Children Mean Age Research Articles

Development of a public audiology service in Southern Malawi: profile of patients across two years

Objective To describe the profile of patients attending the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) audiology clinic in Malawi, over a two-year period (2016–2017). Design A retrospective patient record review. Study sample There were 2299 patients assessed at the QECH audiology department between January 2016 and December 2017. Adult patients’ ages ranged from 18 to 94 years (M = 45.8, SD = 19.22). The mean age of children included in this study was 7.7 years (SD= 5.21). Overall, 45.4% of patients were female. Results Of the 61.6% of adults and 41.7% of children found to have some degree of hearing loss, 28.3% and 15.4% were fitted with hearing aids, respectively. The number of patients seen in 2017 (n = 1385) was 34% higher than that of 2016 (n = 914). Conclusion This study found that demand for hearing services is increasing in this public sector Malawian audiology department but uptake of hearing aids for those in need is low. Future evaluation of service provision and treatment outcomes is needed. Results from this study can be used to inform the development of future audiology clinics in low resource settings.

Acute bacterial meningitis in children with 1st episode of febrile seizures.

Objectives: To find out the frequency of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) among children with 1st episode of febrile seizures (FS) at a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatrics Medicine Children’s Hospital and Institute of Child’s Health, Multan. Period: October 2019 to March 2020. Material & Methods: A total number of 169 children who presented with 1st episode of acute FS, aged 6-60 months were included in this study. Data regarding age, gender, residential area and mother education was taken for each children. Once registered, lumbar puncture (LP) was performed along with a random blood sugar. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected and analyzed to find out the frequency of FS among children having ABM. Results: Mean age of children was 24.44±12.26 months. There were 100 (59.17%) male children and 69 (40.83%) female children. there were 16 (9.47%) children having positive family history of FS. 97 (57.40%) children were belonged to rural area and rest of the others were belonged to urban area. ABM was found in 10 (5.92%) children. Conclusion: Frequency of ABM among children presented with FS is not high. ABM was diagnosed in 5.92% children presenting with 1st episode of acute FS.

Development and evaluation of a gamified smart phone mobile health application for oral health promotion in early childhood: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThis study aimed to design a gamified smartphone application (app) and assess its efficacy for education of mothers regarding oral healthcare of their children.MethodsIn this pretest–posttest controlled clinical trial, a simple app and a gamified version of it were designed to enhance the oral health knowledge and practice of mothers. The app contains information about early childhood caries, health diet, sugars, baby-oral hygiene, fluoride effect, fluoride toothpaste, tooth-brushing training video and regular dental visits. The opinion of experts and 3 mothers were obtained and both apps were revised accordingly. The intervention was implemented on mothers of preschoolers referring to the specialty dental clinic of Tehran School of Dentistry in 2019. The mothers were randomly allocated to the simple app or gamified app group. Before the intervention, all mothers filled out a questionnaire regarding oral health knowledge and practice, and their demographics were collected. The plaque index (PI) of children was also measured. The mothers filled out the same questionnaire 1 month after the intervention, and the PI of children was measured again. Paired t test and linear regression model were used for statistical analysis of the data.ResultsTotally, 58 mother and child pairs entered the study; 40% of children were boys. The mean age of children was 4.7 ± 1.2 years. The mean knowledge score of mothers in the pretest was 10.5 and 11.3 in simple app and gamified app group, respectively, which changed to 13.1 and 14.3, respectively in the posttest. The mean practice score of mothers was 4.4 and 4.8 in simple app and gamified app groups, respectively in the pretest, which changed to 8.5 and 8, respectively in the posttest. The mean dental plaque index of children in the pretest was 0.8 and 1 in simple app and gamified app groups, respectively, which changed to 0.5 and 0.5, respectively in the posttest. Children had better Plaque control in gamified app group (P < 0.05).ConclusionAfter 1 month, both apps effectively improved the oral-health knowledge and practice of mothers while oral hygiene as a result of plaque control was superior in children of mothers using the gamified app.Trial registration IRCT, IRCT20131102015238N2. Registered 24 February 2019—Retrospectively registered, https://fa.irct.ir/trial/36600.

A South-to-South Cultural Adaptation of an Evidence-Based Parenting Program for Families in the Philippines.

Rates of child maltreatment are higher in low‐ and middle‐income countries due to risk factors such as social inequities, economic adversity, and sociocultural norms. Given the evidence showing the effectiveness of parenting interventions to prevent child maltreatment, this study embarked on a cultural adaptation of an evidence‐based parenting program with the eventual goal of integrating it within a nationwide conditional cash transfer program for low‐income Filipino parents with children aged 2–6 years. We document the systematic adaptation of the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children program that was developed and tested in South Africa, for low‐resource Filipino families using the heuristic framework for the cultural adaptation of interventions. We underscore the merits of conducting a multistage top‐down and bottom‐up process that uses a participatory approach among cultural insiders and outsiders to develop a parenting intervention that reflects the contextual realities and cultural values of end users. The adapted program, Masayang Pamilya Para sa Batang Pilipino, is the product of a delicate and deliberate effort to balance Filipino childrearing goals and values with the scientific evidence on components of parenting interventions known to promote positive parenting and prevent child maltreatment.

An exploratory public health investigation of the correlation between food allergies and pediatric obesity

Aim: The study compared Skin Prick Test results in different age groups and different Body Mass Index categories, in order to investigate a possible association between allergies and pediatric obesity. Materials and Methods: Forty-four 4-16 year-old children, who were referred to Istanbul Kagithane State Hospital with allergies and at least one positive test result, were retrospectively evaluated in cross-sectional analysis of ecological design.Results: Children with walnut allergies had a higher Body Mass Index mean value. Twenty-eight children with walnut allergies had a BMI mean of 25.96 and sixteen children without walnut allergies had a BMI mean of 21.97. It has been suggested that Skin Prick Test is an easy method to apply in identifying allergies. The study revealed a significant difference for BMIs only in cases with walnut allergies. Mean ages of children with chicken, cocoa, white flour allergies were high. Mean age of children with chicken meat, white flour, cocoa allergies differed significantly. Conclusion: Current research suggests that careful consideration should be given to nutritional awareness and the adoption of informed dietary practices in childhood.

Evaluation of dietary compliance among Sudanese children with coeliac disease.

The compliance to a gluten-free diet in Sudan is difficult because many Sudanese tribes depend on wheat product for their food with no access to gluten-free food. To evaluate dietary compliance among Sudanese children with coeliac disease (CD), a longitudinal, prospective and hospital-based study was carried out at Ibn Sina Hospital (Coeliac Clinic) and Gaafar Ibn Auf Children's Hospital (Gastroenterology Clinic) from July 2011 to February 2012. Fifty children diagnosed with CD, followed for more than 6 months, were assessed for dietary compliance. Dietary good-compliant and poor-compliant groups were compared to assess factors affecting the dietary compliance. History, clinical examination and investigations were done initially and then 6 months later. Diagnosis of CD was based on serological tests and duodenal biopsy. The mean age of children with CD was 6.5 (± 2) years. More than three quarters of participants (38%-76%) had poor dietary compliance. Causes of poor compliance were as follows: in 7 (18.4%) was due to refusal of children, in 9 (23.7%) due to unpalatability of gluten free diet (GFD), in 12 (31.6%) due to difficulty in finding GFD and in 10 (26.3%) due to lack of awareness of parents about CD and GFD. The study showed significant correlation between the initial and after 6-month follow up, and the following measures: clinical assessment, nutrition status and difference in haemoglobin level (p < 0.05). To improve compliance, a team working among families is needed with specialised dietitian as well as follow-up at specialised CD clinics.

Assessing Adequacy of Iodine Intake among Children from 6 Months to 15 Years of Age from Hilly Terrains of North India.

Background:Routine outcome-based monitoring is required to assess the status of consumption of iodized salt as USI strategy.Objective:To assess the extent of recent iodine intake among children from 6 to 15 years of age in the hilly terrain of northern states of India.Methods:A school-based cross-sectional observational study among 227 children attending school was done for assessment of socio-demographic, dietary, salt consumption and urinary iodine concentration (UIC).Results:Mean age of children was about 6 years and 87.7% were consuming salt of >30 and none with <15 ppm iodine content. Median UIC was 138.0 μg/L. Among those assessed, 37.9% had adequate level of UIC, whereas about 20% and 40% participants had less (<99.0 μg/L) and more than adequate to excessive (≥200 μg/L) levels of UIC. Insignificant difference (p = 0.07) was observed for mean log UIC between cabbage eaters (2.3) and non-eaters (1.9) consuming salt >5 grams/day.Conclusion:Recent iodine intake among children observed to be inadequate and effect of cruciferous food items on UIC needs to be studied despite high coverage of iodized salt among children.

Is leukopenia and lymphopenia a characteristic feature of COVID-19 in children?

Objectives:To analyze whether leucopenia and lymphopenia a characteristic feature of children with COVID-19 and to find out its association with the disease severity.Methods:This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at The Children’s Hospital Lahore from March 2020 to October 2020. All confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection and post-COVID MIS-C/Kawasaki Disease diagnosed on the basis of RT-PCR and Antibody test respectively were included. Complete blood and differential counts were performed on the day of admission.Results:Out of a total of 83 patients 60 (72%) were diagnosed as COVID-19 and 23 (28%) as post-COVID MIS-C/KD. The mean age of children was 7.0±4.3 years (95%CI: 6.07 - 8.75) with a male preponderance 51 (61%). Twenty (24%) children had an underlying comorbidity and 7 (8%) were surgical cases. Our case fatality rate was 5 (6%) and all children who died had an underlying comorbid condition. In both, COVID and MIS-C/KD the mean leukocyte count was (14.0 ± 12.5 vs 13.6 ± 6.9 x109/L), respectively (p=0.888). The mean lymphocyte count in children with COVID was (39.1 ± 21.4%). Patients with MIS-C/KD showed significantly higher levels of neutrophil count (76.5 ± 15.0%) as compared to children with COVID (52.0 ± 22.1%), absolute lymphocyte count was (5.02±4.81 vs 2.13±0.95 x109/L) in COVID and MIS-C respectively (p=<0.001). In 60 COVID-19 patients, the mean neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in mild-moderate and severe-critical group was 2.00 and 5.08 respectively (p=0.009).Conclusion:The blood picture of COVID-19 in children does not show leukopenia. NLR was a prognostic factor to assess the severity in COVID-19 patients. The presence of an underlying comorbid conditions is significant a risk factor for poor outcome.

Quality of Life and Burden of Caregiving Among the Primary Caregivers of Children with Disability in Rural Karnataka.

Introduction:The primary caregiver of a child with disability has to undergo a lot of difficulties in taking care of the child.Objective:To assess the quality of life and burden of caregiving of primary caregivers of children with disability registered in a CBR services in rural Karnataka.Methodology:A cross-sectional study was done among 100 children with disability and their primary caregivers. Interview schedule including socio-demography, WHOQOL-BREF, ZBI and WHODAS was used.Results:Mean age of caregivers was 36.38 of which 97% were women and 82% were mothers of children with disability. Mean age of children was 11.43 years, 56% males and most common diagnosis was multiple disabilities (38%). Mean caregiver burden according to Zarit scale was 33.27 and mean burden scores were significantly different between the disability domains of the children. Mean quality of life (QOL) scores for each domain was 49.6 in physical, 60.47 in psychological, 45.67 in social and 58.44 in environmental domains. Marital status of the caregivers was significantly associated with both physical and the social domain of the QOL. Occupation of the caregiver was significantly associated with the environmental domain and the type of disability in the children significantly affected the physical domain of the QOL of the caregivers.Conclusion:Caregiver QOL is overall poor but it was the lowest in the physical domain and higher in psychological domain. Caregiver burden scores were high and depends on the type of disability. Importance should be given to the care of the caregivers.

Зависимость здоровья детей раннего возраста, поступающих в детское дошкольное учреждение, от социального статуса семей

Objective. To evaluate the health status of young children entering preschool institutions depending on the social status of their families. Patients and methods. This study included 375 children aged 2 to 3 years attending kindergarten No. 239 in Kemerovo. Mean age of children was 25.91 ± 2.52 months. All study participants were divided into several groups according to their social status: from two-parent families (TPF; n = 339), including those with registered marriage (RM; n = 258) and unregistered marriage (UM; n = 81), and from single-parent families (SPF; n = 36), including those living with divorced mothers (DM; n = 25) and single mothers (SM; n = 11). Results. Women living with their partners outside marriage had significant changes during their pregnancy, at the time of breastfeeding and introduction of complementary foods; every fourth woman smoked. Every third child from two-parent families with an unregistered marriage had group III health (p = 0.0298). Vegetative complaints were significantly more common in families with divorced parents and unregistered marriage. Conclusion. Measures to promote healthy marriage and family relations should be implemented by teachers and psychologists at schools, other organizations for children and adolescents, specialized secondary and higher educational institutions. Key words: infants, health, single-parent family, two-parent family, social status

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Epilepsy in Childhood: A Prospective Cross Sectional Study from Sudan

Background: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder affecting around 1% of children. The incidence in Sudan is likely to be higher given the high rate of genetic disorders related to consanguity and acquired disorders caused by CNS infection and birth injury. Epilepsy can be idiopathic or non-idiopathic, symptomatic epilepsy indicates a known cause while cryptogenic epilepsy implies a presumed unknown cause. Objective: To understand the demographic and clinical characteristics of epilepsy in children in the setting of a tertiary epilepsy clinic in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods: This is a hospital-based cross sectional study recruiting patients with epilepsy attending a tertiary pediatric neurology clinic. All patients attending the clinic in the 6 month period were included. Data was collected by medical students and was analyzed on IBM SPSS Version 20.0 in a descriptive fashion. Results: 284 Children were recruited. The mean age for children with epilepsy was 5.74 (range 0-12 Years). Females constituted 59.9%; while 94.7% of patients were of low socioeconomic status. The most common type of seizures found were generalized tonic clinic at 51.8% (147/284), followed by focal seizures at 21.1% (60/284). 71% of our patients (201/284) had no identifiable cause (idiopathic), while 29% were non-idiopathic. Of the non-idiopathic group; 41% were due to congenital anomalies, followed by HIE at 24.1%, infections at 16.9% trauma at 10.8% and tumors at 7.2%. Only 18.3% (52/284) had a positive family history of epilepsy. Conclusions: There appears to be a higher incidence of epilepsy in Children with low socio – economic status with a slight female predominance. The incidence of idiopathic epilepsy appears to be similar to inter-national figures. We recommend broader community based and long-term studies for better understanding of epilepsy in Sudan.

Photoprotection among young children: assessment of mothers' awareness and health behaviours.

IntroductionDue to the increasing incidence of skin cancer in the last decades a wide promotion of proper sun protection is needed. Mothers and their children commonly spending time outdoors are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of sunlight.AimTo assess health awareness and behaviours connected to sun protection in the group of mothers of children under 6 years of age.Material and methodsAn online survey containing 23 questions (19 closed and 4 open) was carried out between July and August 2019. One hundred and seven women (mean age: 30.7 ±4.3years) participated in the study. The mean age of children was 1.9 ±1.6years (range: 0–6 years).ResultsOne hundred and five (98.1%) mothers declared using sunscreen. Of them, 36 women used sunscreen only in summer, while 14 women applied sunscreen all year. Mothers of younger children used sunscreen all year round significantly more often (p = 0.041) compared to mothers of older children. Mothers of children under the age of 1 used sunscreen when staying in the shade more often (p = 0.025) than mothers of older children. Only 14 (13.3%) women declared applying sunscreen on their children during cloudy weather.ConclusionsA good photoprotection awareness of mothers, especially with respect to the youngest children was observed. However, a need for further education regarding certain photoprotection aspects (proper application and damaging effect of UVA) is necessary.

Yaws in Pygmy and Bantu children inhabiting the rural zones of Central Africa.

Yaws, an infectious dermatosis is one of 17 neglected tropical diseases still present in the world despite the efforts aiming at the eradication of the disease undertaken in 2020. It is mainly found in populations living in poor hygiene conditions with a limited access to water and health care facilities. BaAka Pygmies and Bantu people inhabiting the rural areas of the Central African Republic (CAR) are still affected by yaws on a large scale. To assess the prevalence of yaws in Central Africa, treatment accessibility, and the need for implementing future health programs. Primary school BaAka Pygmy and Bantu children from the Dzanga Sangha region (CAR) were assessed in the context of yaws prevalence in years 2019-2020. The diagnosis was based on the clinical picture of the typical skin lesions and their location. Serologic tests were not performed. Four hundred and ninety-four Pygmies and 235 Bantu children were examined, of whom 38.7% and 43.0%, respectively, presented primary yaws lesions. The mean age of Pygmy and Bantu children with lesions was 9.1 and 9.7 years old, respectively. In both ethnic groups boys predominated. The most common location of yaws lesions were lower legs, ankles, knees and feet. Yaws, like all other neglected tropical diseases, might become a cosmopolitan skin disease transferred from Africa to Europe and North America by tourists travelling to sub-Saharan destinations in Africa and migrants. The knowledge of tropical skin diseases and ability to make a differential diagnosis might become necessary for each dermatologist in the next 10-20 years.

A study to assess the clinico-radiological presentation and outcome predictors in cases of tubercular meningitis

IntroductionTubercular bacterial meningitis continues to be an important cause of morbidity (especially neurologic handicap) in children from resource-poor countries. The present study was planned to assess the clinical and radiological presentation in cases of tubercular meningitis as well as to study the factors associated with mortality. MethodologyThis study was done over a period of 12 months on children between 5 years and 13 years with suspected TBM. Staging of tubercular meningitis was done according to RNTCP Pediatric TB guideline 2019. ResultThe study was conducted on a total of 47 pediatric patients with TBM. Mean age of children in present study was 8.77 ± 2.5 years. Our study documented male preponderance for TBM. Severe thinness was observed in 38.3% patients with TBM. Only 59.6% patients were immunized against tuberculosis and history of contact was documented in 40.5% patients. Maximum children belonged to stage I of TBM (59.6%) followed by stage III and stage II in 34% and 6.4% patients respectively. Montoux test positivity was observed in 14.9% patients only. CSF CBNAAT was positive in 6.4% patients. The most common finding was meningeal enhancement seen in 27.7% of patients followed by tuberculomas in 10.6%.Chest X ray was abnormal in 44.7% patients. In present study mortality was observed in 11 (23.4%) cases. Out of various risk factors, mortality was significantly associated with nutritional status and stage of TBM (p < 0.01). ConclusionTBM is associated with high morbidity and mortality in children especially in India where Burden of TB is high. Our study emphasized on the risk factors associated with mortality in children with TBM and need for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Ocular Pathologies in Children with Mental Retardation: A Prospective Study

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the ocular pathologies in mentally retarded pediatric patients without Down syndrome or any certain chromosomal-genetic anomaly.&#x0D; Material and Methods: A total of 189 patients, including 79 mental retarded and 110 healthy children, were included in this study between 2010 and 2011. Demographic factors (age, gender) of the patients, and affected side, visual acuity, esotropia, exotropia, anterior segment pathologies and posterior segment pathologies were evaluated. All pediatric patients in study group were divided as IQ level 70 according to Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Form.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the children with mental retardation was 11.85±6.19 (3-17) years, while the mean age of healthy children was 10.73±3.35 (3-15) years. While visual impairment was present in 8 of the 74 patients whose vision was evaluated, there was no impairment in the healthy group (p=0.001 and p=0.004 for right and left, respectively). Anterior segment pathology was detected in 2 (2.5%) cases, and posterior segment pathology in 3 (3.8%) cases in children with low IQ. While strabismus was detected in 7 (8.9%) patients with low IQ, no strabismus was found in healthy children. Five (6.3%) of the cases with mental retardation had exotropia and 2 (2.5%) had esotropia. Exotropia was found significantly higher in children with mental retardation compared to the control group (p=0.012).&#x0D; Conclusion: Visual impairment, anterior-posterior segment pathology, exotropia had a high prevalence in children with mental retardation, and all ocular pathologies were related to low intellectual disability.

Sociodemographic Predictors of Changes in Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep among Toddlers and Preschoolers in Chile during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The aim was to examine the sociodemographic predictors associated with changes in movement behaviors (physical activity, screen time, and sleep) among toddlers and preschoolers during the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Chile. Caregivers of 1- to 5-year-old children completed an online survey between 30 March and 27 April 2020. Information about the child’s movement behaviors before (retrospectively) and during the pandemic, as well as family characteristics were reported. In total, 3157 participants provided complete data (mean children age: 3.1 ± 1.38 years). During early stages of the pandemic, time spent in physical activity decreased, recreational screen time and sleep duration increased, and sleep quality declined. Toddlers and preschoolers with space to play at home and living in rural areas experienced an attenuated impact of the pandemic restrictions on their physical activity levels, screen time, and sleep quality. Older children, those whose caregivers were aged ≥35–<45 years and had a higher educational level, and those living in apartments had greater changes, mainly a decrease in total physical activity and increase in screen time. This study has shown the significant impact of the pandemic restrictions on movement behaviors in toddlers and preschoolers in Chile.

AN INTERVENTION STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE OF MALNOURISHED SCHOOL CHILDREN MOTHERS’ IN ONE OF EGYPTIAN VILLAGE

Background: School children pass through great physical and mental changes, which affect both their growth and school performance. Childhood malnutrition is a major concern in developing countries. Aim of the study: This study aimed to determine the change in the knowledge of children’s mothers at school age in ElothmanyaVillage- El Gharbyia Governorate after an interventional program. Patients and methods: This study targeted two groups: The first group included obese children aged 8 to 15 years old and the second group included underweight children aged 7 to 16 years old using questionnaires, educational tools and model kitchen. Results: In obesity group, mothers’ age ranged from 23 to 46 years with mean of 32.3 ± 5.7. Most of them were housewives. Most of fathers were workers and farmers in both groups. Attendance of mothers of obese children was as follows; 41.3% for once, 28.3% for twice, 17.4% for 6 times. Mean age of obese children was 10.8 ± 2.4. Mean BMI was 27.8 ± 1.7 and ranged from 26 to 34. Knowledge of mothers generally improved with average of 33.3% regarding obesity. Knowledge regarding obesity complications was found to be the most improved item when comparing it before and after intervention. In underweight group, Mothers’ age ranged from 24 to 52 years with mean of 36.7 ± 6.1. Attendance of mothers of underweight children was as follows; 29.5% for once, 32.1% for twice, 14.1% for 3 times, 11.5% for 4 times, 6.4% for both 5 and 6 times. Mean age of Underweight children was 11 ± 1.9. Mean WAZ score was -1.8 ±0 .8 and ranged from -3.09 to -1.02. Knowledge of mothers generally improved with average of 37.3% regarding underweight. Knowledge regarding Number of meals was found to be the most improved item when comparing it before and after intervention. Conclusion: These findings indicate that establishing interventional measures to improve knowledge in mothers and body mass index in children, is highly recommended.

Análise da animação o menino e o mundo (2013): significados visuais acerca do desenho infantil e das infâncias

O presente artigo atribui ênfase a O Menino e o Mundo (2013) - uma animação dirigida por Alê Abreu, e que desempenha tratamentos inusitados para o verbal e o visual: a animação trata sobre a infância e, por isso, a linguagem verbal (falada e escrita) é apresentada de modo distorcido. Quais significados acerca da infância são produzir a partir das visualidades fílmicas de O Menino e o Mundo (2013)? Propõe, portanto, como objetivo, investigar as características estéticas da animação em questão, relacionando-as com o desenho infantil e com significações sobre a infância. Para isso, analisou-se O Menino e o Mundo (2013), tendo os Estudos da Cultura Visual como referencial teórico. As cenas foram aproximadas de pesquisas que conferem significados ao desenho infantil, sublinhando o protagonismo dado à ótica da criança.

Comparing Anxiety and Depression Level of Parents of Children who Undergoing Surgery in an Univerty Hospital

Purpose:The aim of this study was to investigate the anxiety and depression levels of parents of the children who hospitalized for surgery in Pediatric Surgery Department of a university hospital. Patients and Methods:The population of this descriptive and cross-sectional study consisted of the parents of the children who were hospitalized for surgery and the study sample included 164 parents (82 mothers, 82 fathers) who met the study criteria. The data were collected by Identification Form for Child, Identification Form for Parents, Beck\\\'s Anxiety Scale (BAS) and Beck’s Depression Scale (BDS) between October 2018 and May 2019 in a university hospital. Results:In the study, the mean age of children who would undergone surgery was 6.61±5.13 years, 56.1% were male and 43.9% were female. Beside 39% of children had a previous surgery history, 30,5% of them were admitted to hospital with inguinoscrotal system operations. The mean age of mothers included to the study was 35.41±7.38 years and 45.1% of them were primary school graduates, besides the mean age of fathers included to the study was 38.54±6.42 years and 35.4% of them were primary school graduates. The mean of BAS and BDS score of the mothers of the children involved to the study were higher than the mean BAS and BDS score of the fathers and there was a moderate positive correlation between BAS and BDS scores in mothers (r=0,51) and fathers (r=0,71) (p<0,01). Conclusion:As a conclusion, while comparing the levels of anxiety and depression of the mothers and the fathers of the children who would undergo surgery, it was identified that the anxiety and depression levels of mothers were higher than the fathers. By considering all these results, determining the anxiety and depression levels of the parents whose children will undergo surgery and supporting the parents may be suggested to the nurses working on field.

Safety and efficacy of oral Triclofos in the ophthalmic evaluation of children with pediatric glaucoma: An observational study.

Purpose:Oral Triclofos is widely used as a sedative agent in children. However, the role of Triclofos as a sedative agent in children undergoing ophthalmological procedures has not been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of oral Triclofos in children suffering from pediatric glaucoma who were undergoing ocular examination.Methods:80 children aged less than 5 years were assessed for eligibility for the trial after taking hospital ethical committee approval. The children were administered 80 mg/kg of oral Triclofos and Ramsay sedation score was measured every 5 min starting from 20 min after administration of the drug. If the child was not adequately sedated after 30 min, additional dose of 05 mg/kg was administered every 5 min till 60 min of drug administration. The procedure was considered a failure and general anesthesia (GA) administered if Ramsay sedation score was ≤4 after 60 min of initial drug administration. Heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation were measured throughout the period of sedation. The duration of sedation and incidence of side effects was also noted.Results:A total of 73 patients underwent the study. The mean age of children was 23.4 months (SD – 14.72) and mean weight was 12 kg (SD – 3.84). The mean dose of Pedicloryl (Triclofos) used was 83.8 mg/kg and the median duration of onset was 25 min. 64 children completed examination successfully, 2 children had to be administered GA during the procedure. There were no major side effects.Conclusion:Administration of oral Triclofos in a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight was safe and effective in children less than 5 years of age undergoing ocular examination.