Children In Urban Areas Research Articles

Analyzing Malnutrition Among Children of Urban Areas in Bangladesh: Penalized Logistic Regression Model

This paper focused on the analysis of malnutrition of the children of Bangladesh urban areas in the presence of multicollinearity among the covariates. The ridge regression has been adopted under binary logistic model for analyzing malnutrition data extracted from Bangladesh Urban Health Survey 2013 (UHS 2013) dataset. The study reveals that city corporation slum area, mother’s age at birth, gender of child, birth order number, age of child, wealth index, mother’s education, access to media, toilet facility at household, taking antenatal care service, and place of delivery of index child have significant impact on the nutritional status of urban children of Bangladesh. Some recommendations have been suggested for policy makers to improve the child health of urban areas in Bangladesh.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 68(1): 13-18, 2020 (January)

Myopia and its progression in children in London, UK: a retrospective evaluation

Purpose: Worldwide, the prevalence of myopia is increasing. Myopia begins at younger ages and progresses faster, leading to more adults with high myopia and risk of sight-threatening complications. No data are available about myopia trends in children in urban areas in the UK. We present a 10-year review of children attending a secondary and tertiary eye care facility in London, focussing on the proportion of glasses prescriptions for myopia and progression rates. Methods: We collated refraction and demographic data from children under the age of 17 years seen at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK, between 2008 and 2017. Results: We included 63,854 datasets from 23,593 children (51.2% boys, median age 5.4 years, interquartile range IQR 3.8–7.1). The proportion of myopic prescriptions increased from 24 to 32%. In n = 3355 with initial mild/moderate myopia, median progression rate was −0.16 (−0.5 to 0.04) D/year. In those with progression (n = 2095), the rate was -0.40 (−0.19 to −0.74) D/year, slightly higher in girls than in boys (−0.42 vs −0.38 D/year; p = 0.02). Progression was faster in initial moderate than initial mild myopia (−0.54 vs −0.37 D/year; p < 0.001), and before than after average age of onset of puberty (−0.41 vs −0.35 D/year; p = 0.013). There was no statistically significant difference between children of different ethnic backgrounds. Conclusions: In this cohort, the proportion of glasses prescriptions for myopia and the rate of progression are higher than previously reported for European countries. Living in an urban environment may result in similar progression rates despite different genetic backgrounds.

Analysing malnutrition status of urban children in Bangladesh: quantile regression modelling

This paper attempts to investigate the determinants of child malnutrition in Bangladesh by using a data set obtained from Urban Health Survey (UHS) 2013. The UHS 2013 followed a stratified three-stage sampling procedure. Information on maternal and child characteristics was collected from the last child born preceding three years of survey. Robust quantile regression (QR) models have been used to find out potential factors responsible for child malnutrition of urban areas of Bangladesh using standardized stunting score as dependent variable. Place of residence (Domain), mother’s age at birth of index child, gender of the child, wealth index, education of mother, working status of mother, access to media, antenatal care, and place of delivery were found to have significant association with the malnutrition of children of urban areas of Bangladesh. Some recommendations have been suggested to improve the nutrition status of children of urban areas of Bangladesh.

戦後北海道における「引揚児童」と学校:―都市部における児童の就学状況―

戦後北海道における「引揚児童」と学校:―都市部における児童の就学状況―

Early maturation or infantilization: The paradox of modern childhood events

The article claims the relevance of the study of boundaries and events at the end of childhood based on autobiographical memory. The authors analyze the concepts of childhood sociality, childhood events, early maturation, and infantilization, based on the ideas of E.E. Sapogova about the units of analysis of the autobiographical narrative as well as P. Shtompka concerning events as components of the agent-structural reality of society, through which the latter is not only organized, but also disclosed. They consider the traditions of studying the events of childhood related to the identification of important episodes or processes of childhood based on the analysis of publications in foreign journals, as well as in Russian socio-psychological literature. The article discusses the results of an empirical study conducted by online survey in 2018 (N = 774). The study revealed that modern children have a paradoxical phenomenon of simultaneous early maturation and prolonged childhood in the youth age. One of the key findings of the research is that childhood events are characterized by eclecticism. Another finding is that there are groups with accelerated maturation (poor children, children from single-parent families, and children in urban areas). The factors influencing the lag behind the typical situation are gender, family composition, socio-economic situation, and territory of residence. On the basis of comparing the conventional generations Y and Z, it was determined that the growth of contradictions and accumulation of three groups of explanatory models reveal the essence of elicited paradoxes in the development of childhood. The deconstruction of the problematic approach to understanding the eventful childhood of boys and girls who do not desire to mature is substantiated. The authors demonstrate the necessity of such research oriented on identifying actual generational differences in concrete societal patterns of childhood, which determine the sociability of childhood for a certain period as well as the reconsideration of current traditional models of the periodization of childhood.

Unintentional Injury Mortality Among Children Under Five Years — China, 2006−2017

What is already known about this topic? Unintentional injuries among children aged under five years is still a serious public health problem in China. Epidemiological characteristics of under-five unintentional injury are reported in single provinces and cities for China but not nationally based on the Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs) dataset. What is added by this report? Unintentional injury mortality rates for under-five decreased substantially between 2006 and 2017 in China, with the decrease occurring primarily for males and rural children. Children living in rural areas and males had higher unintentional injury mortality rates than children in urban areas and females. The major fatal types of under-five unintentional injury were drowning and road injury. What are the implications for public health practice? Further interventions need to be taken in accordance with the main types of unintentional injuries, especially effective prevention strategies used in other countries or recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Even with equal access to injury prevention and control services for different sexes, policy efforts should focus on higher-risk populations, especially children aged under five years who are males or reside in rural areas.

Preparing Students for Success: Differential Outcomes by Preschool Experience in Baltimore City, Maryland.

An early adopter of public preschool (i.e., pre-kindergarten, "pre-k"), evidence from Baltimore City, Maryland, can provide insight for those working to improve access to early education opportunities. We followed a cohort of children entering kindergarten in Baltimore City Public Schools during the 2007-2008 year through the 2010-2011 academic year. Students were grouped by pre-k experience: public pre-k (n = 2828), Head Start (n = 839), Head Start plus public pre-k (n = 247), private pre-k (n = 993), or informal care (n = 975). After adjusting for individual- and school-level characteristics, students from the Head Start plus public pre-k group were the most likely to enter kindergarten with the foundational skills and behaviors needed to be successful (vs. all groups, P ≤ .001). Students in informal care were the least likely to enter kindergarten with this skillset (vs. all pre-k groups P ≤ .001). Children from informal care were also significantly more likely than all other groups to be chronically absent in kindergarten (P ≤ .001). By third grade, children from informal care were least likely to be reading on grade level and most likely to have been retained a grade (vs. all pre-k groups P ≤ .001). Children from disadvantaged populations who were not enrolled in pre-k faced significant difficulties keeping up with their peers throughout elementary school; interventions to improve their transition to school and increase their likelihood of academic success are warranted. Universal preschool is likely to improve education outcomes for children in urban areas.

Blood lead levels among Chinese children: The shifting influence of industry, traffic, and e-waste over three decades

In China, data relating to the historic prevalence of childhood lead poisoning suggest its pervasiveness. This review analysed published epidemiological data on blood lead levels (BLLs) of 735,271 Chinese children aged 0–6 between 1987 and 2017. Among these children, the geometric mean (GM) BLL was 95.1 μg/L (geometric SD = 1.62), and 24.1% suffered lead poisoning (BLL ≥ 100 μg/L). Importantly, there was a temporal decrease in the GM BLL value, from 182.9 μg/L in 1987–1991 to 42.4 μg/L in 2012–2017. However, a rebound was seen in the most recent two years (2016 and 2017). Moreover, the GM BLL among Chinese children has not fallen as low as U.S. children. This indicates that either (1) leaded petrol or lead based-paint exposure sources have not been adequately controlled in China, or (2) other pollution sources, such as industry, traffic, and e-waste, are impacting Chinese children. Drivers behind spatio-temporal variations were explored to provide scientific evidence regarding the prevention of childhood lead poisoning. We found that BLLs among children in the central and eastern areas of China have dropped lower than those in the western area, and that the GM BLL of children living in rural areas now exceeds children in urban areas. These reversals may be associated with the industrial decentralization policy of the late 1980s, when many heavily polluting industries and manufacturers moved away from cities on the east coast. It was discovered that the BLLs of children living in areas associated with mining have remained high (GM BLL = 155.0 μg/L for 2007–2017), and that the lead poisoning rate (LPR) has become exceptionally high in areas associated with e–waste. Finally, the review offers a data comparison with other countries, an overview of potentially influencing factors and sources, as well as some suggested prevention strategies to reduce childhood lead exposure.

Effect of pyrethroid insecticides exposure in relation to pyrethroid metabolite and GABA concentration of young children, Bangkok Thailand

Exposure to pyrethroids (PYR) commonly used in households affects nervous system in children. Data on pyrethroids exposure related to neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is unknown. This study aims to investigate a relationship between urinary pyrethroids metabolite and GABA concentration, and determine factors related to pyrethroids metabolite among young children in urban areas in Bangkok, Thailand. Urine samples (n = 80) were collected from children aged 2–3 years in April – May 2019 and their mothers completed a questionnaire. Urinary metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC/MS) and GABA was measured by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA). The result showed that median concentration of 3-PBA metabolite was 1.46 µg/mL and GABA median concentration was 355.11 ng/mL. The 3-PBA concentration was negatively correlated with GABA concentration (rs= −0.230, p < 0.05). 3-PBA concentration were significantly associated with personal exposure factors, use of insecticide coil, frequency of PYR insecticide use, and frequency of floor-cleaning (p < 0.05). Daily use of insecticide coil in households can cause children exposure to PYR while walking bare feet. Consequently, these factors may affect neurotransmitter GABA level in PYR exposed children. This study suggest that should give education and awareness to reduce risk of PYR insecticide exposure to children living in households.

Risk factors for asthma among schoolchildren who participated in a case-control study in urban Uganda.

Data on asthma aetiology in Africa are scarce. We investigated the risk factors for asthma among schoolchildren (5-17 years) in urban Uganda. We conducted a case-control study, among 555 cases and 1115 controls. Asthma was diagnosed by study clinicians. The main risk factors for asthma were tertiary education for fathers (adjusted OR (95% CI); 2.32 (1.71-3.16)) and mothers (1.85 (1.38-2.48)); area of residence at birth, with children born in a small town or in the city having an increased asthma risk compared to schoolchildren born in rural areas (2.16 (1.60-2.92)) and (2.79 (1.79-4.35)), respectively; father's and mother's history of asthma; children's own allergic conditions; atopy; and cooking on gas/electricity. In conclusion, asthma was associated with a strong rural-town-city risk gradient, higher parental socio-economic status and urbanicity. This work provides the basis for future studies to identify specific environmental/lifestyle factors responsible for increasing asthma risk among children in urban areas in LMICs.

School environment and obesity in primary schools. An analysis of the WHO European COSI in Austria

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity in childhood and the associated secondary diseases are constantly on the increase. Studies show that the school environment can have an influence on the weight of children. The Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the WHO is a Europe-wide epidemiological monitoring of anthropometric sizes of school children aged six to nine, with Austria participating in COSI for the first time in 2016. Methods A retrospective secondary data analysis based on two standardized questionnaires was performed. On the one hand, data on determinants specific to the school field were collected, on the other hand anthropometric data of children in third grade were measured. Across Austria, data from 97 schools and 2530 children were collected and evaluated using descriptive and inductive statistical methods. Results In 43,3 % of the schools, an existing playground can be used outside school opening hours. 73,2 % of the schools integrate nutrition education into their school curriculum either as a separate subject or in combination with another subject. Milk and dairy products are available in 60,8 % of schools, fresh fruit in 63,9 % and vegetables in 51,5 %. 28,3 % of the examined, 8 to 9-year-old children are overweight or obese (n = 658), while boys have a significant higher BMI than girls (p &amp;lt; 0,001). Also, in urban areas children have a significant higher BMI on average than in rural areas (p = 0,025). No significant relationship could be identified between the duration of physical education lessons per week and the BMI. However, a significant difference in childreńs BMI became visible when school playgrounds were also accessible outside opening hours (p = 0,018). Conclusions The alarming number of overweight children in Austria should be diminished through policies and further interventions. Schools can make a substantial contribution to this. The course of the development could be closely observed through possible further surveys by COSI. Key messages 73,2% of the schools include nutrition education in their curricula. Yet, about every third Austrian child aged between 8 and 9 is overweight, with boys being significantly more overweight than girls. If school playgrounds are accessible outside opening hours, the childreńs BMI is significantly lower. In urban areas, children have a significantly higher BMI than in rural areas.

Remember when it rained – Schooling responses to shocks in India

Abstract Despite long-standing international agreements like the Millennium Development Goals, 264 million children in developing countries are not enrolled in school, and children in rural areas remain twice as likely to be out of school as children in urban areas. One potential explanation for this pattern is that children’s education in rural areas is vulnerable to weather shocks, but there is no consensus about whether rainfall shocks help or harm school enrollment in the existing literature. This paper explores whether changes in the relationship between rainfall shocks and schooling outcomes over time can explain the different results in the literature by using household survey data from India across three decades. My study finds that adverse rainfall shocks have an increasingly stronger positive impact on school enrollment over time, whereas enrollment is increasingly falling after positive rainfall shocks. This effect is stronger for girls than for boys, more pronounced for older children, and is consistent with an increase in the importance of opportunity costs of a child’s time in more recent years. Children may have to drop out of school when employment opportunities are more readily available after a positive rainfall shock, but are able to go to school when jobs are scarce. These results offer a potential explanation for the different results in the literature, where studies on countries with higher economic development tend to find results consistent with an opportunity cost story, whereas this is not the case for studies on countries with a lower level of development. The results suggest that policymakers need to pay close attention to the obstacles faced by girls and older children to make access to education universal, and should develop policy tools that incentivize households to send their children to school even when employment opportunities are readily available.

Obesity and underweight: Serious health problems in Iranian primary school children.

Childhood obesity is increasing around the world. Compared with developed countries, the rate of increase is 30% higher in developing countries, where the monitoring of obesity and overweight is essential. This study investigated the prevalence of obesity, overweight, thinness, and stunting in primary school students in Shahroud, Iran. A total of 5,620 primary students were enrolled during 2015. In rural areas all students were invited to participate, while cluster sampling was used in urban areas and 200 classrooms were selected randomly as clusters. Height, weight and body mass index Z-scores for age (HAZ, WAZ and BAZ) were calculated based on World Health Organization standard. The mean indices and prevalence of obesity, overweight, thinness, and stunting were calculated by education level, gender, and place of residence. Prevalence of obesity and overweight was estimated also by international obesity task force definition. The mean WAZ, HAZ, and BAZ were 0.050±1.25, 0.005±0.98, and 0.076±1.35, respectively. These indices in rural areas were significantly lower than those in urban areas (P < 0.001). Overall, 25.7% of children in urban areas (95%CI: 24.1-27.4) and 14.8% in rural areas (95%CI: 12.3-17.3) were overweight or obese, and 5.1% of rural girls (95%CI: 3.1-7.0) were stunted. Compared with previous studies, obesity and overweight are still rising in Iranian school children, thus more serious interventions are needed. These interventions must also deal with underweight and stunting, particularly in rural areas.

The risk, perceived and actual, of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus for mothers of preschool children in urban China.

BackgroundThe perceived risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can motivate individuals to adopt preventive health behaviors. Compared with fathers, mothers of young children often experience unique risk factors for developing T2DM: pregnancy-related weight gain, lifestyle changes related to child care, and the increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Understanding how actual risk factors affect the perceived risk of developing T2DM can foster effective diabetes prevention interventions for this population. The aims of this study were to describe the risk, perceived and actual, of developing T2DM and to explore the influencing factors of perceived risk for Chinese mothers of preschool children in China.MethodsA multisite, cross-sectional survey was conducted and included 176 mothers (mean age of 31.19 years old) of preschool children (aged 3–7 years old) from four preschools in Changsha, the capital city of Hunan Province, China. The overall perceived risk of developing T2DM was measured by one item “Your own personal health risk is at almost no risk, slight risk, moderate risk or high risk from diabetes” from the Risk Perception Survey for Developing Diabetes (RPS-DD). PRS-DD and the Chinese version of the Canadian Diabetes Risk Assessment Questionnaire (CHINARISK) were used to assess perceived risk related worry, personal control, optimistic bias, and diabetes risk knowledge and actual risk of T2DM. Mothers also reported their height, weight, and waist circumference followed by the NIH protocol. Pearson correlation and stepwise multivariate linear regression were used to explore how the actual risk factors affected the perceived risk of developing diabetes (RPS-DD)).ResultsNearly 90% of mothers perceived almost no/slight risk for developing diabetes. Nearly half of the mothers had parents or siblings with diabetes. Roughly 70% of the mothers did not eat five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, and more than 50% did not exercise at least 30 minutes a day. In the five stepwise multivariate linear regression models, young mothers (95% CI .400–1.311) and those with a family history of diabetes (95% CI -0.74- .000) were founded a higher overall perceived risk. Mothers who reported more sedentary time (95% CI -0.029- -0.008) and less physical activity had less personal control (95% CI -0.354- -0.046). Mothers with more sedentary time had more worries about developing T2DM(95% CI 0.008–0.035) . Mothers who were older (95% CI -0.440–0.055) or had more physical activities (95% CI 0.003–0.048) had more optimistic bias of not developing T2DM. Mothers who had a higher education level (95% CI .354–1.422) and a family history of diabetes (95% CI .029–2.231) had more diabetes risk knowledge of developing T2DM.ConclusionThis study found that Chinese mothers of preschool children in urban areas reported low perceived risk of developing T2DM, although they have actual risk factors. These women did not associate anthropometric, health history, or health behavior factors with the risk of developing T2DM. Anthropometrics and risk factors associated with behavioral risk factors may be the focus of diabetes prevention programs.

Prevalence of hearing loss among polish school-age children from rural areas – Results of hearing screening program in the sample of 67 416 children

BackgroundHearing loss in children is a relevant health issue, both for its prevalence and for its physical, emotional and social consequences. Our aim was to estimate the national prevalence of hearing loss in school-age children from rural areas in Poland. MethodsThe study was conducted in the general, pediatric, nonclinical population of school-age children from rural areas in Poland. It was a population-based, epidemiological study. The participants were 67416 children (32630 girls and 34786 boys) aged from 6 to 13 years old (M = 8.65; SD = 2.54). Pure-tone air-conduction hearing threshold were obtained at 0.5–8 kHz. Hearing loss was defined as a pure-tone average higher than 20 dB in one or both ears in at least one of the following pure-tone average: four-frequency pure-tone average (FFPTA), high-frequency pure-tone average (HFPTA) and low-frequency pure-tone average (LFPTA). ResultsThe rate of positive results of hearing screening was 16.4% and it was significantly higher in younger children than in older children. Mild hearing loss was more frequently than moderate or worse hearing loss. The children more often experienced unilateral than bilateral hearing loss. ConclusionsThis study reveals that hearing problems are common in this population, especially among younger children. It shows a strong need for systematic monitoring of hearing status among children and increasing awareness of parents and educators of the significance of hearing loss, including unilateral and mild hearing loss. Further studies conducted among children in urban areas are needed to compare the prevalence of hearing loss in children from various environments.

Smart City Governance and Children’s Agency: An Assessment of the Green Infrastructure Impact on Children’s Activities in Cagliari (Italy) with the Tool “Opportunities for Children in Urban Spaces (OCUS)”

The increases in urbanization, pollution, resource depletion, and climate change underline the need for urban planning policies that incorporate blue–green infrastructure (BGI) and ecosystem services. This paper proposes a framework for assessing BGI’s effect on children’s outdoor activities. This effect, called meaningful usefulness, is a central issue due to the influence of experiences with nature on children’s development and the global trend of concentration of children in urban areas. Based on the concept of affordance, the methodology formalizes meaningful usefulness in terms of an index of usefulness of individual settings (IUIS) and a synthetic index of usefulness of BGI in a specific area (ISGI). These are determined via an audit protocol, Opportunities for Children in Urban Spaces (OCUS), which incorporates a set of indicators measuring micro-scale properties of individual places and contextual macro-scale factors. The methodology is applied to BGI components in Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy, which was selected for its superior density of urban green spaces. The application of the OCUS tool confirms its usefulness for investigating functional affordances incorporated into the trans-scalar structures of BGIs. The analytic protocol further contributes to the implementation of urban planning strategies within the smart city paradigm.

Development of primary teeth among infants and toddlers in nine cities of China in 2015

Objective: To investigate the status of the development of primary teeth and to identify the development patterns among infants and toddlers in nine cities of China in 2015. Methods: Healthy children aged 1-<36 months were investigated by across-sectional survey and retrospective studies, which was carried out in 9 cities (Beijing, Harbin and Xi'an in northern China; Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan in central China; and Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Kunming in southern China) from June to October in 2015. Subjects (n=103 995) were divided into 14 age groups (1-<2, 2-<3, 3-<4, 4-<5, 5-<6, 6-<8, 8-<10, 10-<12, 12-<15, 15-<18, 18-<21, 21-<24, 24-<30, 30-<36 months). There were 150-200 boys and girls respectively in each group of urban and suburb areas in each city. The eruption status and the number of primary teeth were examined by the trained child health care physician or pediatrician on the spot. The timing of primary teeth eruption of children was retrospectively surveyed using a questionnaire. The prevalence of primary teeth was calculated and χ(2) test was used for comparison of categorical data. Probit regression analysis was used to determine the median and percentile age of eruption of primary teeth. Results: Totally 103 995 children aged 1-<36 months were investigated. There were 52 346 children in urban areas (boys 26 228, girls 26 118) and 51 649 children in suburb areas (boys 25 912, girls 25 737). The eruption rate of primary teeth in children under 2 years became higher with age and the difference among each age group was statistically significant (χ(2)=85 913.868, P<0.01), which was 0.3% (22/7 450) in 3-<4 months group, 43.0% (3 227/7 503) in 6-<8 months group and 99.9% (7 441/7 446) in 15-<18 months group. The eruption age of primary teeth was 6.6 months (95%CI: 6.5-6.7 months), and the range of the 3rd to 97th percentile was 4.1-10.6 months. The eruption ages of primary teeth in urban and suburb areas children were 6.6 months (95%CI: 6.5-6.7 months) and 6.6 months (95%CI: 6.5-6.7 months) respectively. The eruption age of primary teeth was earlier in boys (6.4 months, 95%CI: 6.3-6.5 months) than that in girls (6.7 months, 95%CI: 6.6-6.8 months). The median eruption age of primary teeth was earlier in northern China (6.2 months) than that in central (6.7 months) and southern China (6.9 months). The eruption rate of primary teeth became higher with age, showing that the median number of primary teeth was 2 in 8-<10 months group, 8 in 12-<15 months group and 20 in 30-<36 months group. Conclusions: The timing of eruption of primary teeth was similar between urban and suburb areas children and that of the boys was slightly earlier than that of the girls. There were slight differences among different regions in the eruption timing of primary teeth. The range of the 3rd to 97th percentile in the eruption age of primary teeth was 4.1-10.6 months and the number of primary teeth followed the regular development pattern with age.

Can cash transfers mitigate child labour? Evidence from Indonesia’s cash transfer programme for poor students in Java

•Indonesia’s cash transfer programme helps reduce children’s work participation.•Reduction in work hours due to the programme are larger for boys.•The programme has a smaller impact on beneficiary children in urban areas.

Physical activity and sedentary behavior among Chinese children aged 6\u201317\u2009years: a cross-sectional analysis of 2010\u20132012 China National Nutrition and health survey

BackgroundPatterns of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior have important implications for child health. The purpose of the study was to describe the PA and sedentary behavior among Chinese children.MethodsThe study analyzed the PA and sedentary behavior status of 38,744 Chinese children aged 6–17 years, based on the data from China National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNNHS) in 2010–2012.ResultsChinese children spent 61.6 min/d on school-time PA and the proportion with 60 min and over on school-time PA was 52.5%. The average transportation time was 38.5 min/d and the main mode for children was walking (50.9%), followed by taking private vehicles (19.4%), taking public transportation (16.4%) and cycling (13.3%). Approximately 70% Chinese children did domestic PA and they spent 17.2 min/d on it. Children spent 2.9 h per day on leisure-time sedentary behaviors and 85.8% of them engaged in sedentary behaviors longer than 2 h/d. The proportion of children participating in leisure-time PA was 35.4%and they performed moderate-to-vigorous PA on 3.4 days per week with average 44.9 min per day. Boys were more active in school-time PA, leisure-time PA and transportation, while girls spent more time on domestic PA and homework. More older children took active transportation and spent more time on domestic PA, leisure-time PA and sedentary behaviors compared with younger children. Children in urban area were more likely to take inactive transportation and participate in leisure-time PA, spent less time on domestic PA while more time on sedentary behaviors compared with their counterpart.ConclusionsChinese children performed little physical activity and spent long time engaging in sedentary behaviors. Their physical activity and sedentary behaviors varied by gender, age and area.

P13 Implementation of and Barriers to Nutrition Best Practices in Urban and Rural Nebraska Child Care Settings

Background Nebraska ranks fifth in the US for childhood obesity among children 2-4 years old. Children in rural areas are more likely to be classified as obese than children in urban areas. There is limited research on nutrition-related practices and barriers of childcare across urban and rural areas. Objective To examine the differences in implementation, barriers, and difficulty of nutrition practices including foods served and mealtime practices in childcare settings across urban-rural contexts in Nebraska. Study Design, Settings, Participants An exploratory cross-sectional study in 2017. Data were collected from 1,170 childcare providers (urban = 591; rural = 579) participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), including 200 childcare centers (CCCs) and 970 family childcare homes (FCCHs) in Nebraska. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Childcare programs completed the self-administered ‘Healthy Children, Healthy State’ questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were conducted to assess implementation, difficulty, and barriers to nutrition practices across urban-rural CCCs and FCCHs. Results For implementation of nutrition-related practices, CCCs in urban areas were significantly more likely to serve lean and low fat meat ( P P P P P P P Conclusion This study illuminates factors that may influence high rates of obesity in rural childcare settings.Future research should examine rural childcare programs and how local food systems may decrease costs and increase healthy food availability. Funding USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.