Children Of Different Sexes Research Articles

The prevalence of recurrent abdominal pain in 11- to 16-year-old Malaysian schoolchildren.

To determine the prevalence of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) among Malaysian school children aged from 11 to 16 years. A preliminary cross-sectional survey in which three urban schools and three rural schools were selected randomly. Two classes were selected randomly from each year. A questionnaire was given to each child asking him or her about whether they had experienced abdominal pain occurring at least three times over a period of at least 3 months, interfering with normal daily activity. 1 Interfering with normal daily activity was defined as missing school and/or having to stop doing a routine daily activity on account of the pain. Girls whose pains were related to periods were excluded. After the forms had been completed, each child was again interviewed to ensure that Apley's criteria1 was fulfilled in cases of RAP. The overall prevalence of RAP among 1549 schoolchildren (764 boys; 785 girls) was 10.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 8.8-11.8). There appeared to be a higher prevalence in rural schoolchildren (P = 0.008; odds ratio (OR) 1.58), in those with a lower family income (P < 0.001; OR 2.02) and in children whose fathers have a lower educational attainment (P = 0.002; OR 1. 92). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of RAP among children of different sex, age, ethnic group and family size. : In spite of differences in time and culture, the overall prevalence of 10.2% found in this study is similar to that determined by Apley.1 There are significant differences in the prevalence of RAP between children from rural and urban schools, among children with different family incomes and among children whose parents have different educational backgrounds.

The Labour Market of Schooling: Maltese girls in education and economic planning

ABSTRACT This article uses the case of Maltese girls and women to examine the relationship between schooling and the economy. It is clear that not only have education and economic planners sought to strengthen the links between school and work in planning for different courses for children of different sexes, but also that the allocation of pupils to subjects has in itself worked as a labour market. Interestingly, private schools have also responded to their interpretations of labour market demand in producing feminised choices for girls. Some Maltese girls do achieve well, compared both to Maltese boys and their European counterparts. This is largely due to a combination of single‐sex and selective secondary education. Nevertheless, these same girls continue to have lower and feminised occupational aspirations which mirror the job opportunities in the labour market. Others are incapacitated by their schooling and have until recently been channelled into the labour intensive jobs on which Malta's economy ...

An INAA study of trace elements in hair samples from two children on different sampling dates

A study of trace elements in hair samples from two children of different sex on different sampling dates has been carried out using INAA. Using several combinations of irradiation, cooling and counting times, about thirty elements were quantitatively determined. Some conclusions could be drawn from the data obtained.

Role of Children's Sex in Mixed Mother‐Child Lymphocyte Culture Reactivity

One-way mixed mother-child lymphocyte cultures (MMCLC) 4 to 20 years after the last delivery were studied with maternal responding and children's or fathers' stimulating cells (MMFLC) in 14 multiple child families with 18 sons and 20 daughters. HLA antigen typing locus A, B, DR was performed for all family members. As reported previously for newborn cells, a significantly increased maternal response could be observed in MMCLC with male as compared to female children's stimulating cells. Although the number of cases studied was small, it seems that the increased stimulating effect of male children's cells could also be observed when MMCLC values from children of different sex, and identical A,B,DR haplotypes were compared. In contrast to this, A,B,DR haploidentical children of the same sex seem to have a similar stimulating effect on the maternal response in MMCLC. The results suggest that male children's Y-chromosome-correlated minor histocompatibility antigens may additionally stimulate the maternal immune response in MMCLC.

Of sex roles and strollers: Female and male attention to toddlers at the zoo

Research supports the conclusion that adults interact differently with children of different sexes. Laboratory and home studies indicate that fathers/adult males are the primary agents of sex typing and that mothers/adult females are the primary caretakers, especially regarding the managerial aspects of child care. Little attention, however, has been directed at the public display of these differences and their covariance. Observations were made of 6414 visitors to the Sacramento zoo, with 524 adult females, 524 adult males, and 524 toddler triumvirates targeted for specific analyses of adult-child interactions and caretaking behaviors. Males were significantly more likely to carry female toddlers than male toddlers, while females made no such distinction. Adult females were more likely than adult males to push the child's stroller. Related research on the father's role in sex-typing behavior and the role of the division of child care between parents in the maintenance and reproduction of gender roles is discussed.

Vasectomy bonuses and completed family size in India

This paper discusses the consequences in rural India of a certain rational household decision function on the number of children born in the family when birth control opportunities are available. Households are assumed to choose whether or not to practice birth control after each child is born on the basis of maximising expected utility as a function of the consumption per head and the number of members in the family. Uncertainty arises on account of the different evaluation of children of different sexes. The model is then used to predict how completed family size would change if a government agency paid bonuses for smaller families.

Influence of combinations of sexes of children on family size.

In order to study the effect of combinations of sexes of children on family size 4 groups were studied during 1970-1973. The groups were: 1) black college students; 2) Appalachian college students; 3) Vanderbilt college students; and 4) mostly black Job Corps trainees. There was a statistically significant relationship (P < .01) in the Vanderbilt group between 2-children families when the 2 children were of different sexes. Among the Appalachian and black groups the relationship between limited families and children of different sexes did not show up until families had 3 children. Combinations of sexes of children had no effect of limiting family size among the Job Corps group.

Report on a dental survey among the school population of French Polynesia: Population surveyed and numbers of teeth present

During 6 months of 1963/1964 a joint dental and nutritional survey was carried out on behalf of WHO and FAO among the school children of French Polynesia. The WHO method for assessing oral conditions was used and evaluated. The population examined covered 83 per cent of the total school population or 12,562 children aged 3–19 years living on 12 islands of the 4 archipelagos: Iles du Vent, Iles sous le Vent, Tuamotu and Australes. Counts of primary teeth present, permanent teeth present and permanent teeth missing were tabulated by age, sex, ethnic group (Polynesian, Polynesian-European, Polynesian-Chinese, Chinese, European) and by island group. Age-specific averages of primary teeth present by geographic location and ethnic origin revealed little variance. There was, however, a distinct sex difference in the exfoliation pattern with girls being consistently more advanced than boys. Age-specific averages of permanent teeth present exhibited consistent differences between children of different sex, ethnic group and geographic location. Girls were regularly ahead of boys in tooth development. The mean sex difference was greatest at the age of 9, probably related to the “sexdimorphous eruption pattern” of permanent canines and premolars. The ethnic variation consisted in the precocious appearance of the permanent molars; the Polynesian children had their permanent molars 2 yr earlier than Europeans (the first permanent molar being a “4 yr molar”, the second a “10 yr molar”), the Chinese 1 yr earlier. Replacement teeth appeared less precociously and at equal rates in both Polynesian and Chinese. A distinct geographic variation was observed in the children of the Australes who retained their primary teeth for a longer period of time and had a retarded increase in number of permanent teeth. Concomitant moderate mottling of enamel pointed to a possible influence of dietary fluorides upon the eruption rate. The importance of including tooth counts into internationally comparable epidemiologic studies of oral conditions was stressed. Although the simplified WHO standard method does not allow for counts of individual teeth, this technique was found to be an adequate means for ascertaining basic data with due expediency and reliability.

Sex pattern and size of family.

The influence of sex composition patterns on family size was studied in 3 generations of 196 Scottish families in Glasgow in 1947. In the present generation 30 of 70 families with 2 children of different sex continued to have children while the remainder did not. In those families in which the first 2 children were of the same sex 52 of 85 continued to increase their family size. It appeared assuming that family size was deliberately limited that the number of children rather than the sex was the determining factor in the present generation family plan. A similar tendency was observed in families in the parents generation even though more families continued to have children. Examination of the procreative tendencies of families on the basis of the first 3 children did not reveal any significant difference suggesting that the decision to have more children is based on the number of children and not on their sex. If the tendencies described become more pronounced the future size of the family will be smaller.