Children In Tehran Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Attachment-based Psycho-Educational Interventions on Reducing the Symptoms of Separation Anxiety Disorder in Preschool Children in Tehran

The Effectiveness of Attachment-based Psycho-Educational Interventions on Reducing the Symptoms of Separation Anxiety Disorder in Preschool Children in Tehran

Comparison of the Time Use Between Mothers of Blind and Healthy Children in Tehran, Iran

Background and Aims: The presence of a blind child in the family puts a lot of pressure on the caregivers, especially the mother. Therefore, the mother’s mental and emotional condition is affected and disturbs her ability to balance time. By knowing the pattern of time use in mothers of blind children, it is possible to help improve the health and quality of life of these mothers. This study aims to evaluate the time use in mothers of children with blindness compared to the mothers of healthy children. Methods: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Ninety mothers of blind and healthy children aged 6-14 years participated in this study. Mothers were selected from among those whose children were in exceptional schools of Shahid Mohebi, Narjes, and Khazaeili and normal schools in West of Tehran, Iran using a convenience sampling method. Mothers’ time use for different activities was evaluated by the Persian version of the Mothers’ time Use questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software versio 21 using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Mothers of children with blindness spent more time on household chores and childcare and less time on sleeping/resting compared to the mothers of healthy children (50.0≥P). Conclusion: The presence of a blind child in the family affects the ability of mothers in balancing the time and the quality of the time spent by them on daily activities. Therefore, there is a need to pay attention to balance of time as a variable of health and quality of life.

Evaluation of the validity of Demirjian and Nolla methods in estimating chronological age in an Iranian population

<h3>Objective</h3> Due to demographic and ethnic-racial differences, each dental age estimation method should be examined in a limited population to evaluate the accuracy of the selected method. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the validity of Demirjian and Nolla methods in estimating the chronological age of an Iranian population of children aged 7 to 15 years in Tehran. <h3>Study Design</h3> This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on 301 panoramic radiographs of children in the Radiology Department of the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry. Dental age was calculated by evaluating the seven left mandibular teeth using Demirjian and Nolla methodologies. Data were analyzed by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and the intraclass correlation coefficient. <h3>Results</h3> By the Demirjian method, the mean differences between dental and chronological ages for girls, boys, and all samples were 1.784 ± 0.042, 1.704 ± 0.207, and 1.720 ± 0.024, respectively. Using Nolla's method, the mean difference between dental and chronological age for girls, boys, and all samples were -1.432 ± 1.742, -1.386 ± 1.87, and -1.492 ± 1.567 respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the Demirjian and Nolla methods were 77% and 71%, respectively. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The Demirjian method is more accurate compared to the Nolla method for estimating age in the population of Iranian children in Tehran. <b>Statement of Ethical Review</b> Ethical review was sought and study was exempted from ethical review

Assessment of Clinical and Laboratory Outcomes in Using of Albumin and Fresh Frozen Plasma as Cardiopulmonary Bypass Prime Solutions in Pediatric Arterial Switch Surgery

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP) prime solution in pediatric heart surgeries is critical to avoid adverse effects resulting from dilution of coagulation factors, red blood cells, and other plasma protein. This study aimed to evaluate clinical and laboratory outcomes of administration of albumin and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in CPB prime solution in children candidates for arterial switch surgery.&#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 30 transposition of the great arteries (TGA) patients, candidates for the arterial switch in Tehran Children's Medical Center, Iran. As CBP prime solution, 15 patients received albumin (1 gr/kg Albumin 20%) and 15 patients received FFP (15 cc/kg). also, clinical and laboratory parameters were measured in different intervals. The statistical analysis were performed by SPSS v.20.&#x0D; Results: The volume platelet infusion in the ICU was higher in FFP-received patients (40.00 ±20.70 ml) than albumin-received patients (26.67 ±25.82 ml; p-value =0.01). Upon entry into ICU, the mean of Hb and Hct in FFP-received patients (11.55 ±0.64 g/l and 34.44 ±2.44 %) was significantly higher than patients who received albumin (11.08 ±0.87 g/l and 31.44 ±3.97 %; p-value =0.04 for both). Upon entry into ICU and also 48 hours after admission into the ICU, the Cr level in the FFP-received group (median: 19 mg/dl) was significantly higher than the albumin-received group (median: 12 mg/dl; p-value =0.03).&#x0D; Conclusion: FFP in CPB prime solution reduces the hemostatic complications and infusion of blood products, as well as to stabilizes Hb and Htc. Therefore, FFP is more suitable as CPB prime solution.

Overweight and Obesity Prevalence in Iranian Children Aged 8 - 12 Years; A Study in Tehran

Background: Childhood overweight and obesity are public health concerns. It is essential to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity for effective planning and efficient use of resources in the health system. Objectives: The present study’s objective was to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 8 to 12 years in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 829 primary school children in Tehran were included. An investigator administered a checklist to collect the relevant data, and anthropometric measurements were performed using standard procedures. We used the World Health Organization’s (WHO) child growth standards to assess overweight and obesity among children. The Chi-square test was used to analyze categorical variables, and statistical significance was confirmed at P &lt; 0.05. Results: Of the students, 366 (44.1%) were boys, and 463 (55.9%) were girls. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 20.6% and 14.6%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was higher among boys than among girls (19.4% vs. 10.8%); the highest prevalence of obesity was observed among 9-year-old children. No relationship was identified between the type of school and the prevalence of obesity (P = 0.33). Conclusions: Childhood overweight and obesity were relatively prevalent among 8 - 12-year-old children. So, obesity should be considered a serious health problem in Tehran, requiring more care and interventions to prevent an epidemic of obesity among Iranian children.

Etiological Factors Involved in Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7 to 12-Year-Old Children in Tehran.

Objectives: Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) lesions are common in children. The prevalence of MIH is variable in different communities. However, information regarding the prevalence of MIH in the Iranian population is limited. This study sought to assess the prevalence and etiological factors of MIH in 7-12-year-old children in Tehran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study evaluated 1028 elementary students between 7-12 years, selected from different districts of Tehran in 2017. The frequency of MIH in the maxillary and mandibular molars and incisors was determined by clinical examination. In order to assess the role of different factors in the development of MIH, a questionnaire was filled out by the mothers regarding problems during their pregnancy, medical history of children, and age of occurrence of systemic conditions (if any). The effect of different factors on the development of MIH was analyzed by the logistic regression test. Results: The prevalence of MIH was found to be 25.6%. The delivery condition of the mother (P<0.001), history of urinary tract infection (P<0.011), history of chickenpox (P<0.018), and frequent use of amoxicillin during childhood (P<0.041) significantly affected the occurrence of MIH. The most commonly involved teeth were the mandibular left first molars. Conclusion: The prevalence of MIH in our study population was within the range reported in the literature. Considering the relatively high prevalence of MIH in 7-12-year-old children, pediatric dentists should pay special attention to treatment of MIH.

The Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition and the Contributing Factors in Children in Tehran, Iran

The Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition and the Contributing Factors in Children in Tehran, Iran

Effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on resilience of parents with abnormal children in Tehran

Introduction: The study explored effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on resilience of parents with abnormal children in Tehran. Methods: This is an applied research conducted using a quasi-experimental method with control and experimental groups. The statistical population consisted of all parents of abnormal children in exceptional schools of Tehran. To determine the sample size, 120 individuals including 60 pairs of parents of abnormal children were selected. The samples were randomly selected from 5 exceptional schools in Tehran. As a pre-test, Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience questionnaires were filled by the subjects. The experimental group underwent emotional intelligence training for 20 sessions of 1.5 hours (two sessions per week). The control group did not receive any training. After the training course, the resilience of both groups was re-measured. The data was analyzed via SPSS. Results: Emotional intelligence training was effective in increasing resilience of parents with abnormal children (p = 0.001). In addition, the average resilience of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder was significantly higher than the parents of children with physical and intellectual disabilities. However, there was no significant difference in the mean resilience between the parents of children with physical and intellectual disabilities.

Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Dairy Consumption among School-Age Children: A Qualitative Study

Background: To improve dairy consumption among children, it is crucial to explore probable barriers and facilitators toward it. The current qualitative study aims to discover barriers and facilitators of dairy intake among school-age children in Tehran to suggest strategies to improve it based on the optimal components of social marketing. Methods: In a qualitative study, 111 school-age children (mean age 10.08±0.57 years) were selected by purposive sampling with maximum diversity from primary schools in three areas of Tehran. Sixteen focus group discussions (FGDs) were separately conducted among students in different grades. Contents of the FGDs were analyzed using MAXQDA 2010. Results: Food and nutrition literacy, improvement of attitude and trust-building, training taste and food preferences were the main facilitators to increase dairy products among school-age children. Barriers related to dairy products consumption included negative attitudes toward dairy products, unsound tastes, and unhealthy food preferences. The main suggested strategies to increase dairy consumption were improvement of the products' sensory and non-sensory characteristics, providing the milk and dairy products consumption experience for free, improvement of the quality of preserving places, enhancing physical and economic availability of dairy products. Dairy stores and school buffets were mentioned as the best places for supply. Encouragement and motivation, education and information, modeling and promoting appropriate culture were suggested as the main promotion strategies. Conclusion: To provide practical strategies for increasing dairy consumption among children, the perceived barriers and facilitators mentioned by them should be addressed.

Oral Health Status and Related Factors in Children with Visual Impairment Aged 7-11 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate oral health, oral hygiene, and associated factors in children with visual impairment aged 7-11 years.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 47 children with visual impairment aged 7-11 years who were selected from all three schools available for visually impaired children in Tehran in December 2018. Questions regarding age, gender, status of visual impairment, level of education of the parents, self-reported dental and gingival health, oral health, and dietary habits were asked face-to-face using the World Health Organization oral health questionnaire for children. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth index for both primary (dmft) and permanent (DMFT) dentitions was determined by clinical examination. Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were also assessed. Linear and logistic regression tests were used for statistical analysis.Results: Over 70% of the children were satisfied with their dental and gingival health. Daily brushing was reported by 70.2%. Over half of the children reported daily consumption of fruits and jam/honey. The mean dmft and DMFT scores were 2.85±3.21 and 0.81±1.15, respectively. The mean OHI-S was 2.09±0.58. Also, 57.4% and 34% of the children had unrestored caries in their primary and permanent teeth, respectively. BOP was seen in 78.7% of the children. A significant correlation was observed between toothache in the past 12 months and dmft score (P<0.003). Daily tooth brushing was inversely correlated with OHI-S index (P=0.02). Conclusion: The results highlight an urgent need for implementation of oral health programs for visually impaired children.

Decreased Susceptibility of Shigella Isolates to Azithromycin in Children in Tehran, Iran.

Azithromycin (AZT) has widely been used for the treatment of shigellosis in children. Recent studies showed a high rate of decreased susceptibility to azithromycin due to different mechanisms of resistance in Shigella isolates. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of azithromycin resistance mechanisms of Shigella isolates in Iran during a two-year period. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of resistance among Shigella spp. that were isolated from children with shigellosis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Shigella isolates to azithromycin was determined by the agar dilution method in the presence and absence of Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide inhibitor. The presence of 12 macrolide resistance genes was investigated for all isolates by PCR for the first time in Tehran province in Iran. Among the 120 Shigella spp., only the mph(A) gene (49.2%) was detected and other macrolide resistance genes were absent. The phenotypic activity of efflux pump was observed in 1.9% of isolates which were associated with over expression of both omp(A) and omp(W) genes. The high prevalence of the mph(A) gene among DSA isolates may indicate that azithromycin resistance has evolved as a result of antimicrobial selection pressures and inappropriate use of azithromycin.

The effectiveness of life skills training on children's self-monitoring behavior and creative thinking

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of life skills training on children's self-monitoring behavior and creative thinking. Methods: The current research was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population was 9 to 11-year-old children in Tehran in 2018, after screening with Humphrey's (1982) and Abedi's creative thinking (2010) self-monitoring questionnaires, 40 children were selected based on the purposive sampling method. The experimental group was designated to Seyedabadi's life skills training intervention (2009) during ten 45-minute sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated measures variance. Results: The findings of this research indicated that the life skills training intervention is effective on children's self-monitoring (F=22.29, P=0.001) and creative thinking (F=18.02, P=0.001) in the post-test phase and this effect is also stable in the follow-up phase (P=0.05). Conclusion: The foundations of knowledge, skills and attitudes are shaped through childhood, and their importance and necessity have been accepted for the general and the specific; Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to every educational development and innovation since the early years of childhood, and to build planning for childhood stage, and beyond on a strong foundation.

Screening of Auditory Processing Disorders in School- Aged Children in Tehran, Iran Using the Auditory Processing Domain Questionnaire

Background and Aim: Early detection of auditory processing disorders (APD) is essential for preventing learning and educational problems in school-aged children. It is crucial to take into account the comorbidity with APD, as well. The goal of APD screening is to obtain the basic information about those with auditory disorders to be referred for further evaluation. This study aimed to identify the elementary school students at risk of APD in Tehran, Iran. Methods: Participants were the parents of 536 children selected from 11 elementary schools in four districts of Tehran city. The schools in each district were selected by a random clustering method. The auditory system of students was first evaluated. The parents were then asked to complete the Persian version of the auditory processing domain questionnaire (APDQ). Results: The prevalence of APD was 3.3% in girls and 8.3% in boys and the difference between them was statistically significant (p=0.021). The overall prevalence of APD was 4.6% based on the cut-off points of four APDQ domains, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.6. Conclusion: It is necessary to screen APD in school-aged children to minimize learning and educational problems in them. Moreover, there is a need for developing screening methods to provide timely detection and appropriate intervention for those at risk of APD.

Effectiveness of Different Educational Methods on Oral Health in 7-13-year-old Visually Impaired Children in Tehran: A Randomized Trial

Background: Conventional oral health education is not suitable for visually impaired children. Objectives: Considering the importance of oral health, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different educational methods on oral hygiene status. Methods: Following a clinical trial design, 88 visually impaired children, aged 7 to 13 years, living in Tehran were recruited and randomly allocated to four groups of verbal-tactile, verbal-braille, multisensory, and control. Initially, all children were well informed about the importance of oral hygiene; then, the baseline levels of plaque score and gingivitis were recorded by Silness &amp; Loe plaque index and Loe &amp; Silness gingival index, respectively. Experimental groups received oral health education through different methods. The instructions were repeated after one month, then plaque and gingival indices were reevaluated after two months. Data analysis was administered by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and posthoc tests using SPSS 20.0. Results: After the intervention, all groups showed a decrease in plaque and gingival indices, with the most reduction in the multisensory group (with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0001) between multisensory &amp; control for both plaque &amp; gingival indices). The least change was observed in the verbal-braille group compared to the control (for plaque index and gingival index after two months (P = 0.04) and (P = 0.17), respectively). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the multisensory method (verbal-tactile-braille) is the best option to educate visually impaired children, with significantly more acceptable results.

Comparison of the key modifiable factors in the first 1000 days predicting subsequent overweight and obesity in pre-school children in Tehran: a case-control study.

The identification of paediatric obesity predictors in the early stages of life is warranted, as it can influence the development of effective strategies to prevent metabolic disorders. In this case-control study, we assessed nine risk factors for paediatric obesity, namely a birth weight > 4000 g, an exclusive breast-feeding period < 4 months, the introduction of solid food at < 4 months, maternal overweight or obesity before pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, the presence of gestational diabetes, paternal overweight and obesity and paternal smoking. In order to identify the most relevant predictors of paediatric obesity, we employed a multiple logistic regression model with R2 Cox Snell by adjusting confounders. In the randomly selected 509 preschool children from Tehran, children exposed to gestational diabetes had the maximum predicted probability of obesity (4·36 (1·94, 9·80) %) among the analysed risk factors %. The introduction of solid food at < 4 months of age increased the risk of obesity by 2·98 (1·77, 4·97 %). The OR of childhood obesity was associated with maternal overweight and obesity (2·72(1·60-4·60) %), maternal smoking (2·21 (1·18, 4·11) %) and excessive gestational weight gain (1·89 (1·23, 2·91) %). Paternal smoking and high birth weight increased the risk of paediatrics obesity > 1·8 times (1·15-2·94) and > 1·5 times (1·015-2·43), respectively. There was no association between the paternal BMI, the exclusive breast-feeding time and the risk of paediatric obesity. Among early risk factors, probably gestational diabetes can be considered as the most important predictor for the risk of paediatric obesity.

Https://jpcp.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.html

Objective: Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting 5% of children. Developmental stuttering disrupts the smooth flow of speech, resulting in characteristic speech disfluencies. Anxiety is one of the most widely observed and extensively studied psychological concomitants of stuttering. Recently, it has been shown that noninvasive brain stimulation may be useful in enhancing the results of fluency interventions in people who stutter. The present study aimed to examine whether the severity of stuttering and anxiety was affected by transcranial direct current stimulation in children who stutter. Methods: This study is a clinical trial study in which the statistical community includes school-aged children in Tehran who were referred to psychological clinics for treatment. Twenty-two children with stuttering were randomly assigned in two groups. Eleven children in the experimental group would receive real transcranial direct current stimulation, and 11 children in the control group were exposed to sham stimulation. The experimental group received 20 min of 2-mA anodal stimulation in 15 sessions in three weeks. The severity of stuttering and anxiety was assessed before and after the last session and then 1 and 6 weeks after the intervention. Results: The severity of stuttering and anxiety in both groups were similar before the intervention (P&gt;0.05). A significant decrease in the severity of stuttering and anxiety at the end of the intervention and 1 and 6 weeks after the intervention occurred in the experimental group (P&lt;0.05), while the control group did not show any significant change. Conclusion: The results indicated that stuttering severity and anxiety were ameliorated by transcranial direct current stimulation immediately after the intervention and at 1 and 6 weeks follow-up.

Prevalence of Flexible Flat Foot in Iranian Male School Children

Background: Flat foot is a deformity in which patients lack standard arches in the soles of the foot. Flat foot improves with age. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of flexible flat foot among male school children in Tehran, Iran. Methods: A total of 1539 male school children were included in this study. Students were examined for the flatness of the sole of the foot as well as its degree and type. Flat foot was diagnosed on inspecting a poor formation of the arch. The severity of flatness was classified according to Denis criteria. Results: Among 1512 children whose foot condition was recorded, 80.7% had normal/grade 1 sole, 16.7% had 2nd degree flat feet, and 2.6% had 3rd degree flat feet. Prevalence of genu varum was 16.1% and prevalence of genu valgum was 2.7% (P = 0.504). The prevalence of flat foot decreased significantly with age; in the group of 11-year-old boys and younger, 23.1% showed a grade 2 and grade 3 flat foot, whereas in the group of 12-year-old boys and older, only 13.6% hada grade 2 and grade 3 flat foot (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, a significant relationship was found between weight gain and body mass index (BMI) with flat feet. There is a significant association between passing the age of 12 years and a decrease in flat foot. Also, the association between flat foot with weight and height of children was examined separately, and it was found that weight could significantly be a poor predictor of flat feet.

Perception of oral health and medical conditions as possible predictors of oral health status in visually impaired adolescents: a cross\u2010sectional study

BackgroundWe aimed to assess oral health and oral hygiene status among visually impaired adolescents and also to evaluate the factors related to their oral health.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study among 130 visually impaired adolescents in Tehran, Iran, in December 2018. Of three schools for visually impaired children in Tehran, children in the sixth to the tenth grade (aged 12–17 years) were included after obtaining their parents’ consent. WHO oral health questionnaire for children was filled out through face to face interviews. General characteristics were age, gender, status of visual impairment, place of residence, and parental education level. Oral health-related questions were perceived dental and gingival health, dental self-care, dental visits, medical conditions, and dietary habits. Oral examinations included Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI‑S), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). Univariate and multiple logistic regression tests were applied using STATA.ResultsThe mean age (SD) of the adolescents was 14.45 (1.61) years. The fully blind children were 33.8%, and those with low vision were 66.2%. Regarding the perception of dental and gingival health, nearly half of the adolescents were satisfied. The mean DMFT and decayed component (DT) were 2.43 ± 2.24 and 1.92 ± 2.12, respectively. The frequency of DMFT ≥ 3 was 45.4%. The mean OHI-S was 2.01 ± 0.70, and OHI-S > 1.8 was reported in 60% of children. The prevalence of BOP was 79.2%. DMFT was significantly associated with toothache (P = 0.003, OR = 3.70, 95% CI: 1.54–9.09), perceived dental health (P = 0.005, OR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.40–6.67), and medical conditions (P = 0.03, OR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.13–8.68). In addition, OHI-S was related to gender (P = 0.02, OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.15–0.83), perceived dental health (P = 0.006, OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.35–6.12) and medical conditions (P = 0.04, OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.04–8.97). BOP was associated with perceived gingival health (P = 0.02, OR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.18–7.33).ConclusionsMedical conditions and perceived dental and gingival health are possible predictors for oral health status in these adolescents. Although these children could not visualize caries or gingival bleeding during the brushing time, they could perceive the status of their oral health correctly. Also, being involved in medical problems can make more ignorance of oral health.

Water and energy management in a sustainable site: A case study of a living environment for street children in Tehran, Iran

Urban development of major cities in Iran, especially in metropolises like Tehran, triggered an ever-increasing water and energy demand leading to water crisis deterioration and electricity generation deficiency. Building energy demand is either provided by fossil fuels or fossil-fuel-generated electricity in Iran, so the energy resources are mainly non-renewable. The current study addressed such an unbalanced pattern by proposing an applicable cross-disciplinary methodology for a sustainable urban design. A case study was conducted in a site located in northern Tehran, and multiple sustainable design alternatives were examined. Water, electricity, and energy demands were compared between a conventional design and a sustainable one. Water and energy management scenarios were defined, encompassing rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, efficient landscape plantation and irrigation, water treatment, reducing construction materials' heat transfer, and photovoltaic electricity generation on site. Evaluations showed promising results indicating: 69.73 % less water demand from city water supply; 68.60 % less electricity demand from national grid; 43 % reduction in cooling and 56 % reduction in heating loads. The decentralized water management system reduced the risk of over flooding in the city wastewater network. Furthermore, a shift to renewable energy resources was achieved, and fossil fuel consumption consequences were alleviated by applying a grid-connected photovoltaic system.

Comparing the Effectiveness of the Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (TACS) and Ritalin on Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in 7-14-Year-Old Children

Several studies have been conducted on the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on adult patients. But, in recent years, only a few studies have been carried out in children and teenagers because the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of TACS and Ritalin in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. This interventional clinical trial study was performed on 62 children with ADHD who were referred to the private psychiatric clinic of children in Tehran. The children were randomly assigned to two coded groups based on a lottery so that they were enrolled in the TACS or the Ritalin group. A questionnaire child syndrome inventory (parental form) and integrated visual and auditory (IVA) test with a pretest and posttest design was used in this study. TACS therapy protocol was employed (3 days a week for eight weeks using alternating current stimulation at 10 Hz over two points on the prefrontal cortex: the anode centered over F3 [the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex] and the cathode over F4[the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]). Results showed that the posttest scores of the TACS-treated group were higher than those of the Ritalin-treated group, and there was a significant difference between the areas of visual attention (visual vigilance, visual focus, Sustained attention visual) and response control visual and auditory prudence (P&lt;0.05). Results indicated that TACS was more effective and more durable compared to Ritalin in reducing attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.