Children In Spain Research Articles

Sociolinguistic perspective on language competency of ´Chinese children in Spain

As second generation immigrants, children of Chinese origin in Spain confront a complicated linguistic setting. The objective of this comparative sociolinguistic research, with the participation of 160 children of Chinese origin, is to analyze their sociolinguistic situation in Malaga (Spain), including both external and internal factors (i.e., socio-economic status, education level, language attitudes, identity, motivations, etc.) that affect their linguistic competency and learning. Our methodology is based on quantitative and qualitative data from questionnaires, observations, tests and interviews to explain the linguistic patterns of immigrant children. Tests were completed also by 40 Spanish children and by 40 native Chinese children.

Emotional intelligence and school climate in primary school children in Spain, Norway, and Poland

Introduction: Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to manage emotions effectively. It has a clear impact on the well-being of schoolchildren. A large body of studies has shown how emotional intelligence impacts on psychological and contextual variables, but less is known about how school context may influence in emotional development during childhood. The objectives of this research were to describe the level of emotional intelligence and school climate for schoolchildren in Primary Education in three European countries, to explore the association between school climate and emotional intelligence, and analyzing the moderating role of gender and country. Method: 1104 schoolchildren participated (528 from Spain, 252 from Poland and 324 from Norway) (50.6% girls; MAge = 10.49 years; SD = 1.3). Validated self-report in the three languages were used, Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 and Modified-Delaware School Climate Survey-Student. Results: Descriptive analysis showed higher levels of emotional intelligence in Spanish schoolchildren and higher level of school climate. Girls showed higher levels of emotional repair compared to boys. Multiple multivariate regression models indicated the association between school climate and emotional intelligence . Gender and country did not moderate the relationship between school climate and emotional intelligence dimensions. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of the quality of the climate in schools in different European regions to promote the level of emotional intelligence of boys and girls in Primary Education.

‘For me, it was a liberation, like being free again.’ A qualitative approach to the care trajectories of divorced mothers in Spain

This article deals with the causes and consequences of divorce in a group of women with minor children in Spain, a country in Southern Europe that presents a pre-eminently familistic character based on a marked division of gender roles. We detected an imbalance between qualitative and quantitative studies on this topic, of which the latter are more numerous in the recently published literature. For this reason, here we wish to show the people behind the data by conferring two questions making up the analysis axes of this research. First, we deal with the causes of couple breakups, which are related to inequality in the distribution of housework and care tasks in all cases. Second, we analyse their speeches about work and family conciliation after divorce, with particular importance given to the presence, or not, of a strong family network.

Dual latent tuberculosis screening with tuberculin skin tests and QuantiFERON-TB assays before TNF-α inhibitor initiation in children in Spain

Tumor-necrosis-factor-α inhibitors (anti-TNF-α) are associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease, primarily due to reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI). We assessed the performance of parallel LTBI screening with tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assays (QFT-GIT) before anti-TNF-α treatment in children with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders in a low TB-burden setting. We conducted a multicenter cohort study involving 17 pediatric tertiary centers in Spain. LTBI was defined as the presence of a positive TST and/or QFT-GIT result without clinical or radiological signs of TB disease. A total of 270 patients (median age:11.0 years) were included, mainly with rheumatological (55.9%) or inflammatory bowel disease (34.8%). Twelve patients (4.4%) were diagnosed with TB infection at screening (LTBI, n = 11; TB disease, n = 1). Concordance between TST and QFT-GIT results was moderate (TST+/QFT-GIT+, n = 4; TST−/QFT-GIT+, n = 3; TST+/QFT-GIT-, n = 5; kappa coefficient: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.36–0.60). Indeterminate QFT-GIT results occurred in 10 patients (3.7%) and were associated with young age and elevated C-reactive protein concentrations. Eleven of 12 patients with TB infection uneventfully completed standard LTBI or TB treatment. During a median follow-up period of 6.4 years, only 2 patients developed TB disease (incidence density: 130 (95% CI: 20–440) per 100,000 person-years), both probable de novo infections.Conclusion: A substantial number of patients were diagnosed with LTBI during screening. The dual strategy identified more cases than either of the tests alone, and test agreement was only moderate. Our data show that in children in a low TB prevalence setting, a dual screening strategy with TST and IGRA before anti-TNF-α treatment is effective.What is Known:• The optimal screening strategy for latent tuberculosis in children with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders remains uncertain.• Children receiving anti-TNF-α drugs are at increased risk of developing severe tuberculosis disease.What is New:• A dual screening strategy, using TST and an IGRA assay, identified more children with latent tuberculosis than either of the tests alone.• Identification and treatment of latent tuberculosis before initiation of anti-TNF-α therapy averted incident tuberculosis cases.

Cost-consequence analysis for recombinant human growth hormone treatment administered via different devices in children in Spain

Objetives: To compare height gain and treatment costs of the treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH), administered either by Easypod® —an electronic injection allowing adherence monitoring— or other conventional devices licensed in Spain (non-Easypod®) in children and adolescents with growth hormone deficiency. Methods: The analysis was based on a patient-level simulation model including a decision tree and a Markov model; the Markov model represented the different levels of r-hGH use (adherent, non-adherent, and treatment interruption), whereas the decision tree categorized patients according to their r-hGH response. Model characteristics were adapted to Spanish standards and validated through an expert panel. Average costs per cm gained were estimated for each comparator (Easypod® versus non-Easypod®). Different alternative scenarios were performed to analyze the impact of varying individual parameters on the results. Results: For a mean of 10.4 years of treatment, patients receiving r-hGH via Easypod® gained, on average, 19.1 cm (final height: 165.1 cm) compared with 14.8 cm (final height: 160.8 cm) for the comparators (non-Easypod®); resulting in a difference of 4.3 cm. During treatment, patients on Easypod® arm were adherent for a longer time than comparators (52.4% versus 22.2% of the time), involving greater pharmacological costs for Easypod®. Despite greater costs, Easypod® was associated with the lowest cost per cm gained (€3237.0/cm) amongst comparators (non-Easypod®). Costs per cm gained were also lower for Easypod® than for comparators for all the alternative scenarios. Conclusions: The administration of r-hGH with Easypod® improves height gain through better adherence. Easypod® can be the most efficient treatment compared with the other licensed r-hGH treatments in Spain. Keywords: recombinant human growth hormone, device, adherence, cost-consequence analysis.

Pre and postnatal exposure to mercury and sexual development in 9-year-old children in Spain: The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Pre and postnatal exposure to mercury and sexual development in 9-year-old children in Spain: The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor

The well-being of children in a full lockdown and partial lockdown situation: a comparative perspective

ABSTRACT From 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic changed the world as we knew it. In the interest of stopping the spread of the pandemic, lockdown periods and social distancing measures were established in many countries at the beginning of that year and these restrictions continued for the following months and years. Moreover, schools from all over the world closed their doors. In this context, the objective of this research was to compare the well-being of children in Spain during full lockdown and partial lockdown periods, as measured by physical, emotional, social, and academic indicators. The ‘Well-being of Children in Lockdown' (WCL) scale (Berasategi et al. 2020) was used to measure the well-being of children using these parameters. The results revealed statistically significant differences in the general well-being of children and also in terms of emotions, addictions and playful and creative activities, with greater levels of well-being in these domains being evident in the full lockdown period compared with the partial lockdown period. In contrast, during the partial lockdown period, levels of physical and academic well-being were higher in comparison with those reported during the full lockdown phase. Finally, some theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Pre and postnatal exposure to mercury and sexual development in 9-year-old children in Spain: The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Early exposure to mercury has been related to endocrine disruption. Steroid hormones play a crucial role in neural cell migration, differentiation, etc., as well as protecting against several neurotoxic compounds.We investigate the relation between mercury exposure and children's sexual development, and we evaluate the possible influence of different brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphisms on this association.Our study sample comprised 412 9-year-old children participating in the INMA cohort (2004–2015). Mercury concentrations were measured at birth (cord blood) and at 4 and 9 years of age (hair). Sexual development was assessed by levels of sex steroid hormones (estradiol and testosterone) in saliva and the Tanner stages of sex development at 9 years (categorized as 1: prepuberty and >1: pubertal onset). Covariates and confounders were collected through questionnaires during pregnancy and childhood. Polymorphisms in the BDNF gene were genotyped in cord blood DNA. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed between mercury levels and children's sexual development by sex. Effect modification by genetic polymorphisms and fish intake was assessed.We found marginally significant inverse associations between postnatal exposure to mercury (at 9 years) and testosterone levels (β[95%CI] = -0.16[-0.33,0.001], and −0.20[-0.42,0.03], for boys and girls, respectively). Additionally, we found that prenatal mercury was negatively associated with Tanner stage >1 in boys. Finally, we found significant genetic interactions for some single nucleotide polymorphisms in the BDNF gene.In conclusion, pre and postnatal exposure to mercury seems to affect children's sexual development and BDNF may play a role in this association, but further research would be needed.

Role of Diet Quality in the Association Between Excess Weight and Psychosocial Problems in a Large Sample of Children in Spain

The role of healthy eating in the association between excess weight and psychosocial health among children is unknown. To investigate whether a diet based on healthy eating habits moderates the association between excess weight and psychosocial problems in a large sample of children in Spain. This population-based cross-sectional study used data on a representative sample of 3772 children collected in 2017 through the Spanish National Health Survey. Statistical analysis was conducted from September 21 to October 27, 2021. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; body mass index z scores were computed following the sex and age criteria of the International Obesity Task Force and were used to determine excess weight. Diet quality was assessed using the Spanish Healthy Eating Index (S-HEI; a higher score denotes greater adherence to the guidelines of the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition and, therefore, a higher quality of diet). Psychosocial problems were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire completed by parents or guardians. All analyses were adjusted for major confounders. Among the 3772 participants (1908 boys [50.6%]; mean [SD] age, 9.5 [3.1] years), the prevalence of excess weight (ie, overweight or obesity) was 38.4% (n = 1448). Diet quality moderated the association between excess weight and psychosocial problems (β = -0.06; 95% CI, -0.09 to -0.02). Moderation analysis revealed 2 different regions of significance according to the S-HEI score. First, the association between excess weight and psychosocial problems was greater for children with an S-HEI score lower than 67.5. Second, the association of excess weight with psychosocial problems was lower for children with an S-HEI score higher than 84.9. In addition, a neutral area was found, indicating that the association between excess weight and psychosocial problems neither increased nor decreased in those with an S-HEI score between 67.5 and 84.9. The results of this study suggest that the association between excess weight and psychosocial problems is moderated by diet quality among children in Spain. These findings are clinically relevant because psychosocial problems are a major concern among children with excess weight. Because obesity is a chronic disease, it requires ongoing counseling and treatment throughout life.

Sex-differences in incidence of hospitalizations and in hospital mortality of community-acquired pneumonia among children in Spain: a population-based study

The aim of this study is to examine trends from 2016 to 2019 in the incidence of hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality (IHM) of subjects < 18 years with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), assessing possible sex differences. We used Spanish national hospital discharge data to select all patients < 18 years with CAP. We identified 43,511 children (53% boys) hospitalized with CAP. The incidence of CAP was significantly higher in boys than in girls, with an age-adjusted incidence rate ratio of 1.05 (95%CI 1.03–1.07) for boys compared to girls, and rose from 126 per 100,000 children in 2016 to 131 in 2019 (p < 0.0001). There were no sex differences in isolated pathogens, comorbidities, length of hospital stay, or IHM. Variables independently associated with IHM were age 10 to 17 years, congenital heart disease, neurological diseases, and use of invasive mechanical ventilation. Asthma was a protective factor for IHM among girls.Conclusion: The incidence of hospital admissions for CAP was higher among boys than among girls and rose significantly from 2016 to 2019. There were no sex differences in hospital outcomes. Age 10 to 17 years, congenital heart disease, neurological diseases, and use of mechanical ventilation were risk factors for IHM in both sexes, while asthma was a protective factor among girls. No differences were found in IHM over time.What is Known:• Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the most common reasons for hospitalizations among children.• There are few studies that allow to know the evolution of community-acquired pneumonia in children.What is New:• Incidence of hospital admissions for community-acquired pneumonia was higher in boys than girls and it rose significantly from 2016 to 2019.• Age 10 to 17 years, congenital heart disease, neurological diseases and use of mechanical ventilation were risk factors for in-hospital mortality in both sexes.

Burden of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory infections in children in Spain from 2012 to 2018

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) leading to infant hospitalization, morbidity and postnatal mortality in children younger than 5 years of age worldwide. The aim of this study was to collect data on hospitalizations for RSV-related ALRI in children in Spain from 2012 to 2018.MethodsWe used the discharge reports from the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) to retrospectively analyze hospital discharge data in children ≤ 14 years of age with a diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infection, based on the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, from 2012 to 2018.ResultsA total of 190,474 children, 58.1% boys and 41.9% girls, were admitted for lower respiratory tract infections in Spain, including 118,731 cases of bronchiolitis, 53,972 cases of bronchitis, 3710 cases of RSV-positive pneumonia, and 14,061 cases of RSV infections. Of these, 92,426 children (48.5%) had laboratory-confirmed RSV infection. The mean case fatality rate was almost 6 times higher for pneumonia (0.6%) than for bronchiolitis (0.1%) or bronchitis (0.1%). A significant linear increase in the mean annual hospitalization rate for pneumonia of almost 15% per year was found, with no changes in the trend over the study period.ConclusionsRSV-related respiratory infections remain a leading cause of infant hospitalization in Spain. Effective antiviral treatments and preventive vaccines are urgently needed for the management of RSV infection in children, especially for those aged 6 to 12 months.

Unplugged computational thinking at K-6 education: evidence from a multiple-case study in Spain

ABSTRACT This paper examines the implementation of unplugged tasks across different school settings developing computational thinking skills and concepts at upper primary school children in Spain without programming and without using electronic devices. The study is based on qualitative case study design. Across the three case studies/schools – Waldorf-Steiner, conventional and innovative – several themes and key tasks were emerged for unplugged computational thinking development. The evidence stems from observation field notes and interview transcripts with 152 participants. We collected 94 lessons in total, and we analyzed the data based on a predefined coding scheme and thematic content analysis. We conclude that the detected unplugged tasks demonstrate a great potential to develop computational thinking skills and concepts, even though the teachers are not fully aware of their development. The study highlights the need for teacher professional development on computational thinking teaching and learning. Also, we stress the need for computational thinking skills, concepts, and tasks integration into curriculum explicitly. Given the paucity of research on unplugged methods and computational thinking development in primary education, this study is promising to uncover some prominent issues for further examination and future research agenda.

Brand-Specific Enhanced Safety Surveillance Study of GSK's Quadrivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccine, Conducted During the COVID-19 Pandemic, in Belgium, Germany and Spain, for the 2020/21 Season.

IntroductionSeasonal influenza poses a major public health burden worldwide. Influenza vaccines, updated yearly to match circulating strains based on World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, are the cornerstone of prevention and require regular monitoring. The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to cause logistical, site access and medical staff constraints and could affect the safety profile of influenza vaccines.MethodsFollowing European Medicines Agency guidance, an enhanced safety surveillance (ESS) study assessed the frequency and severity of predefined and other adverse events (AEs) occurring within 7 days of receiving GSK’s inactivated quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (IIV4), in Belgium, Germany and Spain in 2020/21, using adverse drug reaction (ADR) cards.ResultsDuring the 2020/21 influenza season, 1054 participants vaccinated with GSK’s IIV4 were enrolled (all adults in Belgium and Germany, 30% adults/70% children in Spain); 96 eligible children received a second dose. Overall, 1042 participants completed the study. After doses 1 and 2, 98.9% and 100% of participants, respectively, returned their completed ADR card. After doses 1 and 2, 37.8% (398/1054) and 13.5% (13/96) of participants, respectively, reported at least one AE. The most frequently reported categories of AEs were “general disorders and administration site conditions” (e.g. injection site pain) and “nervous system disorders” (e.g. headache). There were no deaths or serious AEs deemed related to GSK’s IIV4.ConclusionThis ESS study assessed AEs in near real time. The COVID-19 pandemic did not alter the safety profile of GSK’s IIV4. No safety signals were detected during the study, which confirms the excellent safety profile of GSK’s IIV4.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-021-00571-y.

The Prevalence of Myopia in Children in Spain: An Updated Study in 2020.

Background: In recent years, there was a significant increase in myopia incidence worldwide. However, it is still not clear how it affects Spanish children. Since 2016, this research team analyzed myopia prevalence and risk in 9668 children aged between 5 and 7 years. It was shown that the prevalence rates increased from 16.8% in 2016 to 20.4% in 2019. The objective of this study is to update the prevalence rate of myopia in Spain in 2020 and analyze the risk and prevention factors of myopia. Methods: The participants underwent an optometric examination, and a questionnaire on their lifestyle, family history, and geographical origin was carried out. Finally, data were analyzed using the SPSS version 27 program. Results: 1601 children from various Autonomous Communities of Spain were examined. In 2020 the myopia rates did not increase compared to 2019 (p < 0.05), although the number of hyperopes decreased and the number of emmetropes increased. Regarding age, the prevalence of myopia increased progressively over the years (p < 0.001). There was no association between gender and myopia (p > 0.05). There was a link between the time spent in near vision and family history with the prevalence of myopia (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in Spain in children between 5 and 7 years old increased significantly between 2016 and 2020.

Irregular adoptions and infrastructures of memory in Spain: remnant practices from the Franco Regime

The irregular adoption of displaced children during the Spanish Civil War, the Franco dictatorship, and the early years of Spanish democracy remains silent and unrecognised. The difficulty in recognising these irregular practices is linked to remnant infrastructures of memory ( Rubin, 2018 ). We propose that the time to speak openly about irregular adoptions of forcibly disappeared children in Spain is arriving, and doing so could be a way of exposing a series of “unknown knowns” ( Simmel, 1906 ; Bellman, 1981 ; Taussig, 1999 ).

Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are the main etiological agents of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized pediatric patients in Spain.

To describe the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalized children in Spain and analyze the predictors of the etiology. The different etiological groups of pediatric CAP are associated with different clinical, radiographic, and analytical data. Observational, multicenter, and prospective study. This study included children aged 1 month to 17 years with CAP, who were hospitalized between April 2012 and May 2019. An extensive microbiological workup was performed. The clinical, radiographic, and analytical parameters were analyzed for three etiological groups. Among the 495 children included, at least one causative pathogen was identified in 262 (52.9%): pathogenic viruses in 155/262 (59.2%); atypical bacteria (AB), mainly Mycoplasma pneumonia, in 84/262 (32.1%); and typical bacteria (TyB) in 40/262 (15.3%). Consolidation was observed in 89/138 (64.5%) patients with viral CAP, 74/84 (88.1%) with CAP caused by AB, and 40/40 (100%) with CAP caused by TyB. Para-pneumonic pleural effusion (PPE) was observed in 112/495 (22.6%) patients, of which 61/112 (54.5%) presented a likely causative pathogen: viruses in 12/61 (19.7%); AB in 23/61 (37.7%); and TyB in 26/61 (42.6%). Viral etiology was significantly frequent in young patients and in those with low oxygen saturation, wheezing, no consolidation, and high lymphocyte counts. CAP patients with AB as the etiological agent had a significantly longer and less serious course as compared to those with other causative pathogens. Viruses and M. pneumoniae are the main causes of pediatric CAP in Spain. Wheezing, young age, and no consolidation on radiographs are indicative of viral etiology. Viruses and AB can also cause PPE. Since only a few cases can be directly attributed to TyB, the indications for antibiotics must be carefully considered in each patient.

Work and children in Spain: challenges and opportunities for equality between men and women

Over the past decades, Spain has seen a striking convergence between women’s and men’s participation in the labour market. However, this convergence has stalled since the early 2010s. We show that women still fare worse in several important labour market dimensions. Gender inequalities are further aggravated among people with children. Women with children under 16 are much more likely to be unemployed, work part-time or on temporary contracts than men with children of the same age. We show that it is unlikely that preferences alone can account for these gaps. A review of the evidence shows that family policies, such as paternity leave expansions, financial incentives in the form of tax credits for working mothers and subsidised or free childcare for very young children, could help reduce the motherhood penalty. However, such policies are likely to be more effective if combined with advances in breaking up traditional gender roles.

Cultural Adaptation of the Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration® (EASI) for Spanish-Speaking Populations.

Spanish-speaking populations represent a significant percentage of occupational therapy clientele globally. Culturally appropriate Spanish translations of assessments are therefore imperative. This study describes the process of a culturally adapted translation of a set of tests for use with Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. To produce a culturally adapted Spanish translation of the Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration® (EASI) for international use. We used cultural adaptation methodology that included direct and back translations of the EASI by bilingual translators and interviews with pediatric occupational therapists and children ages 3-6 yr from Spain. Linguistic experts helped revise the translations, and pediatric occupational therapy leaders in five Spanish-speaking North and South American countries reviewed the translations for comprehensibility and cultural appropriateness. Back translations demonstrated equivalence with the original EASI tests except for a few test instructions and scoring criteria. Interviews with occupational therapists and children in Spain revealed some comprehension difficulties for several tests, which were revised in consultation with a linguistic expert. Additional adaptations were made on the basis of recommendations to address cultural differences by occupational therapy leaders from five North and South American countries. Most changes in wording were made in one EASI test (Praxis: Following Directions) that is heavily dependent on language comprehension. We used currently recommended methodologies to develop and adapt a Spanish translation of the EASI for use across diverse cultures. What This Article Adds: A Spanish translation of the EASI has been developed for use in culturally diverse Spanish-speaking countries around the world.

New Growth Curves for Spanish Children (0-10 Years) in the Region of Extremadura.

The anthropometric reference data used to examine the growth pattern of children in Spain are obtained from studies carried out several years ago. In the region of Extremadura, the tables obtained by the Faustino Obergozo Foundation, which date back to 2004, are used. The first objective of this work is to develop growth tables and graphs that accurately reflect the somatometric variables of children in Extremadura. Secondly, the averages of these variables by sex will be compared to determine if there are significant differences between them. A database provided by the General Directorate of Planning, Training, and Health and Social Quality of the Regional Government of Extremadura was used, which contains the measurements of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of boys and girls in Extremadura between the years 2006–2016. The database was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 and the R software version 3.5.1, considering a cross-sectional study. As a result, the tables and growth graphs of Extremadura’s population base for weight and height are presented, from birth to 10 years, as well as comparisons of the average values of the analyzed variables between boys and girls. We found that there are significant differences in the mean values, according to sex, of the height and weight. On the other hand, BMI progressed normally when comparing the results of the Extremadura population with those reflected by the World Health Organization (WHO). Differences were found when comparing the results with those obtained by the Faustino Orbegozo Foundation.

Biomonitoring of Phthalates, Bisphenols and Parabens in Children: Exposure, Predictors and Risk Assessment.

Exposure to emerging contaminants, such as phthalates, bisphenols and parabens in children has been associated with possible neurodevelopment and endocrine alterations. In the present study, the biomonitoring of biomarkers in children (5–12 years old) from the Valencia Region (Spain) have been implemented using urines from the BIOVAL program. More than 75% of the children studied (n = 562) were internally exposed (>LOQ) to bisphenols and parabens, and the whole population assessed (n = 557) were exposed to at least one phthalate. The geometric means (GM) of the concentrations of bisphenol A, methyl paraben and propyl paraben were 0.9, 1.4 and 0.39 ng/mL, respectively. Regarding phthalates, monoethyl phthalate GM was 55.0 ng/mL and diethyl hexyl phthalate (as the sum of five metabolites) GM was 60.6 ng/mL. Despite the studied population being widely exposed, the detection frequencies and concentrations were in general lower than in previous studies involving children in Spain and in other countries in recent years. Furthermore, the risk assessment study concluded that the internal exposure to phthalates, bisphenols and parabens is lower than the guidance values established, and, therefore, a health risk derived from the exposure to these compounds in the studied population is not expected.