Children In Jakarta Research Articles

Post Marketing Surveillance Study of 2nd Dose Quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine in Elementary School Children in Jakarta, Indonesia: Safety Result and Implementation of School-Based HPV Immunization Program

Objective:Quadrivalent human papillomavirus (QHPV) vaccine has been advised for routine vaccination of pre-adolescent girls globally, and a two-dose QHPV vaccination schedule has been introduced in Indonesia to vaccinate 5th and 6th grade elementary school female students. This post-marketing surveillance study evaluated the possible adverse events following immunization with the two-dose QHPV vaccine in Indonesia.Methods:Girls studying in grade 6 of five designated elementary schools in Jakarta, receiving their 2nd dose of QHPV vaccine and provided informed consent (represented by their parents), were included in the study. Students who had received other immunizations either simultaneously or <1 month ago were excluded. Local and systemic reactions noted at 30 min, and 72 h to 28th day, after the immunization were recorded using a Children Symptom Dairy Card/Kartu Harian Anak Sekolah (KHAS/Student Daily Card).Results:A total of 500 students from 20 schools were included. No serious adverse events were reported during the study period. Fever (systemic reaction) of mild intensity was noted in 1.6 % (n=8) of participants, which subsided after day 6. Local reactions such as pain, redness and swelling were noted in 59.6% (n=295), 23.6% (n=118), and 17.2% (n=86) of participants, respectively. These resolved without any intervention in majority of the cases after day 5.Conclusion:These results along with the safety data from the pre-licensure clinical trials confirm the favorable safety profile of QHPV vaccine in pre-adolescent girls. The school-based two-dose QHPV immunization program in Indonesia is a safe and effective strategy for optimizing HPV vaccine coverage among pre-adolescent girls.

Has a Mother’s Role been Substituted? A Study of Mother’s Empathy toward their Young Children in Jakarta

Regardless of woman status (whether a housewife or a career woman), the number of mothers who need to employ nannies are increased, particularly in Jakarta. In consequence, the mother’s empathy is needed to detect each changes that could potentially harm children’s physical and psychological healthiness relationship due to different caregivers explain this sentence. The current research aims to investigate mother’s empathy toward their young children in Jakarta, Indonesia. A total of 250 mothers who have children under the age of seven completed the empathy scale that was adapted from The Basic Empathy Scale (BES) by Jolliffe and Farrington (2006). There were 88 mothers with nannies and 159 mothers without nannies participated in this research. All mothers were divided into three categories of working status, i.e full-time mothers (60%), full-time working mothers (32.8%) and part-time working mothers (6.8%). The result revealed that there is significant difference of affective empathy between mothers who have nannies compared to mothers with no nannies. Mothers without nannies were found having higher affective empathy than mothers with nannies. In addition, there is also a difference of cognitive empathy between full time mothers and working mothers where full time mothers show higher mean score than working mothers. This finding implies the significancy of attachment between mothers and children relationship in the interest of developing mothers’ empathy. Through attachment, mothers with nannies might elevate their skill to emphatize both cognitively and affectively, thus, mothers could identify and understand their children’s need more accurately. Keywords : mothers, empathy, affective-cognitive empathy, nannies

Promoting Environmental Awareness to Underprivileged Children in Jakarta By Holding a Special Event “The Joy of Children 2016”

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Mentally Subnormal Children: Probable Causes, Backgrounds, and Preventive Aspects

A prospective study on 71 students in a special school for mentally subnormal functioning children in Jakarta was reviewed by physical examination, psychometric evaluation interviews and home visits. In the majority (87.5%) the IQ ranged from 70 to 90 Units (Wechsler scale). Of the 71 children, 4 7 (65.6 %) had somatic or biomedical known factors as etiology, while the other 24 (34.4%) were probably of sociocultural origin. This was surprising, since although the children had mentally subnormal intellectual functioning, the biomedical factors still played a high toll for it. Sociocultural factors, found out on home visits, such as unfavorable reproductive pattern of mothers, maternal deprivation, unwanted pregnancies, overprotective attitude, broken homes etc. were identified. For prevention, strengthening of the MCH care and family planning will be of utmost importance.

Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment Due to Natural Formaldehyde Intake through Opah Fish (Lampris guttatus) Consumption in Indonesia

Opah fish(Lampris guttatus) is one of the bycatch products of Tuna fish captured originally from Indonesia that currently has become as one of the exported commodities. However, it is stated that these fish contains high formaldehyde up to 200 ppm, which is strongly suspected naturally due to deterioration. Furthermore, the aim of this study is to obtain the data of probabilistic health risk assessment due to consumption of opah fish that contaminated with natural formaldehyde. The study was conducted on opah fish (Lampris guttatus) that were analyzed the formaldehyde concentration in it. Along with the consumption data, body weight and the formaldehyde concentration included two others simulations of two times and four times of formaldehyde value, probabilistic dietary exposure was calculated by @Risk and produced some data regard to health risk. The result showed that Opah fish caught in Indonesian waters could produce formaldehyde naturally due to deterioration process ranged from 4,62 ± 0,00 mg/kg to 58,10 ± 0,46 mg/kg. Consequently, the residents of female children in Jakarta and Surabaya considered as in health risk problems. Extremely, the further simulations of two times and four times of formaldehyde concentration showed the health risk to all residents in Jakarta and Surabaya included male, female, children, and adult. Therefore, the stakeholders included government and policymakers should take some priorities to formulating a proper risk management strategy on the basis of knowledge of endogenous formaldehyde present in Opah fish and risk management strategies for the fish consumer in Indonesia.

KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN SOSIAL DALAM MERUBAH PERILAKUMASYARAKAT MENYIKAPI PENYAKIT LANGGANAN PADA ANAK

In developed countries, the pattern of health care has shifted, not overly paternalistic as in Indonesia. They had much to apply the concept of partnership or partnership between clinicians and consumers. On the other hand, in the communication era of health consumers have a good understanding and proven health patients actively participate in addressing health problems, are important factors in creating a good climate of medical services. One of conducting social marketing in changing people's behavior to address high subscriptions disease in children, is the Foundation for Concerned Parents (YOP). Some of the concepts used in this study is the concept of marketing communications, social marketing and consumer behavior. The approach of this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques were used: (1) in-depth interviews (2) nonpartisipatori observation, as well as exploring relevant data through books, websites, scientific journals, research reports, documents. From the overall results of the study, the outlines are social marketing communications management efforts undertaken by managers YOP using methods of marketing communications in order to change the behavior of health consumers. It is the most frequently performed activities of word of mouth and the internet (web, mailing lists, facebook, twitter, instant messenger) in an attempt to change the behavior of the middle class addressing subscriptions disease in children in Jakarta.

Association between parental socio-demographic factors and declined linear growth of young children in Jakarta

Background: In Indonesia, approximately 35.5% of children under five years old were stunted. Stunting is related to shorter adult stature, poor cognition and educational performance, low adult wages, lost productivity, and higher risk of nutrition-related chronic disease. The aim of this study was to identify parental socio-demographic risk factors of declined linear growth in children younger than 2 years old.Methods: This was a cohort-prospective study between August 2012 and May 2014 at three primary community health care centers (Puskesmas) in Jakarta, Indonesia, namely Puskesmas Jatinegara, Mampang, and Tebet. Subjects were healthy children under 2 years old, in which their weight and height were measured serially (at 6–11 weeks old and 18–24 months old). The length-for-age based on those data was used to determine stature status. The serial measurement was done to detect growth pattern. Parental socio-demographic data were obtained from questionnairesResults: From the total of 160 subjects, 14 (8.7%) showed declined growth pattern from normal to stunted and 10 (6.2%) to severely stunted. As many as 134 (83.8%) subjects showed consistent normal growth pattern. Only 2 (1.2%) showed improvement in the linear growth. Maternal education duration less than 9 years (RR=2.60, 95% CI=1.23–5.46; p=0.02) showed statistically significant association with declined linear growth in children.Conclusion: Mother with education duration less than 9 years was the determining socio-demographic risk factor that contributed to the declined linear growth in children less than 2 years of age.

Communication between mothers and children about environmental issues (a study about the role of mothers to educate their children on keeping a clean environment)

For the last two decade, many studies about environmental issues show that interpersonal communication plays an important role. Interpersonal communication is very useful and strategic to involve people to take part on this issue, particularly on how people deal with waste management (how to keep a clean environment). By using interpersonal communication approach at the micro level, this can lead us to identify and understand more about the whole elements of communication process (communicator, receiver, message, medium (channel), and effect) when we need to deal with the environmental issues. Based on what I observed about the communicator’s role in this paper, I argue that mothers have significant role to educate their children to keep a clean environment. This paper aims to explain the role of mothers on how they educate the children to keep a clean environment. This study use in-depth interview to 5 mothers who have children in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok. The data will be analyzed by thematic analysis. The findings indicate, to educate the children about keeping a clean environment, mothers needs to communicate interpersonally by using some examples, personal experiences, personal values, and certain media to discuss about this issue to their children.

Diagnosis and Identification of Blastocystis Subtypes in Primary School Children in Jakarta.

Blastocystis hominis is an enteric protozoan with many subtypes. It is frequently found in children and may cause chronic diarrhea. This study revealed Blastocystis subtypes among primary school children and comparison of molecular technique and culture method in Blastocystis diagnosis. A total of 141 stools were collected, examined microscopically, selected into the Blastocystis and negative parasite groups, for diagnostic comparison between culture and 18S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Positive PCR amplicons were subsequently sequenced for subtyping. The PCR results revealed 89%, 78%, 80% and 88% sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values, respectively, in comparison with the culture method (McNemar, p > 0.05). Sixteen PCR samples were successfully sequenced and resulted in three Blastocystis subtypes 1, 3 and 4. In conclusion, PCR was sensitive enough and can be used to exclude Blastocystis infection up to 88% of the cases. Subtypes 3 and 1 were the main subtypes found in apparently healthy school children in Jakarta.

Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Indonesia Version of the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for 5-Year-Old Children.

Objective:Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) questionnaires have been administered to children older than 6 years. Currently, the scale of oral health outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5) has been used to determine the OHRQoL through self-reports and parental proxy reports of children aged <6 years. This study was conducted to estimate the psychometric reliability and validity after adapting the SOHO-5 to the Indonesian language.Materials and Methods:The cross-cultural adaptation was tested in children aged 5 years old and their parents. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were measured among 161 kindergarten children in Jakarta, along with a clinical examination for dental caries.Results:Cronbach's alpha coefficients for internal consistency were 0.89 and 0.86 for child's self-reports and parental reports, respectively. The test-retest reliability results were excellent based on repeated administrations in 27 children; the intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.81 and 0.94 for the parental reports and child's self-reports, respectively. No corrected item-total correlation value was lower than 0.30, allowing all items in the instrument to be included for data analyses. The construct validity of the child's self-reports showed that the Indonesian SOHO-5 total score was significantly associated only with the presence of dental caries (P < 0.001). The construct validity of the parental reports described that the SOHO-5 total score was significantly associated with proxy-rated oral health, the child's perceived dental treatment and satisfaction with the child's oral health (P < 0.001).Conclusions:This study showed the Indonesian version of SOHO-5 is a reliable and valid OHRQoL measure for 5-year-old Indonesian children.

Albendazole therapy reduces serum zinc in elementary school children with Ascaris lumbricoides infections

Background&lt;br /&gt;Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection can cause malnutrition and vice versa, and decrease serum zinc concentrations. No previous studies were found on the effect of STH treatment on serum zinc concentrations in elementary school children. The objective of this study was to evalaute the effect of STH treatment on serum zinc concentration in elementary school children in Jakarta. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Methods&lt;br /&gt;A pre-experimental study (one group pre and post) was conducted on 3rd - 5th grade students in one elementary school in North Jakarta. FLOTAC examination was used to determine infection status and STH intensity, while serum zinc concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. All children were given albendazole 400 mg for three consecutive days. Stool and blood samples were collected before and three weeks after treatment with albendazole. A paired t test was used to analyze the data. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Results&lt;br /&gt;The STH prevalence was 63.4%; these were mainly Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections. Before treatment, children infected with A.lumbricoides and T.trichiura had significantly higher serum zinc concentrations (p=0.028; p=0.014). After treatment, children with A.lumbricoides had significantly lower serum zinc concentrations (p=0.039), while children with T.trichiura had slightly lower serum zinc concentrations (p=0.659) than before treatment. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conclusions&lt;br /&gt;Albendazole treatment produces lower serum zinc concentration in elementary school children with A.lumbricoides infections. A profound understanding of the interaction between helminth infections and zinc may assist in guiding integrated and sustainable intervention strategies among affected children throughout the world.

Organizational Capacity Development to Respond to Social Services for Homeless Children

Objectives: This study is aimed to analyze the main aspects of organizational capacity development to respond to social services for homeless children. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Basic methodology employed in this study is a systematical review analysis and also applied the case study method to review the social services, especially for homeless children in Jakarta. Findings: There are two logical thinking developed in studies related to the organizational capacity development in social services for homeless children. The first is the logic of consequence. It is based on the achievement of objectives and how the organization and its activities serve as an instrument to achieve certain goals. This logic of thinking implemented on the consequences of organizational capacity at the micro and meso level. At the micro level include increasing social workers and professional capabilities, financial and infrastructure support. At the meso level, including increased educational, health and spiritual services. The second is the logic of conformity which is based on the organization‘ s ability to relate itself to the wider environment, understanding the domain, limits and legitimacy. Logic of conformity implemented in organizational capacity at the macro level. The macro level of organization covering regulation supported social services and improvement cooperation with the business sector and industry. Application/ Improvement: At the micro level, the development of organizational capacity oriented on support of children development. Meso level prepared the children to be independent and be able to live together in a society. At the macro level, the orientations of organizational capacities were in availability regulation for support social services and cooperation to distribute the children who entered adulthood into the work place. Development theory and empirical study more comprehensively can expand our understanding of aspects in organizational capacity development.

Dental and Periodontal Status of 5 and 12 year old Children in Jakarta and it’s Satellite Cities

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia which is surrounded by its satellite cities Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi, which can be shortened by Jabodetabek. Objective: The study aims to describe oral health among 5 and 12 years-old children in Jabodetabek. Methods: This cross-sectional oral-health survey was conducted from 2014 with ethics approval. Sample of 5-year-old and 12-year-old Indonesian children living in Jabodetabek were selected using cluster sampling method. One trained examiner performed the clinical examination. Caries experience was measured using DMFT index, severity of decayed teeth was assessed using PUFA index, gingival status and oral hygiene were measured by Loe and Sillness modified index. Results: A total of 390 5-year-old and 458 12-year-old children with balanced proportion between girls and boys participated the survey. The prevalence of caries experience among the 5-year-old children and 12-year-old children were 90% and 84% respectively. The mean DMFT and DT scores among the 5-year-old children and 12-year-old children were 7.5±5.5 and 6.8±4.8; 3.2±2.2 and 2.9±2.1 respectively. Pulp involvement were apparent in 45% and 23% of caries in 5 and 12-year-old children respectively. Most children, 45% 5-year-old children and 92% 12-year-old children had substantial amount of plaque. Moreover, 68% 12-year-old children had gingivitis. Conclusion: Dental caries were prevalent among 5 and 12-year-old Indonesian children in Jakarta its satellite cities. The oral health condition of most of the children were poor. DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v23i1.982

Effects of paediatric HIV infection on electrical conduction of the heart

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of HIV infection in children on heart electrical conduction, particularly to delineate the effects of HIV infection from treatment.MethodsOn a 12-lead ECG, available for 37 antiretroviral...

Effects of paediatric HIV infection on childhood vasculature.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may alter childhood vascular properties and influence future cardiovascular risk. Whether vascular changes are associated with HIV infection per se or antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unknown. We investigated the effects of ART-naive or ART-exposed HIV infection in children on childhood vascular characteristics. We performed vascular ultrasound to measure carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), distensibility, and elastic modulus on 114 children with vertically acquired HIV infection (56 ART-naive, 58 ART treated) and 51 healthy children in Jakarta, Indonesia. Children also underwent clinical and blood examinations. We used general linear modelling to estimate associations between HIV infection/treatment status and vascular characteristics with adjustment for confounders or possible mediators. Vascular measurements were successful in 42 ART-naive HIV-infected [median age 4.0 years (min 0.4-max 11.5)]; 53 ART-treated HIV infected [5.7 years (0.6-12.2), median ART duration 2.4 years (0.1-9.9)]; and 48 healthy children, 6.5 years (2.4-14.0). The ART-naive HIV infected had thicker cIMT (difference 70.4 µm, 95% CI 32.1-108.7, P < 0.001), adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, parental smoking, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and HbA1c. Addition of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level to the model did not affect the results (71.6 µm, 31.9-111.2, P = 0.001). The ART-exposed children had similar cIMT dimensions to healthy children. Distensibility was not significantly different between HIV infected, either ART-naive or -exposed, and healthy children, but adjusted analysis including only ART-exposed children with controlled HIV (CD4+ ≥200/mm3 or CD4+ ≥15%) showed that the ART-exposed had an increased elastic modulus (difference 37.9 kPa, 95% CI 6.5-69.3, P = 0.02), and following adjustment for hs-CRP (35.5 kPa, 95% CI 4.2-66.8, P = 0.03). ART-naive HIV infection in children is associated with increased cIMT. Children with ART-controlled HIV may have increased arterial stiffness, although further confirmation is required.

Nutrient intake evaluation among school age children in Jakarta, Indonesia

Nutrient intake evaluation among school age children in Jakarta, Indonesia

Breakfast Nutrient Analysis Among School Age Children in Jakarta Area, Indonesia

Breakfast is considered as one of the most important meal within a day, specifically this is important among school age children due to the nutrients content. The goal of this study was to investigate nutrients provided by breakfast meal and to describe the type and amount of breakfast consumed among school age children in Jakarta, Indonesia. 2 nd Indonesian National Basic Health Research Survey (RISKESDAS) data in a cross-sectional setting was analyzed. The main sample consisted of children age 6- to 12- year old randomly selected in Jakarta area (n = 945). A 24-hr dietary recall was used for evaluating the breakfast nutrient contribution to the total daily nutrient intake. Breakfast meal contributed higher proportion of nutrients intake in younger age, higher SES, and also in boys. In every demographic subgroup, breakfast meal contributed high amount of carbohydrate, ranging from 39.2% to 44.6%, high amount of fat, ranging from 35% to 49.6%, and very low fiber content ranging from 3.6% to 4.8%. Vitamin C was notably the least consumed micronutrient by this population in all different sub groups (0% to 1.3%), as well as calcium (3.0% to 8.4%). Breakfast among school age children in Jakarta mostly consisted of rice (25.9%) with fried foods as side dishes. Breakfast consumption significantly contributes to whole diet nutrient adequacy. Breakfast consumption in Jakarta should be more stimulated in lower SES, older age, and girls group. Moreover, due to inadequacy of micronutrient intake, consumption of more whole fruits and fruit products during breakfast should be encouraged along with fat free or low fat milk products. This might be encouraged through a more holistic program from related stakeholders, including family, food companies, school, as well as government.

The acquisition of stylistic variation by Jakarta Indonesian Children

To become competent speakers in their community, children have to learn the grammatical rules and lexicon of one or more language varieties. In addition, they need to learn when to use these varieties and to adapt their speech to both topic and setting. In the case of Indonesian, children in the capital, Jakarta, must cope with the use of different varieties of the language. The two varieties of Indonesian which these children need to acquire are Bahasa Indonesia (the standard language) and Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian. This study focuses on three to five year old, middle class children in Jakarta. Over a period of six months, the factors influencing the use of both varieties, the children’s ability to style shift in a formal and informal situation, and the acquisition of a number of morphological variables were examined. The research shows that children use more Bahasa Indonesia in formal than in informal situations, and more Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian in informal than formal situations. This indicates that they are linguistically sensitive to different situations at this early age. However, large individual differences were also observed. Further, the children acquire grammatical and social competence simultaneously, with the informal variety going ahead of the formal. This study will be of interest to researchers working on language acquisition, educational language policy, bilingualism, and language variation. It provides a better understanding of the language learning process by Indonesian preschoolers, which is an important aspect of language education, language planning and policy in Indonesia.

Measurement of Tooth Brushing Frequency, Time of Day and Duration of Adults and Children in Jakarta, Indonesia

Epidemiological study of tooth brushing is essential to evaluate dental health of a country. Objective: To obtain data on tooth brushing frequency, time of day and duration from adults and children in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: Toothbrushes containing data loggers were distributed to 120 random families in Jakarta to record how many times a day, when and for how long subjects brushed their teeth. The families were each composed of a mother, father and two children aged between 6 and 15 years. Results: The mean brushing frequency of the population was 1.27 times per day. The majority of the tooth brushing (46%) was performed in the morning. The mean tooth brushing duration of this population was 57.29 seconds. The mothers’ tooth brushing frequencies tended to be higher than that of the other family members, and the fathers tended to brush their teeth longer. Conclusion: Effective education aimed at increasing both the duration and frequency of tooth brushing from once to twice per day is urgently required in Indonesia. DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v21i3.251

Family Role towards Smoking Behaviour among Children in Jakarta

In Indonesia, the prevalence of smoking among 5 – 9 years old children has increased from 0.4% in 2001 to 2% in 2007. Among present adults smokers (&gt;20 years), 17% started to smoke before the age of 13 years. This study identified factors related to smoking behaviour among 8 – 12 years old children in Jakarta, Indonesia using a questionnaire based cross sectional survey to obtain smoking status and possible predictors towards smoking habit. The total sample size was 1,097 students among 3rd - 7th grade students from schools in Jakarta. Self-reported smoking status was defined as whether the child had smoked tobacco within the past two months prior to the interview. The prevalence of smoking was 13.4%. Logistic regression analysis showed that high parental approval on tobacco use (OR=13.4; CI 95%: 5.1 – 35.1) was the strongest predictor on children smoking status, followed by low parental control (OR=12.1; CI 95%: 6.9 – 21.2), being a male compared to a female (OR=10.7; CI 95%: 5.3 – 21.7), mother (OR=10.58; CI 95%: 3.96 – 28.28), father (OR=7.69; CI 95%: 3.59 – 16.47), sibling (OR=7.91; CI 95%: 4.41 – 14.17) smoking status. Smoking parents and siblings, low parental control, and high parental approval on smoking were related to higher odds of smoking among children. The results were used as a rationale for suggestions and recommendations of relevance for future intervention programs and tobacco related research with specific focus on children.Prevalensi anak perokok umur 5-9 tahun di Indonesia meningkat dari 0,4% di tahun 2001 menjadi 2% di tahun 2007. Tujuh belas persen perokok dewasa menyatakan mulai merokok ketika berumur di bawah 13 tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor terkait perilaku merokok anak umur 8-12 tahun di Jakarta dengan menggunakan pendekatan potong lintang untuk menjaring perokok anak dan faktor yang mungkin menyebabkan perilaku tersebut. Kuesioner digunakan untuk menjaring status perilaku merokok anak dalam dua bulan terakhir sebelum survei. Total 1.097 murid kelas 3 sampai 7 di Jakarta menjadi sampel penelitian dengan 13,4% responden merokok dalam 2 bulan terakhir. Analisis regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa pembolehan merokok di dalam rumah oleh orang tua (OR=13,4; CI 95%: 5,1 – 35,1) menjadi penyebab terkuat, diikuti dengan rendahnya kontrol orang tua (OR=12,1; CI 95%: 6,9 – 21,2), siswa laki-laki (OR=10,7; CI 95%: 5,3 – 21,7), ibu (OR=10.58; CI 95%: 3.96 – 28.28), ayah (OR=7,69; CI 95%: 3,59 – 16,47), dan saudara kandung yang perokok (OR=7,91; CI 95%: 4,41 – 14,17). Orang tua dan saudara kandung yang merokok, rendahnya pengawasan orang tua, dan tingginya pembolehan merokok di dalam rumah menjadi penyebab perilaku merokok anak umur 8- 12 tahun. Hasil penelitian dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai rekomendasi untuk program intervensi di masa depan dan penelitian terkait tembakau dengan fokus kepada anak-anak.