used to evaluate unadjusted and adjusted associations between parent and patient characteristics and parental consent decision. We approached 431 eligible parents about the hypothetical research study involving their children, and 386 (89.6%) consented for their children to participate. After the debriefing, 392 (91.0%) parents consented to complete the parental survey. We observed statistically significant associations between shorter length of ED stay to approach for consent for the study ( P = 0.048) as well as longer travel time ( P = 0.03) and willingness to consent in bivariate analysis, though this did not hold in regression analysis. Regression analysis revealed parents of children who have previously participated in research had 79 times lower odds of consenting to participate in our study adjusted for parent race, ethnicity, actual and perceived length of stay, travel time to the ED, and altruism. A high proportion of parents consented to their child participating in research in our ED with previous child participation in research being associated with lower odds of parental consent even when adjusted for other factors. Our findings may inform future research practices and studies investigating parental perceptions and motivations surrounding research studies.

Child-centred evaluations from child-friendly design to dissemination: Lessons from 5 African countries

Background: Child participation in evaluation and research is key to ensure horizontal accountability and respect the rights of the children to voice their opinions on actions that have a direct impact on their lives. The author uses illustrative examples to describe how child-focused evaluation and research can be implemented in practices and discusses the main challenges and lessons learnt.Objectives: To reflect on the current evaluation practices and identify clear ways to ensure children and other marginalised groups can meaningfully participate in evaluation and research processes.Method: Children from 8 years to 18 years were involved in various evaluation and research assignments through different data collection and dissemination methods in five African countries.Results: The experiences show practically how children can successfully be engaged in evaluation and research through meaningful consultations that are both safe and ethical and through adapted communication materials and channels to ensure horizontal accountability.Conclusion: Ensuring the meaningful participation of children in evaluation and research processes is not only a right for children but also a great opportunity to enhance the design of evaluation and research pieces to make them more engaging and human-centred. The use of child-focused approach brings its own set of challenges and questions that evaluators can navigate with the support from relevant stakeholders. It requires authors to think outside of the box, be creative and put ourselves in the shoes of our main audience to develop the most suitable engagement strategies.Contribution: This article represents the culmination of a comprehensive research endeavor, from conceptualisation to data analysis and findings interpretation, conducted solely by the main author. The different pieces were reviewed for quality assurance by Helene Juillard. The illustrations presented in the article were made by Clementine Guivarch’ based on the author’s guidance and inputs.