Children Ever Born Research Articles

Ethnic fertility behavior and internal migration in Nigeria: revisiting the migrant fertility hypotheses

Fertility patterns in Nigeria are high and widely skewed away from the targets of the country’s population policy. As population growth is fueled by natural increase and migration, and with spatial disparities in fertility preferences among the different ethnic groups in Nigeria, this study investigates the fertility behavior of ethnic migrants in their destinations, the place-effects on such behavior, and the convergence or otherwise of the behavior with fertility behaviors in the migrants’ places of origin and destination. Explanations for the behavioral pattern are provided in the hypotheses of migrant fertility and in the sociodemographic confounders of the behavior. Study data was extracted for the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. Median numbers of children ever born (CEB) were 7, 6, and 4 for the Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba ethnic groups respectively. Relative to the destination fertility patterns, Hausa-Fulani and Yoruba migrants had lower CEB in Igboland while Igbo and Yoruba migrants recorded lower CEB in the North-West home of the Hausa-Fulani ethnic group. Whereas the Igbo migrants maintained an equal CEB with their Yoruba hosts, the Hausa-Fulani group replicated their home fertility behavior in Yorubaland. Overall, the adaptation, socialization, and selectivity hypotheses were found valid for some of the disparities in migrant fertility behavior and the influence of the sociodemographic predictors of fertility behavior varied among the different ethnic groups.

Fertility Behaviour among the Bote Women of Chitwan District, Nepal

This paper highlights on fertility behavior of Bote women by calculating the mean children ever born (CEB) focusing the case of Chitawan district. Fertility behavior helps to know about the factors that influence on child birth and indirectly to control population growth. Relevant data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through interview and field observation. For this, a total of 48 newly married women of Bote community between the age of 15 and 49 years were purposefully selected and interviewed. The study showed that the average number of children ever born in the study area is found 2.64. In recent years, mean CEB has been increasing in this community with the increase in age of marriage and education. The CEB also varies by types of occupation. Women involved in diversified occupations have lower fertility rate as compared to women involved in non-diversified traditional occupations. Nowadays, with the increase in level of education, number of women using contraceptive has been increasing. However, still a large section of fertile aged women do not use such birth controlling measures. Awareness programs/campaigns for increasing education and use of contraceptives and income generating activities further help to improve the situation.

Maternal Socioeconomic Status and Fertility Behaviour in Nigeria: Evidence from a Cross Sectional Nationally Representative Survey

Aims: Studies have linked individual factors such as education and household variables including wealth index as predictors of fertility behaviour. This study aims to examine the effect of socioeconomic characteristics on fertility behaviour when combined as a single proxy among women of reproductive ages in Nigeria. Methods: Data for this study was extracted from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) of 2003, 2008, and 2013. The explanatory variable, “socioeconomic status”, was derived as a composite index from the combination of individual and household variables. The outcome variable “fertility behaviour” is measured by total children ever born (CEB). Pearson chi-square test was used to determine the association among variables. Ordinal logistic regression was used to assess the effect of the explanatory variable on the outcome variable. Level of significance was determined at 5% and 95% confidence interval. The analysis was carried out using Stata 14.0. Results: There is a statistically significant but inverse association between socioeconomic status and reported CEB. If women were to change their socioeconomic status from low to high, the CEB would reduce by -0.502 (p<.001) and by -1.038 (p<.000). This pattern remained consistent in the adjusted model and across all surveys. Conclusion: The study concludes that women’s socioeconomic status significantly predicts fertility behaviour. An improved socioeconomic status would reduce reported CEB. Efforts to reduce fertility in Nigeria must embrace a multi-dimensional approach that creates opportunities aimed at promoting women’s economic status.

Determinants of Fertility Rate among Reproductive Age Women (15-49) in Gonji-Kollela District of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

Abstract Background : The low levels of education associated with low use of contraceptive methods are the major factors for high fertility rate in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Ample research works indicated that nearly two million people are added to the population of Ethiopia each year. The implication is that uncontrolled fertility rate affects the socio-economic, demographic and environmental situations of the country. The general objective of the study was to identify demographic and socio-economic determinants of fertility among reproductive-age women in Gonji-Kollela district of the Amhara Region. Methods : The study employed survey research design of a quantitative approach. Multi-stage sampling techniques were employed to select the required sample for the study. The data were collected using structured questionnaire and presented with the help of frequencies, percentages, and tables. SPSS version 20 was employed for data analysis. Multiple linear regression model was applied to identify determinant factors affecting the number of children ever born in the study area. Results : The total fertility rate (TFR) in the study area was 5.3 children per woman, which is higher than the TFR of the country (4.1 children per woman).The study pointed out that the total fertility rate of women with no education was 7.0 against 3.6 with secondary educational level. This means that respondents with no education have a large number of children ever born (CEB) than those who have some formal education. The marital status of the respondents revealed that 47% and 22.4% established marriage less than 15 years and 15-17 years of age, respectively. The study noted that fertility was the lowest among mothers who do not worry about sex preference. The results of the linear regression model also evidenced that sex preference, age at first birth, low educational levels of mothers and age at first sexual intercourse were the determinant factors for a high number of children ever born in the study area. Conclusions : The study found out that early marriage, low level of formal and informal education, parents motive to have a large number of children and inaccessible in the use of contraceptive methods were the major factors for high fertility rate in the study area. Hence, continuous awareness creation about the negative consequences of early marriage has to be promoted by the district health offices, Region’s bureau of women affairs and other stakeholders. [ Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2018;32(3):000-000] Keywords: Fertility determinants, contraceptive use, children ever born, sex preference, reproductive age, total fertility rate, Amhara Region

CONSISTENCY OF THE EFFECTS OF FEMALE EDUCATION ON FERTILITY ACROSS THE NORTH-SOUTH DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDE IN NIGERIA, 2003-2013.

Most studies examining the association between female education and fertility have reported an inverse association. However, little is known about the consistency of the relationship, or what level of education triggers an inverse association. This study examined the consistency of the association between female education and fertility across the north-south demographic divide in Nigeria. Data on women aged 40-49 were taken from the 2003, 2008 and 2013 Nigerian DHS data sets. The results showed that female education remained significantly and consistently inversely related to fertility in both the north and south of Nigeria. Women with secondary or higher level of education reported a lower number of children ever born (CEB) than those with primary or no education in both the north and south (p&lt;0.05). The findings suggest that female education has a more effective negative effect on fertility in the south, where the level of female schooling is higher, than in the north, with its limited level of female education. Primary-level female education appeared to be ineffective in reducing fertility in the study sample. Women with primary schooling reported a slightly higher CEB than those who did not have any formal education. Also, age at marriage and child mortality were found to be consistent and significant predictors of fertility in both the north and south (p&lt;0.001). Women who married at relatively higher ages and those who had never lost a child reported a smaller CEB consistently in both the north and south (p&lt;0.001). Therefore, to attain sustainable fertility decline throughout Nigeria, it is imperative that policies aimed at increasing the prevalence and quality of female education are pursued, and there must be a focus on social, physical, environmental and cultural factors influencing age at marriage and child mortality.

Spousal and Household Characteristics Associated with Women’s Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper is based on a study that examined the influence of spousal and household characteristics on fertility of married women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It utilized data from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) from four countries between 2010 and 2015. Fertility was measured by the number of Children Ever Born (CEB). Descriptive and Poisson regression techniques were used for analysis. Results showed variation in the mean number of CEB across categories of spousal and household characteristics and across the countries. The Poisson regression analysis showed that while spousal age and age at marriage influenced fertility similarly across the countries, spousal educational attainment and household characteristics influenced fertility differently across the countries. The study concludes that, although some disparities exist in the way spousal and household characteristics influence fertility across sub-Saharan Africa, these characteristics cannot be overlooked in driving sustainable fertility transition in the region.

Factors Associated with Children Ever Born: A Case Study of Somadi Village Development Committee of Palpa District, Nepal

Fertility is one of the three principal components of population dynamics that determine the size, structure, and composition of the population in any country. Children ever born refer to the number of children born alive to the person up to a specified reference date. It includes children who have died since birth. This study aims to identify the socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing Children Ever Born (CEB) to the women of Somadi village development committee (VDC) of Palpa district of Nepal. This study is entirely based on primary data collected using convenience sampling through questionnaire methods. A representative sample of size 298 married women was taken for the study using proportionate sampling from the different ethnic groups. The result of the study shows that the factors age at marriage, occupation of husband and knowledge of contraceptive/family planning have statistically significant role for varying CEB among the women under study. The result of the study compels to recommend that various awareness programs should be conducted about the use of contraceptive/family planning and to stop practice of early marriage among the women to reduce the higher fertility. The factors ‘knowledge of contraceptive/family planning’, ‘occupation of husband’ and ‘age at marriage’ are seen to have very significant impact for explaining the children ever born (CEB) to the women of Somadi VDC of Palpa district of Nepal.

Nutritional Status of Dalit Children: A Comparative Study with Non-Dalit Children in Eastern Terai of Nepal

IntroductionThe poor nutritional status of under five children has been considered a serious problem in Nepal for many years. Children need adequate nutrition for their proper physical, emotional as well as psychological development.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess and compare the nutritional status of under five children and explore its socio demographic determinants.MethodologyAn analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Eastern Terai, ecological belt of Nepal. Predesigned, pretested interview schedule was used to collect the information. Information was collected from 720 Dalit as well as Non-dalit mothers about their youngest children. The nutritional status was measured byusing anthropometric measurements. ResultsIn bi-variate analysis the significant difference were observed among children's nutritional status between castes as well as a number of socio-demographic variables however in multivariate analysis only caste, number of Children Ever Born (CEB) and mother's education were found significant determinants of height for age, mother's education was found significant determinant for weight for height and caste, age of children and mother's education were found significant determinants of weight for age of children.ConclusionDalit children were found much more malnourished than Nondalit. The castes, age of child, CEB to mother and mothers' education were found as the determinants of nutritional status among under-five children.Birat Journal of Health Sciences Vol.2/No.1/Issue 2/ Jan - April 2017, Page: 117-126

Differentials in Utilizations of Antenatal Care Services among Currently Married Women in Urban Southwest and Northwest of Nigeria

&lt;p&gt;The study examines differentials in utilization of antenatal care services among currently married women in urban Southwest and Northwest of Nigeria. Attempt was made to investigate differentials in utilization of antenatal care services among currently married women in both regions. In-depth interviews currently married women in urban Southwest and Northwest. Secondary data were extracted from 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) dataset. Out of the 33,385 currently married interviewed, the study employed sample of 14,811 comprising 8,202 for Northwest and 6,789 for Southwest. The analyses were done in three stages of univariate, bivariate and multivariate levels. The result showed evidence of higher age of respondents, higher education among currently married in southwest than northwest. The number of children ever born (CEB) among currently married in both regions were four and five respectively. For both regions antenatal care utilization increased with wealth index. The result of the multivariable analysis regarding utilization of antenatal care services, the logistic analysis shows factors such as education, religion and wealth index as the variables influencing utilization of antenatal care service in Northwest while age of respondents, occupation and CEB determined utilization of antenatal care services in Southwest than Northwest. The study concluded that currently married women in Southwest and Northwest showed differentials in utilization of antenatal care services. Currently married women in Southwest exhibiting higher utilization of antenatal care services and lower utilization in Northwest. Religion, education, wealth index, women autonomy, children ever born, distance to health and cost of antenatal care were the most important variables explaining the differentials in utilization of antenatal care services among currently married women in urban Southwest and Northwest in Nigeria.&lt;/p&gt;

The Determinants of Fertility among Women of Reproductive Age in Nepal

This study is conducted on determinants of fertility among women of reproductive age in Nepal. The study takes into account some demographic, socio-cultural, economic and spatial variables. Fertility trends are estimated from the date obtained in the 1996, 2001, and 2006 NDHS with information gathered in the 2011 NDHS. Fertility declined from 4.6 births per woman in the 1996 NFHS to 2.6 births per woman in the 2011 NDHS—a drop of two births per woman in the past 15 years. The decline in fertility is most pronounced in the five years between 2001 and 2006 (a one-child decline). Fertility has declined in every age group over the past 15 years, with largest decline seen among women 25-34 years. But over the past 5 years the largest decline is observed among women 20-24 years. Many factors may have contributed to this quick decline fertility in Nepal, including improved communication and greater access to modern methods of contraception. Extended spousal separations due to migrants seeking work in foreign countries, especially the Gulf countries and other Southeast Asian countries, may be another reason for the fertility decline (NDHS Report 2012). The multivariate analysis is used to show the strength of relationship of fertility with its correlates. It estimates the effect of socio–economic and demographic as well as spatial variables on total Children Ever Born (CEB). This study also attempts to find out variation of fertility among women by using frequency table, rate, ratio, percentage, cross tabulation, correlation and regression analysis and mean CEB. The result shows that when other factors remain unchanged, age of respondents at first birth and educational attainment have strong and significant negative impact on fertility. Similarly son who have died, daughter who have died, parity at sterilization and age at sterilization have strong and significant positive impact on fertility whereas regions, type of place of residence, age at marriage and destination India have weak positive impact on fertility. The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS)Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 55-68

Female Age at Marriage and Their Fertility in Tharu Community

The main objective of this article is to study the age at marriage and their fertility (CEB) based on secondary data. The data were collected by M.A. Population Studies student Mr. Pramanand Chaudhary. He had selected the Tharu community of ward no.5,6 and 8 of Sundarpur VDC of Sarlahi district as a study area in 2006. This article tries to deal with age group, educational status, occupational status, types of family of respondents and their mean age at marriage. Similarly age at marriage educational status, occupational status of respondents and their mean children ever born (CEB) from the selected respondents. Household and respondents were selected with the help of purposive method where the prevalence of the female age at marriage in Tharu community was high. Collected data were analyzed on the basis of table, frequency distribution, percentage and simple statistics.Academic Voices, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2013, Pages 33-39 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v3i1.9982

Affecting Socio-Demographic Factors on Children Ever Born for Women Who Have Experienced Domestic Violence and Women Who Have Not Experienced Domestic Violence in Bangladesh

Th is study assesses the contribution of socio-economic and demographic variables on children ever born (CEB) for wo men who have experienced do mestic vio lence and wo men who have not experienced do mestic v iolence by applying mu ltip le classification analysis (MCA). The shrinkage coefficient (λ ) is employed for goodness of fit of the model. For this, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007 data is used in this study. This study contains 10,146 currently married wo men out of 10,996 ever-married wo men. Findings reveal that respondent's education, age at marriage and wealth index has a negative significant effect on CEB and these are the first, second and third strongest influential factors for explaining the variab ility of CEB included all other variables for both wo men who have experienced domestic vio lence and wo men who have not experienced domestic violence. In this paper, it is recommended that respondent's age at marriage and educational qualification should be raised substantially for abating fertility and domestic vio lence against women in Bangladesh. Keywords Do mestic and Non-Do mestic Vio lence, Ch ildren Ever Bo rn (CEB), Socio-demographic Factors, Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA), Cross - validity predict ion power (CVPP), Shrin kage Coefficient and Bangladesh

Genetic links between post-reproductive lifespan and family size in Framingham

Background and objectives: Is there a trade-off between children ever born (CEB) and post-reproductive lifespan in humans? Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of reproductive trade-offs in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) dataset using phenotypic and genotypic correlations and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to look for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are related to the association between CEB and lifespan.Methodology: We calculated the phenotypic and genetic correlations of lifespan with CEB for men and women in the Framingham dataset, and then performed a GWAS to search for SNPs that might affect the relationship between post-reproductive lifespan and CEB.Results: We found significant negative phenotypic correlations between CEB and lifespan in both women (rP = −0.133, P < 0.001) and men (rP = −0. 079, P = 0.036). The genetic correlation was large, highly significant and strongly negative in women (rG = −0.877, P = 0.009) in a model without covariates, but not in men (P = 0.777). The GWAS identified five SNPs associated with the relationship between CEB and post-reproductive lifespan in women; some are near genes that have been linked to cancer. None were identified in men.Conclusions and implications: We identified several SNPs for which the relationship between CEB and post-reproductive lifespan differs by genotype in women in the FHS who were born between 1889 and 1958. That result was not robust to changes in the sample. Further studies on larger samples are needed to validate the antagonistic pleiotropy of these genes.

Patterns and Covariates of Age at First Birth In Botswana: Duration Analysis Approach

&#x0D; The paper considers the covariates of age at first birth in Botswana. It reviews the conceptual issues on the relation between age at first birth and fertility, and then summarizes the socio-economic and demographic situation of the country. The specific objective of the study was to see the relation between age at first birth and fertility. Once the relation was specified and estimated, it used Event History Analysis or Survival Function to determine the pattern of age at first birth, followed by estimating and comparing variation in survival function by the level of education, income and residence. Thereafter it applied the Cox Proportional hazard to see the effect of the three covariates together on the age at first birth. The findings show that there is a significant negative relation between age at first birth and fertility as measured by children ever-born (CEB). The overall conclusion suggests that delayed age at first birth as having a substantial impact on depressing fertility. From the study one is able to predict that if a mother’s age at first birth is increased by ten years, fertility as measured by children ever born will decrease by 12%, a significant reduction. This is likely to have positive impact on the welfare of mothers and children.&#x0D;

An Investigation of the Relation between the Number of Children and Education in Italy

In this paper we have investigated the impact of the level of education on the number of children in Italy. We have selected 1,490 families from the 1997- 2005 Longitudinal Investigation on Italian Families (ILFI) dataset. Our dependent variable is represented by the number of children ever born to each respondent (and to his partner). Since the number of children ever born (CEB) is a count variable, we have implemented three empirical models: Poisson, Zero-Truncated Poisson and an Instrumental Variable Poisson, where grandparents’ education is exerted as an instrument of parents’ education. In particular, we have considered two stages for each model: in the first stage, we have estimated the impact of female’s education on her number of children, and in the second one, we have used also partner’s education to identify the previous effect. From the empirical results, we may observe a significant negative effect of the level of education on the number of children.

An assessment of infant and child mortality by social group and place of residence in districts of Orissa

ObjectiveTo provide an approximation of infant and child mortality rate for all the districts of Orissa using CEB (Children Ever Born) and CS (Children Survival) data of Census of India, 2001. And to find out the correlations of IMR and CMR with selected monitoring indicators. MethodsTrussell method has been used in estimating infant and child mortality rate. For a better understanding, the districts were classified into three groups on the basis of estimated infant mortality rate viz. i) infant mortality rate lower than national average, ii) infant mortality rate between state and national average and iii) infant mortality rate more than state average. ResultsStudy reveals that most of the districts of Orissa are experiencing higher IMR and CMR as compared to estimated IMR and CMR of state average. Only one district of Orissa (Mayurbhanj) has IMR and CMR lower than national average in comparison with other districts of Orissa. On the other hand, 17 districts have an infant mortality between the state and national average, 12 districts have an infant mortality higher than the state average. ConclusionThe ranking of districts helps to identify the backward and most backward districts in reproductive and child health programmes and to intensify the intervention strategies to reduce the infant and child mortality in the state of Orissa.

Demographic, socio-economic, and cultural factors affecting fertility differentials in Nepal.

BackgroundTraditionally Nepalese society favors high fertility. Children are a symbol of well-being both socially and economically. Although fertility has been decreasing in Nepal since 1981, it is still high compared to many other developing countries. This paper is an attempt to examine the demographic, socio-economic, and cultural factors for fertility differentials in Nepal.MethodsThis paper has used data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2006). The analysis is confined to ever married women of reproductive age (8,644). Both bivariate and multivariate analyses have been performed to describe the fertility differentials. The bivariate analysis (one-way ANOVA) was applied to examine the association between children ever born and women's demographic, socio-economic, and cultural characteristics. Besides bivariate analysis, the net effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable after controlling for the effect of other predictors has also been measured through multivariate analysis (multiple linear regressions).ResultsThe mean numbers of children ever born (CEB) among married Nepali women of reproductive age and among women aged 40-49 were three and five children, respectively. There are considerable differentials in the average number of children ever born according to women's demographic, socio-economic, and cultural settings. Regression analysis revealed that age at first marriage, perceived ideal number of children, place of residence, literacy status, religion, mass media exposure, use of family planning methods, household headship, and experience of child death were the most important variables that explained the variance in fertility. Women who considered a higher number of children as ideal (β = 0.03; p < 0.001), those who resided in rural areas (β = 0.02; p < 0.05), Muslim women (β = 0.07; p < 0.001), those who had ever used family planning methods (β = 0.08; p < 0.001), and those who had a child-death experience (β = 0.31; p < 0.001) were more likely to have a higher number of CEB compared to their counterparts. On the other hand, those who married at a later age (β = -0.15; p < 0.001), were literate (β = -0.05; p < 0.001), were exposed to both (radio/TV) mass media (β = -0.05; p < 0.001), were richest (β = -0.12; p < 0.001), and were from female-headed households (β = -0.02; p < 0.05) had a lower number of children ever born than their counterparts.ConclusionThe average number of children ever born is high among women in Nepal. There are many contributing factors for the high fertility, among which are age at first marriage, perceived ideal number of children, literacy status, mass media exposure, wealth status, and child-death experience by mothers. All of these were strong predictors for CEB. It can be concluded that programs should aim to reduce fertility rates by focusing on these identified factors so that fertility as well as infant and maternal mortality and morbidity will be decreased and the overall well-being of the family maintained and enhanced.

Some Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Care Practices a Case Study of Baiga

The present study is undertaken among one of the primitive tribes, Baigas of the Dindori district of the state of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. The paper shows the practices related to ante-natal, delivery and post-natal care among the tribe. It also looks in to the child care practices related to breast-feeding and child immunization. It was found that four-fifth of the pregnant women consulted government health worker for ante-natal check-up and among them more than half received such care during their second trimester of the pregnancy. Most of the deliveries are conducted at home. Post-natal care is usually not considered essential among the tribe as only fourteen percent of women availed such services from government health post. Though the practices of breast-feeding arc universal among the tribe but the colostrums is discarded by majority. Though forty seven percent of the children ever-born were immunized but most of these were not administered the full doses.

Correlates of Fertility in a Low Contraception Setting: A Study of Ogu of South-Western Nigeria

Total fertility rate in Nigeria is 5.7 compared with over 8 in the past. Modern contraceptive use within marriage is very low and socio-economic development is still crawling. What factors account for this fragile transition? This question is the focus of this study. The study examines the socioeconomic and cultural factors that account for fertility transition in the country. Data were gathered through a survey conducted among the Ogu of south-western Nigeria. Analysis employed descriptive statistical tools and Ordinary Least Square model. Analysis reveals that post primary education (especially among women), spousal discussion about family size, monogamous marriage and age at first marriage were inversely related to children ever born (CEB) among men and female respondents. The result suggests that moderate improvement in these factors are likely responsible for the fragile transition. Therefore, policies to raise literacy level especially among women, increase age at first marriage, promote monogamous marriage and spousal communication may accelerate the fragile transition in the country.

Religious affiliation, religiosity, and male and female fertility

Religious studies of fertility typically focus on the effect of religious affiliation on fertility; the role of religiosity in determining fertility remains overlooked. Meanwhile most studies focus on studying female fertility; whether religion and religiosity have significantly different impacts on mens and womens fertility rarely has been examined. To fill these gaps this study uses data from the 2002 NSFG Cycle 6 on religious affiliation religiosity and children ever born (CEB) for both men and women to investigate the effects of religious affiliation and religiosity on male and female fertility. A series of hypotheses which aim to demonstrate the critical role of religiosity particularly the importance of religious beliefs in peoples daily life in shaping peoples fertility behavior are tested. The findings show a shrinking pattern of fertility differentials among religious groups. However religiosity particularly religious beliefs shows a substantially positive effect on fertility.The gender interaction terms are not significant which indicates that the effects of religion and religiosity on fertility do not vary by gender. (authors)