Children's Cognitive Development Research Articles

The neuropsychology of early childhood and infancy.

Piaget's theory emphasizes the biological structures children utilize to make sense of their environment and based on those experiences become able to adapt. Many factors can intervene in the gradual and complex process of development, causing an array of issues both acute and chronic. Several studies have found that disability in the early months is a strong predictor of cognitive impairment in preschool. The presence of early functional anomalies may represent developmental delay and/or neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding the risk factors and detecting such signs early on is important to prevent or minimize later cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial problems. The study aims to emphasize how critical the early years are to a child's future cognitive, physical, emotional, and social development as well as their overall well-being. In addition, the fact that crucial developmental stages can be hampered or obstructed by a variety of factors is highlighted.

PERAN PSIKOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN DALAM DUNIA PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI DAN KAITANNYA DENGAN PENDIDIKAN KRISTEN

The role of developmental psychology is very important in early childhood education, because understanding the stages of child development helps educators in designing appropriate and effective curricula. This research examines this role by showing how the principles of developmental psychology can be applied in the context of early childhood education. Apart from that, this research examines the relationship between developmental psychology and Christian education, which emphasizes spiritual and moral values in the care and education of children. This research also examines the problems that occur in early childhood and looks at what factors cause these problems to occur and provide general treatment. By combining developmental theory and Christian education, this research aims to provide insight into the role of developmental psychology in early childhood education which supports children's cognitive and emotional development and shapes their character and morals in relation to Christian education. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative method, with data collection in the form of interview and observation techniques through several questions given, as well as observations made. It is hoped that the results of this research can become a practical guide for educators and parents in implementing educational strategies that are in accordance with child development values and Christian teachings.

Literacy development in early children

Literacy, which encompasses the process of reading and writing, is essential for children's cognitive, academic and social development. Introducing these skills at an early age, generally between 0 and 6 years old, is decisive because it forms the basis for future learning. Through literacy, children develop their vocabulary, reading comprehension and communication skills, which also reinforces their critical thinking and creativity. The objective of the research is to determine the importance of the early development of literacy in the first years of life, the result was that literacy is part of the academic base for the following years of early childhood, boys and girls learn to expand their imagination and also lose stage fright when performing a socio-cultural or artistic presentation, highlighting at the same time their interest in reading and writing, improving throughout life.

In-Depth Research on the Behavioral Impact of Violence-Oriented Cartoons among Children

One significant experience in children's early life is watching cartoons. This activity has a significant impact on a variety of variables, including kids' behavioral and cognitive development. This study focuses on school-age children, namely those in the 4–13 age range. This study focuses on the effects of the Violence-Oriented Cartoons channel on children's entire development, including language, motor, social learning, social cognitive, and moral development. 500 samples from various ages of children’s Group A and Group B were gathered for this investigation. This study aims to investigate the behavioral and emotional effects of exposure to violence-oriented cartoons on children. In particular, it aims to evaluate the effects of this type of social behavior, aggressiveness levels, attention span, emotional reactions, and the desensitization of violence in comparison to nonviolent cartoons. Using a sample of 500 children, 200 were exposed to non-violence-oriented cartoons and 300 were exposed to violence-oriented cartoons. The study used two groups. The study highlights that children who watched violent cartoons showed significantly higher levels of aggression, lower social behavior, shorter attention spans, increased desensitization, and stronger negative emotional responses than children who watched nonviolent cartoons. Study finds the importance of careful consideration of children's media content and suggests the potential benefits of limiting exposure to violent imagery in cartoons.

A - 64 Neuropsychological Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract Objective Now more than ever, the neuropsychologist is frequently called upon to assess and diagnosis Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Neuropsychological assessment provides a comprehensive and objective analysis of a child suspected of having ASD. To ensure accurate and early diagnosis of young children, this review will inform on the essential domains to include in the evaluation of ASD, highlight the cognitive profile of individuals with ASD, and address gender differences to consider as part of the diagnosis. Data Selection The following selection criteria were utilized: -articles published in peer-reviewed journals during the previous 10 years focusing on neuropsychological evaluations of ASD -employed a variety of assessment tools and methodologies - reporting on validity and reliability of specific measures to include in the evaluation of ASD in children. Data Synthesis It is essential to evaluate intelligence, attention, executive functioning, social communication, and fine motor skills as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Intelligence tests can sometimes underestimate the IQ of individuals with ASD. The uneven cognitive development in children with ASD makes accurate diagnosis even more challenging. Sex related cognitive profiles should be considered to assist in the accurate diagnosis of girls with ASD. Conclusions Early and accurate identification of ASD in children is essential for improved outcomes. Schools, physicians, insurance agencies, and other stakeholders rely on the results of the neuropsychological evaluation to authorize essential interventions. Therefore, it is imperative to employ the most recent research related to the assessment of ASD, with an emphasis on increasing the identification of girls.

Linoleic and Arachidonic Fatty Acids and their Potential Relationship with Inflammation, Pregnancy, and Fetal Development.

To summarize the evidence of maternal, placental, and fetal alterations that an excessive intake of n-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), LA, and AA, could produce during pregnancy. A thorough review of the literature regarding the effects of n-6 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation including in vivo and in vitro models, was carried out using the PubMed database from the National Library of Medicine-National Institutes of Health. An elevated intake of n-6 PUFA, specifically LA, during pregnancy influences children's motor, cognitive, and verbal development during infancy and early childhood. Similarly, they could harm the placenta and the development of other fetal organs such as the fat tissue, liver, and cardiovascular system. Maternal diet, specifically LA intake, could have significant repercussions on fetal development and long-term consequences in the offspring, including the possibility of future metabolic and mental diseases. It would be necessary to focus on the prevention of these alterations through timely dietary interventions in the target population.

Do Children Cause the Cognitive Stimulation they Receive? Modelling the Direction of Causality.

We tested the directionality of associations between children's early-life cognitive development and the cognitive stimulation that they received from their parents. Our sample included up to 15,314 children from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS), who were born between 1994 and 1996 in England and Wales and assessed at ages 3 and 4 years on cognitive development and cognitive stimulation, including singing rhymes, reading books, and playing games. Using genetically informative cross-lagged models, we found consistent, bidirectional effects from cognitive development at age 3 to cognitive stimulation at age 4, and from cognitive stimulation at age 3 to cognitive development at age 4. These cross-lagged longitudinal effects were largely explained by underlying common genetic and shared environmental factors, rather than reflecting causal mechanisms. Our findings emphasize the active role that children play in constructing their own learning experiences.

Unlocking the forest: An ethnographic evaluation of Forest Schools on developmental outcomes for 3-year-olds unaccustomed to woodland spaces.

Early years experiences shape a child's physical, cognitive and emotional development. Spending time in greenspaces offers benefits for children's development, but access and use can be limited in urban settings. There is increasing interest in the health and developmental benefits of Forest Schools for primary-aged children, but little is known about the benefits for pre-school children. This study aims to identify these and explore the processes and activities associated with a Forest School intervention for early years children that may influence outcomes. This paper reports on an ethnographic approach involving 65 hours of observations with two cohorts of 10 3-year-olds attending 11 weekly Forest School sessions in an urban setting. The children attending had little or no previous experience of natural spaces. 14 in-depth interviews were conducted with parents, and nursery and Forest School staff. The data were analysed using thematic analysis, and outcomes were identified using the Early Years Foundation Stage Statutory Framework. Despite logistical challenges, the intervention benefitted age-specific health and development outcomes, particularly personal, socio- and emotional development, verbal communication, and mathematics. Unexpected benefits were observed among nursery staff and parents attending Forest School. Forest Schools are a promising and feasible method to improve nature connectedness and development in children aged 3 years and support school readiness. The maintenance and protection of urban woodland spaces are paramount to facilitate this.

Peran Masyarakat Desa Rejosari dalam Mencegah Stunting pada Anak

Stunting is a long-term nutritional problem that severely affects children's physical growth and cognitive development. To address stunting, Rejosari Village has developed various community-based initiatives. The purpose of this study is to find out how the Rejosari Village community functions to prevent stunting in children by using cooperation and participation strategies. Socialization of stunting, nutrition counseling for pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers, routine monitoring of pregnant women's health, and provision of supplementary food for children under five are some of the programs in which the community is actively involved. Village health cadres also play an important role in supporting the implementation of these programs by providing direct instruction and guidance to residents. A qualitative case study was conducted to collect data through field observations and interviews. The results showed that community involvement not only increased awareness of the importance of preventing stunting but also increased active participation in maintaining the health and nutrition of children in Rejosari Village. The village experienced a decrease in stunting rates due to strong community participation, which was supported by the village government and non-governmental organizations. The results suggest that the community-based intervention model used in Rejosari Village can be adapted and applied in other villages facing similar problems in preventing stunting.

Exploring Causes of Radicalization and Violent Extremism among Children: The Effects of Toy Guns on Children in Pakistan

A child's interaction with toys is essential for their social and behavioural development. This paper examines the relationship between toy guns and radicalisation, specifically its effects on children's cognitive and behavioural development and whether they contribute to future violent patterns. The study used a mixed-method approach with children aged six to 15, both boys and girls, in a Lahore-based school. The exercise aimed to understand the amount of real hostility, pretending aggression, playing rough-and-tumble (R&T), and pretend-tononaggressive to investigate the relationship between toy gun play and aggression. The paper concludes that radicalism and its violent manifestations result from a combination of factors simultaneously playing out at the macro (political and economic) and micro (social and individual) levels.

Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiota Diversity in Early Childhood Stunting: A Multi-Center Longitudinal Study

Early childhood stunting is a significant global health issue with profound implications for children's physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development. While factors like nutrition, environment, and genetics have been extensively studied, the role of gut microbiota diversity in the mechanisms underlying stunting remains not well understood. This multi-center longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the relationship between gut microbiota diversity and the incidence of stunting in early childhood. The analysis of stool samples revealed that stunted children exhibited lower gut microbiota diversity compared to their non-stunted counterparts. Longitudinal growth tracking further demonstrated that children with higher initial gut microbiota diversity experienced more favorable growth trajectories. The study also found that gut microbiota diversity remained an independent predictor of stunting, even after accounting for socioeconomic, dietary, and environmental factors. These findings suggest that strategies to enhance gut microbiota diversity, such as probiotics or prebiotics, could be integrated into existing nutritional programs to combat stunting. The study's implications highlight the need for holistic approaches that consider the complex interplay between gut health and early childhood development.

THE INCIDENT OF STUNTING DAN RISK FACTORS IN CHILDREN

Stunting is a bad impact of poor nutrition from before birth to early childhood. Stunting cases will cause failure in the growth of children or toddlers, stunted children experience obstacles in the child's cognitive dan motor development. There are still cases of stunting in children, where there are cases of stunting every year, dan there is an increase in cases of stunting. The aim is to find out the factors related to the incidence of stunting dan risk factors in children at the Bigin Teluk Community Health Center, Musi Rawas Regency in 2024. The design of this research is quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were parents with children seeking treatment at the Bingin Teluk Community Health Center, North Musi Rawas Regency in 2024. The sample for this study was 64 people, the sampling technique was purposive sampling. This research was carried out on 08 February - 09 March 2024. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Bivariate data analysis used the Chi-Square test dan multivariate logistic regression. The results showed maternal height (p value 0.003), exclusive breastfeeding (p value 0.015) and parity (p value 0.007) education (p value 0.25), antenatal care (p value 1.000), environmental sanitation (p value 0.43) and the role of officers (p value 0.17). The most dominant factor with the incidence of stunting and risk factors in children is exclusive breastfeeding (p value 0.009) (OR 0.22). Conclusion There is a relationship between maternal height, exclusive breastfeeding and parity and the dominant factor in the incidence of stunting is exclusive breastfeeding. For Puskesmas to provide periodic counseling, especially in the MCH program, both at the Puskesmas and at the Posyandu.

Minimum dietary diversity is associated with lower risk of childhood underweight: Evidence from the 2019/2021 National Family Health Survey of India

A lack of consumption of a diversified diet is associated with poor physical and cognitive development in children. Evidence on the relationship between minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and childhood malnutrition remains inconclusive in India. We hypothesized that children aged 6 to 23 months on a diversified diet (five out of eight defined foods and beverages) are less likely to be malnourished (stunting, wasting, and underweight) compared to their counterparts who are not on a diversified diet. This cross-sectional study was based on the 2019-2021 National Family Health Survey of India, comprising a weighted sample of 57,714 children aged 6 to 23 months. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted for data analysis. The results showed a significant protective effect of dietary diversity on underweight (odds ratios [OR] = 0.91; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.86-0.96). In addition, children who did not consume eggs (OR = 1.09; 95% CI; 1.03-1.15), dairy products (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.17-1.27), or fruits and vegetables (OR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.06-1.17) were more likely to be underweight than children who did. Children who did not consume dairy products, fruits, and vegetables were also more likely to be stunted and wasted. However, we did not find significant associations of MDD with wasting and stunting. Nutritional interventions promoting daily consumption of dairy products, eggs, fruit, and vegetables are recommended to address the growing problem of childhood malnutrition in India. Regions with higher rates of malnutrition and those lacking MDD, such as Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, should be prioritized.

From Striving to Thriving: Mitigating Anti-Black Family Racism to Maximize Health Outcomes in Black Children

Certain inequities and injustices represent long-standing, recurring challenges that disproportionately affect many Black communities in the United States. Despite decades of efforts to eliminate these problems and improve outcomes in health, housing, education, and employment, a significant number of Black families are still “surviving” and not “thriving.” The effects of historical and ongoing discriminatory policies continue to increase risk for adverse outcomes among Black people and their families. These systemic conditions also help perpetuate negative myths and stereotypes associated with the Black family unit, and particularly, Black fathers. In striving to achieve equitable child health outcomes, it is vital for health care professionals to comprehend the tangible traumas that result from experiencing racism. This specific type of harm also acts as a driver for manifestation of developmental, physical, behavioral, and mental health issues in Black children. This review highlights the intersecting dynamics of structural racism, Black family units, and adverse outcomes on child health, development, and behavior. Health care professionals seeking to provide culturally attuned and appropriate anticipatory guidance need to address the effects of racism on social-emotional, language, and cognitive development in children. This includes centering Black family perspectives and advocating for antiracist programs and policies that protect Black children, such as increased support of Black children with special education needs, more equitable funding for neighborhoods where Black families reside, and meaningful efforts to reform criminal justice system practices that unfairly target Black men. By actively mitigating anti-Black racism, Black children and families can shift from surviving to thriving.

Exploring Early Number Abilities With Multimodal Transformers.

Early number skills represent critical milestones in children's cognitive development and are shaped over years of interacting with quantities and numerals in various contexts. Several connectionist computational models have attempted to emulate how certain number concepts may be learned, represented, and processed in the brain. However, these models mainly used highly simplified inputs and focused on limited tasks. We expand on previous work in two directions: First, we train a model end-to-end on video demonstrations in a synthetic environment with multimodal visual and language inputs. Second, we use a more holistic dataset of 35 tasks, covering enumeration, set comparisons, symbolic digits, and seriation. The order in which the model acquires tasks reflects input length and variability, and the resulting trajectories mostly fit with findings from educational psychology. The trained model also displays symbolic and non-symbolic size and distance effects. Using techniques from interpretability research, we investigate how our attention-based model integrates cross-modal representations and binds them into context-specific associative networks to solve different tasks. We compare models trained with and without symbolic inputs and find that the purely non-symbolic model employs more processing-intensive strategies to determine setsize.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Sandpaper Tray Terhadap Kemampuan Mengenal Bentuk Bangun Datar Geometri Anak Usia 4-5 Tahun

This research was conducted on children aged 4-5 years at RA Tuhfatul Athfal which was motivated by the fact that children's cognitive development in recognizing geometric shapes was still not optimal, this was because teachers had not optimally utilized the use of sandpaper tray media to develop children's cognitive abilities. This research method is quantitative. The design type of this research is Quasi Experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The subjects in this research were 20 children aged 4-5 years. The data analysis technique in this research used t-test techniques and calculations. via SPSS. The statistical test in this study was to test whether the sandpaper tray media had an effect on the ability to recognize flat geometric shapes in children aged 4-5 years at RA Tuhfatul Athfal. Then from the results of the t test calculations, Sig (0.000) < 0.05 was obtained. So the conclusion of this research is that there is an influence of sandpaper tray media on the ability to recognize flat geometric shapes in children aged 4-5 years in Ra Tuhfatul Athfal

Teacher’s Perspective on Roleplay and Its Positive Impact on Early Childhood Education

Early childhood education focuses on watching children's growth and development during their first five years of existence. To offer early childhood learners a holistic education, educators must meet their needs and promote their mental, physical, and emotional development. To create young generations capable of overcoming all of the issues of the future, instructors and students must collaborate to display rigorous learning that is enjoyable, creative, active interaction, problem solving, and independent decision making at a young age. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the benefits of role-playing in children's development, as well as teachers' perspectives on role-playing in early childhood education. This inquiry employed a qualitative approach. A survey was administered using open-ended questions, teacher observations, and document collecting. The study's survey of early childhood education teachers investigates how role-playing enhances children's cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and language development. The study's findings suggest that role-playing is an effective teaching approach for enhancing children's growth and development, especially in the early years. The study's findings will help not only instructors, but also schools, boards of directors, and Malaysian decision-makers build the best solution for encouraging role-play in early childhood education teaching strategies.

Pendekatan Sinergis dalam Penurunan Stunting di Desa Tumbang Baringei Melalui Pemanfaatan Ikan Patin Lokal

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that has serious impacts on children's physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to increase public awareness about stunting prevention through a socialization and intervention program in Tumbang Baringei Village, Gunung Mas Regency. This program involves KKN students, health workers, and educational institutions in various activities, including stunting socialization, cooking demonstrations of Supplementary Feeding (PMT) made from patin fish, and implementation of nutritious food provision in Kindergartens (TK). The results of the activities showed a significant increase in the knowledge and awareness of young mothers regarding the importance of balanced nutritional intake, as well as behavioral changes in maintaining children's health and nutrition. This intervention succeeded in building healthy eating habits from an early age and is expected to significantly reduce stunting rates in the village. In conclusion, cross-sector collaboration and empowerment of local communities are effective strategies in preventing stunting in Indonesia.

Pengembangan Buku Guru Matematika SD Berbasis Kognisi

The books available can be said to be good, but there are still many teachers who have difficulty conveying the material to elementary school students. Many teachers also do not pay attention to children's cognitive development, so that mathematics learning is less enjoyable and students are less motivated. With the development of this Mathematics Teacher's Guidebook, it makes it easier for teachers to explain concepts from mathematics material. The aim of this research is to create a Grade 3 Mathematics Teacher's Guidebook, as well as determine the feasibility of the Mathematics Teacher's Guidebook. This research uses descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. The instruments used in this research are the results of observations, teaching reflections, tests, questionnaires, Learning Implementation Plans (RPP). Qualitative data analysis techniques by reducing data refer to selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and transforming "raw data" that occurs in written field notes. For quantitative data analysis, the population of grade 3 SD Muhammadiyah Warungboto Yogyakarta. Data collection techniques use tests. The quantitative data analysis technique uses the Wilcoxon Test. The assessment carried out by lecturers and teachers on the book is in the very good category, meaning it is suitable for use in elementary mathematics learning. Teachers are easy to convey the material so that elementary school students no longer experience difficulties in understanding concepts in Mathematics lessons. Keywords: Books, Mathematics, cognition

Development and Validation of a Mobile Application for Early Childhood Nutrition Monitoring: A Multisensor-Based Non-Contact Anthropometric System

The issue of early childhood nutrition in Indonesia, including the high prevalence of stunting, is of critical importance as it can permanently impair children's physical growth and cognitive development. Parents frequently encounter challenges in accurately and consistently monitoring their children's nutritional status, which impedes the early detection of nutritional issues. This study introduces the Multisensor-Based Non-Contact Anthropometric System (MB-NCAS), a mobile application developed to monitor nutritional status and detect stunting in early childhood. The research encompassed five phases using a modified ADDIE model: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. In the Analysis phase, parent questionnaires identified critical nutritional needs and challenges related to stunting. The Design phase focused on setting clear objectives and developing educational content for the app. The Development phase saw the app's creation, which experts in content accuracy, media design, and instructional strategies subsequently validated. During the Implementation phase, the app was tested with parents in Malang City, who participated in pretest and posttest evaluations to assess the app's practicality and effectiveness. The results indicated significant improvements in parental knowledge and skills in monitoring child nutrition and stunting, with expert validation scores averaging 92.6% for media design, 86.25% for material content, and 87.28% for instructional design. The MB-NCAS app is a valid, reliable, and practical tool for early childhood nutrition monitoring. However, challenges such as limited technology access in certain areas may hinder its broader application. Future research should explore the app's effectiveness in diverse settings and focus on improving technology accessibility to enhance its impact on public health.