Children In Egypt Research Articles

Characterization of biofilm formation, pyocyanin production, and antibiotic resistance mechanisms in drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from children in Egypt

Children can be exposed to more bacterial infections, which has become of importance, especially when bacteria resist many of the antibiotics used today. Twelve Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were collected and identified. Antibiotic sensitivity testing, biofilm formation, and pyocyanin production were evaluated. A cluster analysis was performed. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of efflux pump activity and Metallo-β Lactamase (MβLs) resistance mechanisms were studied. A marked resistance (100%) resulted toward antibiotics including cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, and meropenem. Imipenem and amikacin antibiotics showed sensitivity percentages of 41.7 and 33.3, respectively. 66.7% were able to form a biofilm at which they were categorized as moderate (25%) and weak (41.7%). Phenotypically, 41.67% of the isolates were MBL metallo-β-lactamase-positive, but genotypically, blaVIM gene was detected only in one isolate, while blaIMP was not detected in any isolate. MexR and MexZ genes were detected in all isolates (100%). NfxB gene and MexT gene were found in 27.27% and 45.45% of isolates, respectively. All the efflux genes were found collectively in three isolates. This study highlights the occurrence of antibiotic resistance, besides the production of important virulence factors (biofilm formation and pyocyanin production). Also, the gene occurrence of antibiotic resistance mechanisms was reported among our P. aeruginosa. This virulent bacterial behavior is alarming which needs attention to the way we use antibiotics.

Screening of Infectious Causes of Diarrhea and Genetic Determination of Diarrheagenic E. coli using Multiplex PCR in under 5 Years Children in Egypt

Background: Infectious diarrhea represents a life-threatening problem among children in developing countries. Objectives: This work aimed to study bacterial, viral and parasitic causes of acute diarrhea; with genetic determination of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) in <5 years children. Methodology: Stool specimens were collected from 206 diarrheal children. Bacterial agents were isolated and identified by standard microbiological procedures. Multiplex PCR was done for genetic determination of DEC subtypes. ELISA was used for detection of viral and parasitic agents. Results: Stool specimens with at least single positive enteropathogen accounted for 98.5% with bacterial, viral and parasitic rates of 98.5%, 42.7% and 25.2%, respectively. Isolated bacteria were DEC (98.5%); Campylobacter (14%), Shigella (3.8%) and Salmonella (1.4%). Rota and Noroviruses showed prevalence of 32.5% and 5.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Infectious diarrhea were mostly due to bacterial agents. DEC and Campylobacter were predominant. EAEC and EPEC were the most genetically determined DEC subtypes.

Stunting and its Determinants among Governmental Primary School Children in Egypt: A School-based Cross-sectional Study

BACKGROUND: In developing countries, stunting among children is a major public health concern. It affects all aspects of children’s lives; its effects are not constrained to physical wellbeing but reach out to mental, social, and spiritual wellbeing.
 AIM: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of stunting in some of the Egyptian governmental primary school children and its nutritional and socioeconomic determinants.
 METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on primary school children aged 6–12 years. General demographic, socioeconomic, and anthropometric data, as well as dietary pattern, were collected.
 RESULTS: Out of 1740 children, 7.8% were stunted. Not eating eggs and dairy products had the most profound effect on stunting in children (p < 0.001). Not having meals on time, skipping breakfast, and having <3 meals per day were predictors of stunting (p = 0.003, p = 0.00, and p = 0.008, respectively). Mother’s education (p = 0.005) followed by family income (p = 0.007) was the most affecting social factors.
 CONCLUSION: There are many nutritional factors associated with stunting as skipping breakfast, not having meals on time, and having <3 meals per day. Scarcity in nutritive foods as eggs and dairy products and increased soft drink intake can lead to stunting. There are many enabling social factors for stunting as mother’s education and family income. However, the effects of these factors can be modified by health awareness.

Prevalence and factors associated with stunting among school children in Egypt.

Stunting adversely affects children's health and development. Few studies on the prevalence of stunting and factors associated with stunting have been done in Upper Egypt. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with stunting in schoolchildren in Sohag, Egypt. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2017 in Sohag governorate. Two public schools were randomly selected (one urban, one rural) and all children in these schools aged 4-12 years whose parents consented were included in the study. Parents were interviewed to collect data on child and family characteristics. The children were examined for vitamin deficiency, anaemia and parasitic infection, and body mass index was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine factors significantly associated with stunting; odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are given. A total of 1786 children were included (response rate 69%), of whom 329 (18.4%) were stunted (-2 z-score and below). Factors significantly associated with stunting were: parasite infestation (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.5), anaemia (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3-2.7), low body mass index (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.3), frequent gastroenteritis (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 1.06-1.2), first-cousin consanguinity of parents (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2-1.6) and familial short stature (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1). Screening and treatment of parasitic infestation, provision of iron/multivitamin supplementation and education on healthy nutrition should be part of school health programmes to prevent stunting in schoolchildren in Sohag.

Prevalence of short stature and malnutrition among Egyptian primary school children and their coexistence with Anemia

BackgroundUnder nutrition and overweight typically occur during nutritional transition periods in developing countries including Egypt. Short stature and anemia are public health concern due to its strong link with malnutrition which is a preventable risk factor.Objectivesto estimate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, underweight and short stature and its concurrence with anemia, also to determine the etiological profile of short stature among primary school children in Egypt.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out on 33,150 Egyptian children aged 6–11 years old from January 2018 to January 2020, allocated in 59 primary schools from diverse geographical districts in Egypt. Complete anthropometric measurements were conducted and applied according to WHO growth charts. Hemoglobin level was measured. Systematic approach to detect the etiology of short stature was applied randomly to a sample of 380 stunted children.ResultsThe prevalence of underweight was 8.2%, while obesity and overweight represented 21.8% (9.6 and 12.2% respectively). Overall short stature constituted 17%. The main etiologies of short stature were familial (40.8%) and constitutional (24.2%). Anemia was diagnosed in 26% of children; while concurrent anemia and stunting was reported in 9.9%. Regarding anemia and anemia with stunting were more common among girls (30.0% (OR = 1.50, CI95%: 1.43–1.58) and 11.4% (OR = 1.39, CI95%:1.29–1.49) respectively), who were living in rural areas (33.4% (OR = 1.96, CI 95%:1.87–2.06) &12.7% (OR = 1.72, CI 95%:1.60–1.85)) and those who had low socioeconomic status)34.6% (OR = 2.54, CI 95%:2.29–2.82) & 17.2% (OR = 3.32, CI 95%:2.85–3.88() respectively. Anemia with stunting was significantly higher among children aged ≥9 years old representing 12% (OR = 1.40, CI 95%:1.30–1.51).ConclusionPrevalence of short stature, obesity and anemia was high among primary school children in Egypt with a strong concurrence between anemia and stunting. Intensive parental health education and in-depth nutritional assessment are required.

The Situation Regarding School Canteen and Physical Activities among a Sample of Primary and Preparatory School Children in Egypt

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) come via (unhealthy diet, /physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol); all increase the risk of dying from NCDs. Children consume approximately half of their total daily amount of energy at school. This work designed to get a baseline data on the condition with reference to school canteen and physical activities between primary and preparatory schools.The study was conducted among 1361 school children age (6 y- 13 y) randomly selected from schools in four governorates: Cairo, Qalyobia, Menofia and Giza. Two types of questionnaire were done during the study; which interview was conducted to the school children, and qualitative type (focus group discussion) for school children and teachers responsible for nutrition in the school. Results revealed that the majority of the sample used to buy from school canteens (1294). Food from canteen was Low nutritious value high energy. However, these recommendations were achieved by only (37.1%) of study sample, nearly two thirds (63.9%) of the sample didn't practice any physical activities, while 14% and 10.7% of them practice physical activity once and twice weekly respectively. One quarter of the sample (25.4%) stay in front of TV or computer less than 1 hour daily, and 58% of them stay 2 hours daily. Conclusion: The present study shows that low nutritious value high energy density food items represent the commonly consumed food brought from school canteens. The practice of physical activity is very little, and in case of practicing, it is practiced infrequently.

Evaluation of health intervention: a case of preschool children in Egypt

“Good health and well-being” is the third of the Sustainable Development Goals, but it cannot be achieved without achieving goal two, “No Hunger.” Nutrition status is the foundation for healthy individuals, especially children. Developing countries have to set policies to solve malnutrition in order to ensure better health and well-being. This led the researchers to evaluate the impact of nutrition intervention on health outcomes in preschool children in Egypt, a lower middle-income country with high levels of poverty, food insecurity, and anemia. The prevalence of anemia represents a major public health problem in the country; reaching 39.6%.The analysis is based on a control randomized design to measure the impact of nutrition intervention. The sample of this study consisted of 405 children across seven kindergarten classes in Egypt. The results of the study did not show a significant improvement in rates of anemia, stunting, and obesity, likely due to the short treatment period. The results of this research are expected to provide important insights for policy implications under the assumption that this may be a vital step in the process of improving children’s health and school performance. Moreover, the results were inspiring enough that this randomized control trial research design has been applied to another study, using a longer-period nutrition program with a larger sample size that will measure the impact of nutrition interventions on children’s health and cognition as reflected in the children’s school performance and later in their productivity in the labor market.

Factors associated with injuries among preschool children in Egypt: demographic and health survey results, 2014

BackgroundChildhood injuries are a significant and growing global public health problem, often with high morbidity and, at times, mortality. A large proportion of injuries in preschool children occur in or around the home. We aimed to identify socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with preschool children injuries in Egypt.MethodsSecondary data analysis were done for the Egyptian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS), 2014. Potential associated factors were measured from data on child welfare and questions on the prevalence of accidents and injuries of preschool children. These data were linked to the children demographic data, maternal age at marriage, working status of the mother, and questions on childcare arrangements.ResultsOut of the 634 injured children, 520 (83.4%) children required medical care for their injuries. The most common reported injury was an open wound 288 (45.5%), followed by fractures 237 (35.7%), burns 124 (19.7%), electrical shock 12 (1.9%) and other unknown types of injury 15 (2.4%). There was a positive correlation between injury and child’s age, household wealth, mother’s age at marriage, and unsupervised children or children left in the care of a minor.ConclusionLeaving children unsupervised or in the presence of other young children is significantly associated with the occurrence of child injuries.

Fecal Calprotectin: A Screening Marker for the Early Detection of Necrotizing Enterocolitis among Children in Egypt

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a lethal disease affecting newborns with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Moreover, it is the most eminent gastrointestinal threat affecting premature newborns. Unfortunately, early symptoms and signs are usually vague; therefore, there is a special demand for sensitive biomarkers in this regard. This study aimed to investigate the role of fecal calprotectin in stage I NEC and identify specific cut off value at this stage to differentiate stage I NEC from other gastrointestinal disorders.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at New Children Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt. In total, 100 newborns were included in this study who were assigned to the patient group with stage I NEC (n=60) and control group (n=40)with age and gender-matched newborns.Fecal calprotectin level was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in both groups. Follow up of the patient group was performed for the development of stage II or III NEC.Results: The patient group obtained significantly elevated levels of fecal calprotectin, compared to the control group (P=0.000). Within the patient group, 43 (71.66%) newborns developed stage II or III NEC, whereas 17 (28.33%) cases developed no NEC. In addition, the level of fecal calprotectin was significantly higher in the group who developed stage II or III NEC (P=0.001). According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the cutoff value of 109.5 μg/g feces showed 100% sensitivity and specificity, and the area under the ROC curvewas equal to 1 in differentiating NEC from other conditions.Conclusion: The study showed that fecal calprotectin can be used as a sensitive and specific marker for the early detection of necrotizing enterocolitis.

Child abuse in a sample of children and adolescents with externalizing disorders

Objectives Many children in Egypt are being subjected to different forms of abuse. Numerous studies have documented that children exposed to child abuse are more likely to experience a set of adverse psychosocial and behavioral outcomes including low self-esteem and externalizing disorders.Patients and methods A total of 100 children and adolescents were included in the study; 50 of them were the case group with externalizing behavior [attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder] recruited from the outpatient clinic of psychiatry department, Al Zahraa University Hospital, whereas the other 50 were the control group from the outpatient clinic of Pediatric Department, Al Zahraa University Hospital. They were subjected to clinical assessment, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale, Child Trauma Questionnaire, and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory.Results The most prevalent diagnoses of the externalizing disorder group were ADHD (46%), CD (26%), oppositional defiant disorder (16%), and ADHD with CD (12%). Comparison between the case group (externalizing disorders) and the control group regarding different types of abuse showed that there was statistically significant difference regarding emotional abuse, severe physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect. Comparison between different types of abuse in different diagnoses showed that both ADHD and CD are significantly associated with severe physical abuse and sexual abuse. The relation between self-esteem and different types of abuse showed that all types of abuse are significantly associated with low self-esteem.Conclusion The results highlight the need for strategies aiming at reducing child abuse and improving parenting style.

Temperament Styles of Children from Egypt and the United States: A Cross-Cultural Examination.

Age, gender, and cross-national differences of children ages 9 through 15 in Egypt (N = 800) and the United States (U.S., N = 800) are examined on four bipolar temperament styles: extroversion-introversion, practical-imaginative, thinking-feeling, and organized-flexible using the Student Styles Questionnaire (SSQ). Egyptian children generally prefer extroverted over introverted, practical over imaginative, and organized over flexible styles. Their general preference for feeling over thinking styles is gender related; although both males and females generally prefer feeling styles, males are less likely than females to prefer this style. Age differences are found on extroverted-introverted and practical-imaginative styles. Cross-national differences are found on four temperament styles. In contrast to children in the U.S., children in Egypt are more likely to prefer extroverted, practical, feeling, and organized styles.

Prevalence of Stunted Growth among Primary School Children in Egypt

Stunting is an important pediatric problem; it might be the first presentation of underline disease. School age is specific period where’s children undergo rapidly development. So monitoring of the growth among school children with Z score should be mandatory in all schools. Methods: A cross sectional survey was done on students aged (6-11 years) at Egypt. The children were assessed for stunting by clinical examination and anthropometric assessment by Z scores, during April-December 2018. Results: 32170 children were studied. Prevalence of stunting was 15.3%. Boys more stunted (16.7%) compared to girls (13.7%), urban more than rural and average socioeconomic standard. Stunting was lower among (9-10) years while the reverse in (6- 8) years. Conclusion and recommendation: Stunting was 15.3% higher among male, urban and (6- 8 years) aged. School intervention programs can reduce the stunting problems by early pickup and intervention.

Relation of Asthma Control with Quality of Life among a Sample of Egyptian Asthmatic School Children.

BACKGROUND:Asthma is considered a chronic health illness that not only resulted in physical symptoms but also emotional effects. It is; therefore, so important to assess the quality of life of asthmatic patients besides their level of disease control.AIM:To determine the correlation of asthma control with the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of asthmatic children in Egypt.METHODS:One hundred and twenty-eight asthmatic Egyptian children were enrolled in the study. They were subjected to asthma severity grading, asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) and pediatric asthma quality of life questionnaire (PAQLQ). Studied cases were taken from 6 primary and preparatory schools, Giza governorate.RESULTS:The mean child control score was significantly higher in not well-controlled asthmatics compared to well-controlled asthmatics (p < 0.005). The not well controlled asthmatic children showed significantly lower activity limitation score, symptoms score, and overall asthmatic score compared to controlled asthmatic children (p < 0.05). The severity of asthma shows significant positive correlation with symptoms score, emotional function score and overall asthmatic score (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION:The quality of life for the asthmatic children is strongly correlated with the level of asthma control and severity.

Ideal Family Size and Fertility in Egypt: An Overview of Recent Trends

Egypt is already the most populous Arab country in the world with 93 million citizens in 2016 which may grow to about 120 million by 2030 if the same level of fertility continues. This paper aims to offer an overview of the evolution over time of the ideal number of children in Egypt, assessing previous researches and giving a particular emphasis on most recent data on such topic. In a context of raising fertility, whose causes are still unknown, we test the persistence of a high ideal number of children among younger cohorts.

Assessment of Routine Measles Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children Referring to Tertiary Fever Hospital in Egypt

Background: Measles is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in the world despite the availability of a relatively inexpensive, safe, and effective vaccine. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate measles vaccine effectiveness as one of the fundamental actions to eliminate measles infection. The specific objectives were to estimate the measles vaccine effectiveness at the level of under 12-year-old children population using the Egyptian surveillance data for cases seeking medical care at Embaba Fever Hospital between March 2017 and February 2018 and to determine the trend of measles virus infection during the same period. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Embaba Fever Hospital in Giza Governorate for the evaluation of measles vaccine effectiveness. In total, 466 patients were enrolled in the study and investigated clinically and laboratory to confirm the diagnosis of measles. Results: Of the 466 children, 69 (14.8%) tested positive for measles IgM antibodies. Children in the 1 - 4 year age group had the highest positivity rate to measles antibodies (43.5%), followed by the age group of ≥ 5 years (29%) and the age group of < 1 year (27.5%). The overall estimated vaccine effectiveness was 80.7% (95% CI: 63.7 - 90.8%) for the one-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and 91.8% (95% CI: 88.0 - 94.5%) for the two-dose vaccine. Conclusions: Measles infection is still high among vaccinated and unvaccinated children in Egypt. Therefore, it is suggested that a sustainable plan be developed for achieving high vaccination coverage among children younger than five years of age.

Prevalence and risk factors for child labour and violence against children in Egypt using Bayesian geospatial modelling with multiple imputation.

BackgroundThe incidence of child labour, especially across developing nations, is of global concern. The use of children in employment in developing economies constitutes a major threat to the societies, and concerted efforts are made by the relevant stakeholders towards addressing some of the factors and issues responsible. Significant risk factors include socio-demographic and economic factors such as poverty, neglect, lack of adequate care, exposure of children to various grades of violence, parental education status, gender, place of residence, household size, residence type or size, wealth index, parental survivorship and household size. Egypt is the largest country in Africa by population. Although UNCIF 2017 reported that the worst forms of child labour in Egypt are concentrated in domestic work, forced begging and commercial sexual exploitation, the situation has received little attention. There are still very few studies initiated specifically to look at child labour in domestic service in Egypt and those that exist have been limited in the scope of their methodology. Geographical coverage and research for child labour in Egypt is also limited, as are accurate statistics and data. There was, therefore, a strong case for looking again at the domestic child labour phenomenon in Egypt, especially after the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) released the first data about child labour in Egypt in 2014. This study builds on the few findings of earlier work, and broadens coverage by including advanced methods and geographical effects of this problem.ObjectivesThis study focuses on identifying socio-demographic, economic and geospatial factors associated with child labour participation.MethodsWe used the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) from the Ministry of Health and Population in Egypt, with the record of 20,560 never-married children aged 5–17 years engaging in economic activities, in and out of their home. The data focused on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of household members. Multivariate Bayesian geo-additive models were employed to examine the demographical and socio-economic factors for children working less than 16 hrs; between 16 and less 45 hrs; and over 45 hrs weekly.ResultsThe results showed that at least 31.6% of the children in the age group from 5–10 were working, 68.5% of children aged 11–17 years were engaged in child labour for a wage, and 44.7% of the children in the age group from 5–10 were engaged in hazardous work. From the multivariate Bayesian geo-additive models, female children (with male children as reference category) working at least 16 hrs (OR: 1.3; with 95% CI: 1.2–1.5) were more likely to be engaged in child labour than girls working 16 to 45 hrs (OR: 1; 95% CI: 0.3–1.5). Children born to women without formal education, in non-hazardous jobs, irrespective of the hours spent at work, were more likely to be involved in child labour (52.9%, 56.8%, 62.4%) compared to children of mothers with some level of education. Finally, children who have experienced psychological aggression and physical punishment are more likely to be used as child labour than those without such experience across the job types and hours spent. North-eastern Egypt has a higher likelihood of child labour than most other regions, while children who live in the Delta are more engaged in hazardous work.ConclusionThis study revealed a significant influence of socio-demographic and economic factors on child labour and violence against children in Egypt. Poverty, neglect, lack of adequate care and exposure of children to various grades of violence are major drivers of child labour across the country. The spatial effect suggests the need to give more attention to some areas that have high rates of child labour, such as the Nile Delta, Upper Egypt, and North-eastern Egypt.

Prevalence, Genotyping, and Seasonality of Rotavirus in Environmental Water Samples and Stool Samples of Gastroenteritis Children in Egypt (2010-2016)

Prevalence, Genotyping, and Seasonality of Rotavirus in Environmental Water Samples and Stool Samples of Gastroenteritis Children in Egypt (2010-2016)

Prevalence of preexcitation as detected by 12 lead surface electrocardiogram of school children in Egypt

Prevalence of preexcitation as detected by 12 lead surface electrocardiogram of school children in Egypt

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mentally retarded children in Egypt

Background:Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common causes of latent infections in humans and animals. Its important clinical aspect is the probable danger of congenital transmission and its severe effects on the fetus. Infection is typically asymptomatic at birth, or is associated with serious neurological or ocular sequelae later in life with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. Serologic screening detects acute infection in pregnant women which if unrecognized may be transmitted to the unborn. Objective:To investigateserologically the prevalence of toxoplasmosis as a hidden cause of mental retardation (MR) in a sample of children from urban and surrounding rural areas attending the New Children Hospital of Cairo University (Abu Reesh Hospital), Cairo. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 200 children diagnosed as MR attending neurology outpatient clinics as a case group; and 200 samples as a control group fromnon-MR children attending other outpatient clinics with minor complaints like skin manifestations in dermatology clinic, upper respiratory infections and minor gastrointestinal complaints.Venous blood samples from the two groups of children were serologically tested for specific IgG by indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT). Relevant sociodemographic and clinical data related to the children and their mothers was collected using a designed sheet. Results: Our results showedthat the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the MR children was significantly positive in 84/200 (42.0%) of the case group (P<0.001).The number of positive sera was 35/200 (17.5%) among control group. Associated clinical manifestations in the case group (MR) included convulsions in 53.5%, eye problems in 22.5%, splenomegaly in 16.5% and hepatomegaly in 9.5% of cases. There was no significant difference between urban and rural residences; and relevant risk factors in mothers included history of previous Toxoplasma infection (13.5%), history of abortion and still birth (each 36.5%) and premature deliveries (19.5%). History of contact with cats and consumption of undercooked meat rated 58% and 77.7% respectively. Conclusion: Screening females who are at risk for acquired toxoplasmosis is essential, before and during pregnancy to detect Toxoplasma seroconversion. Conversion from negative to positive testing would indicate exposure to infection, requiring the implementation of early treatment of infection to protect the unborn fetuses from trans-placental transmission.

Revisiting of the Epidemiology of Obesity among Primary School Children in Egypt

AbstractBackground: Childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past 30 years. The prevalence of obesity among children aged 6 to 11 years increased from 6.5% in 1980 to 19.6% in 2016 the prevalence of obesity in all age groups has increased dramatically over the past 30 years, such that overweight and obesity are considered to be a major public health concern in many countries.Aim of Study: This study aims to assess the prevalence of obesity among children of primary schools in Menoufia Governorate.Patients and Methods: Across sectional field study was carried out on 7629 Egyptian children to assess prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school children at age of 6-12 years live in Menoufia Governorate in which 5 schools was randomly selected from rural and 5 schools from urban areas including male and female children. Each child in the study was subjected to medical history, general exam-ination and Anthropometric measurements. Study was done from the first of October 2017 to the end of November 2018 in Menoufia Governorate.Results: This study showed 12.2% of the subjects were overweight and 8.6% were obese. From this study it was concluded that females' subjects were more obese (9.7%) than male subjects (7.5%) Elder children (9-12 years) were more obese than younger children (6-<9 years). Urban residence children with higher socioeconomic standard, studied in private schools, ate fast foods and with sedentary life style showed more obesity than other children.Conclusions: It is evident that there is correlation between gender, residence, higher socioeconomic standard and fast food intake and development of obesity in primary school children.Recommendations: From this study it was recommended that there is an increased need to spread community awareness regarding obesity, its consequences, emphasizing on measures of obesity prevention among children, youth and their families, through promoting healthy diet and promoting physical activ-ities.