Child-rearing Patterns Research Articles

Dampak Migrasi TKW terhadap Pengasuhan Keluarga di Indramayu: Peran Remitan dalam Menyokong Kesejahteraan

The migration of Indonesian Women Workers (TKW) significantly contributes to family economies through remittances but also creates social and emotional challenges. This study aims to analyze the impact of TKW migration on child-rearing patterns and the role of local communities in supporting their families in Indramayu. A qualitative approach using a case study method was employed, involving in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. The results reveal that remittances from TKW serve as the primary source of family income, yet the absence of mothers causes emotional gaps and changes in parenting patterns. Children are often cared for by grandparents or placed in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren), leading to varied effects on their education and discipline. Faith-based communities play a significant role in supporting TKW families, particularly through moral and social education. This study recommends strengthening the role of local communities and implementing social protection policies for TKW and their families to mitigate the negative impacts of migration.

Exploring Malay Parenting Patterns and Cultural Identity in Medan City: Traditions, Values, Adaptation in an Urban Context

This research explores early childhood parenting patterns and Malay culture in Medan City, Indonesia. With a focus on traditions, values, and adaption in urban context, this research explores how Malay culture remains relevant in child-rearing patterns amidts dynamic changes in the urban environment. The research method involved in-depth interviews with parents and Malay community leaders living in Medan City, as well as observations of child-rearing practices in everyday life. The research results show that despite adaption to urban development, Malay cultural traditions and values remain the main basis for parenting patterns. However, there are also challenges faced in maintaining Malay cultural identity in globalization and modernization. The implication of this research is the importance of understanding the dynamic of local culture in a urban context to strengthen cultural identity and enrich the study of child-rearing patterns in Indonesia.

Geospatial Analysis On Stunting Prevalence And Strategies

Stunting is a condition in which children under the age of five fail to thrive due to chronic malnutrition, resulting in the child being too short for his age. The issue of short children reflects the community's socioeconomic conditions because the nutritional problems displayed by short children are chronic. Stunting is influenced by environmental factors and geographical conditions (population density, climatic conditions, and inadequate sanitation) in addition to maternal characteristics and child-rearing patterns, so spatial analysis is critical in overcoming this problem at the rural level. Various stunting prevention programs have been implemented, but they have not been effective, and there has not been an adequate reduction. This research aims to determine the relationship between geographical conditions and the distribution of stunting sufferers, as well as stunting prevention strategies, in Bulukumba Regency. Secondary data were obtained from reports of stunting cases at the Bulukumba District Health Office, and interviews were used in this study. The chi-square test was used in data analysis to determine the relationship between variables, specifically the incidence of stunting and geographical conditions. Meanwhile, the empirical bayesian smoothing rates developed by Clayton and Kaldor (1987) are used in the Geoda software program version 1.6.7 to identify the distribution of cases because stunting cases are not fully representative if they occur in a larger population but are not densely populated due to a larger area. This study was carried out in Bulukumba Regency with a population of 24-59-month-old children. The findings indicate that there is a link between population density and stunting distribution. This research serves as the foundation for decision-makers to develop relevant strategic policies to accelerate stunting prevention in Bulukumba Regency.

Intellectual Structure of Parenting Style Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

The role of parents in child socialization has been an inquisitive subject of inquiry. Parenting style forms one of the widely adopted lenses through which child-rearing patterns have been conceptualized. Though well-researched, gaps persist in comprehending the core works in the parenting style-child socialization relationship domain and their linkages. This study employs bibliometric techniques to present an objective assessment of 1,812 articles containing 93,720 cited documents, using citation and co-citation analysis. Prominent works in the discipline and associated clustering patterns are revealed. Further, the centrality parameters of the parenting style research network are deciphered via social network analysis. The exercise adds to theory by clarifying the scholarly dialog and depicting the intellectual structure of parenting style research. Further, through the findings, potential research directions are outlined.

Separation-Individuation in Patterns in Turkey: An Investigation of Developmental, Gender and Contextual Differences

IntroductionThere is still a paucity of studies exploring the impacts of teenage employment on mental health and development. In many developing countries, youths participate intensively in the teenage labor force. The involvement of adolescent in the world of work would promote the development of responsibility and prepare the young person to function more effectively in adult roles.ObjectivesThe purposes of the present study were to examine the adolescent separation-individuation among an understudied and vulnerable population; and to examine the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence (SITA) for revealing the differentiation working male group from student male group.MethodsParticipants completed the SITA. The group of study 1 consisted of 618 high school and 252 university students between the ages of 14 and 24, 489 of which were girls and 381 were boys. In Study 2, participants were 269 male adolescents between the ages of 15 and 17, 141 of which were full-time worker and 128 high school students. In study 1, these results were consistent with the rapprochement subphase of the separation-individuation process in adolescence -the striking desires for intimacy and independence.ResultsOur results support the gender specific patterns of identity formation and the argument that connectedness in close relationships plays a central role in the female identity development. Interestingly, there were no significant gender differences in the tendency to view close interpersonal relationships as threatening to their sense of independence and selfhood, and to deny or avoid dependency needs. The reason for this might be the cultural differences between the individualistic and collectivistic cultures. In study 2, working males could be distinguished from student counterparts by their increased tendency to seek close interpersonal ties with caretakers. The finding also suggested that student males reflected characteristics of the traditional view of adolescents’ independence striving. Across both studies it was found that the traditional Turkish child-rearing patterns have been characterized by an emphasis on interpersonal relationships and close ties with family than individualistic culturesConclusionsOur results revealed that the subscales of SITA –especially dependency denial, rejection expectancy, nurturance seeking, engulfment anxiety, and teacher enmeshment- can help clinicians for assessing the adolescent separation-individuation process in a reliable way. We suggested that adolescent employment would lead to the difficulties in developing bonds with parents because of the adolescents’ long work hours, the early involvement with the world of work would lead to the withdrawal from the more dependent, preadultlike student role, and student adolescents would reflect characteristics of the traditional view of adolescents’ independence striving.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Stimulasi Tumbuh Kembang Pada Anak Balita dengan Sosial Ekonomi Rendah Selama Pandemi Covid-19 : A Scoping Review

Stimulation of growth and development in children under five during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affects growth and development stimulation disorders. Disorders of growth and development in children under five can be influenced by families who have low socioeconomic status. Therefore, the government is expected to implement additional public health and education policies, especially for those in low-income families. The objective is to review the stimulation of growth and development in children under five with low socioeconomic status during the covid-19 pandemic. Scoping Review methode using the PRISMA-ScR framework; scoping review questions with the PICO framework; search for articles through relevant databases, namely Pubmed, Science Direct and Wiley, Critical Appraisal using the MMAT tool. Based on the 961 search results there are 10 articles that match the inclusion criteria in this study are as follows: original research articles, research studies using this approach qualitative and quantitative, articles published in English or Indonesian, articles published in the last 2 years in 2020-2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, in this review there are two main themes, namely socio-demographic and child-rearing patterns. Low socioeconomic and low income are factors that stimulate growth and development where the prospects for completion can achieve prosperity and prosperity in resource associations. Stimulation and food limitations are closely related to parenting patterns where parents can fulfill toddlers' nutrition and stimulate their intelligence. During the COVID-19 pandemic, health workers and cross-sectors sought to implement health and early public education specifically for low-income families. However, it is necessary to carry out further research related to low economic status, low income and limited food, because these are the main factors in decreasing growth and development stimulation of children under five during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Internalizing Behavior Problems Among the Left-Behind Children of the Hui Nationality in Rural China: A Cross-Sectional Study

BackgroundThe internalizing behavior problems (IBPs) of left-behind children (LBC) due to parental migration are a widespread public health concern in China. A previous study showed that the detection rate of behavioral problems in the Hui was far higher than in the LBC of the Han nationality. However, to date, limited research has focused on IBPs in Chinese LBC of the Hui nationality. The aims of this present study are to explore the prevalence of IBPs and the influencing factors among the Hui LBC in the rural areas of China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among school students from the southern rural areas in Ningxia, China (2012–2013). The caregivers or parents assessed IBPs using Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist for parents. The children completed the Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran, Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and Piers–Harris Children’s Self-concept Scale. Data on 383 Hui LBC aged 6–16 y were included in this study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between the independent variables and children’s internalizing behaviors.ResultsAmong the Hui population, the prevalence of IBPs in LBC and non-left-behind children (non-LBC) was 21.67% (83 of 383) and 18.18% (104 of 572), respectively, with no significant difference between these two groups (χ2 = 1.77 and P = 0.18). However, among males of the Hui population, the prevalence of IBPs in LBC was 22.16%, which is significantly higher than in non-LBC (14.07%; χ2 = 5.07; and P = 0.02). By controlling for gender and age, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a mother highly favoring the subject (odds ratio [OR] = 2.70), average levels of neuroticism (OR = 9.01), and high levels of neuroticism (OR = 8.44) were risk factors for IBPs in Hui LBC.ConclusionOur findings suggest that IBPs among male LBC of the Hui nationality in rural China were positively related to parental migration. Positive measures should be taken to prevent IBPs of male LBC of the Hui nationality in rural China in terms of personality development and parental childrearing patterns.

The impact of oral contact and alloparenting on infant diarrhea in a hunter-gatherer society in Cameroon

Diarrhea is among the most common causes of death in children under five years of age. Infants are particularly at risk of ingesting pathogens directly or indirectly because of their frequent oral contact with a variety of objects. In hunter-gatherer societies, the widespread use of alloparenting, in which the infant is cared for by someone other than the biological parents, may play an important role in reducing the risk of infection from oral contact in infants. This study explored the relationship between infant oral contact behavior and diarrhea as well as the effects of alloparenting on infant oral contact behavior and diarrhea in hunter-gatherer societies. We conducted an interview on infant diarrhea and a 6-hour direct observation focused on oral contact and alloparenting of 6 infants (2–28 months) and 29 caregivers (≥4 years). During the observation period, the infants had frequent contact with objects with high risk of infection, with a median of 10.5 events (range, 0–49 events), and 50% (n = 3) had diarrhea. In addition, infants mainly ate with their hands or from the hands of their caregivers, and there was no hand-washing behavior before eating, suggesting that hand-feeding may increase the risk of transmission of pathogens. Our results also showed that the number of caregivers prevented diarrhea in infants. Furthermore, alloparenting of the unique child-rearing patterns of hunter-gatherers contributed to blocking the infants’ contact with objects with high risk of infection. These study findings suggest that alloparenting may play a significant role in reducing the risks of infant diarrhea and infection by oral contact behavior, even when the risk of transmission of pathogens through oral contact among infants may be high, such as in hunter-gatherer societies.

Nutritional Interventions by Local Governments as an Effort to Accelerate Stunting Reduction

Nutritional problems, known as stunting, are a major threat to the quality of Indonesian society that interferes with children's physical growth and brain development disorders that will affect their achievement. This study aims to analyze the nutrition intervention program and program achievements carried out by the Palembang City government. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. This study uses secondary data from the Palembang City Health Office to measure the number of short toddlers taking measurements in the October 2021 period. This is continued by describing the achievements of the nutrition intervention program that has been carried out by the Palembang City government and analyzing the problems that exist in the stunting program in Palembang City using the SWOT method. This study found that specific nutrition interventions were carried out through health programs while sensitive nutrition interventions were carried out through environmental programs. In an effort to reduce stunting in the city of Palembang, the strengths are stunting data collected by name by address and program innovations run at health centers. However, the weakness is that there is not optimal coordination and program synergy between related agencies. Low community motivation and lack of knowledge related to child-rearing patterns are a challenge, but the Palembang City government's commitment, as stated in the Mayor's Regulation policy, becomes the basis and direction of policy in designing stunting reduction and programs for the next five years.

Psychometric analysis of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) in Chile

Measuring temperament is an important, yet challenging matter. The Children Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) is a widely used measure, yet its psychometric properties have not been established in Latin America, and few studies have analyzed its structure at the item level. We analyzed the factor structure and reliability of the CBQ-short form in 998 Chilean children (Mage = 5.95 years) in central Chile. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 15 factors proposed by the theory unsatisfactorily fit the data (CFI = .58, TLI = .56, RMSEA = .046, SRMR = .080), and reliability was lacking (range of α = .30–.74). We extracted the 36 items of the CBQ-vsf and it performed better (CFI = .82, TLI = .80, RMSEA = .078, SRMR = .074). Exploratory analyses suggested that the surgency factor was composed of two latent variables, and separating them generated a model with better validity and reliability (CFI = .77, TLI = .75, RMSEA = .076, SRMR = .077, range of α = .68–.77). We suggest the CBQ-vsf provides more validity, reliability and parsimony than the CBQ-sf. Finally, we discuss the functioning of the CBQ in Chilean culture and child-rearing patterns, and issues with the wording of questions in the Spanish translation.

An Analytical Review of Cross Cultural Child-Rearing and Care Practices: A Special Reference to India

Child-rearing is an individualist, social and cultural process. This paper proposes that Child-Rearing has invariable characteristics and huge diversity. It has been considered that cultural perspective may contribute to the understanding of such multiple forms of child-rearing. The present paper provides an analytical account of dominant factors of child-rearing and caring. The factors selection is done by reviewing the articles which have either more than 50 Google scholar citations or are indexed in top-class journals. It also aims to ascertain whether or not Indian child-rearing intrinsically has something different in its practices and which child-rearing patterns are global and common among all the countries. This article took majorly dominating factors in the area of child-rearing and provided a qualitative comparative account of India especially in relation to the world. Some factors are individualistic as parental attitude and the parent-child relationship. But the study found that corporal punishments, socialization and cultural factors have a strong impact on child-rearing. Altogether these factors affect the cognitive skills of children. The study will give a critical overview of child-rearing patterns in India and across the globe, which would be helpful for policymakers to create new policies and act accordingly.

Child Labour Versus Realising Children’s Right to Provision, Protection, and Participation in Ghana

ABSTRACT The need to establish universal standards to protect children led to the development of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). I drew on literature exploring the UNCRC and children’s rights to provision, protection, and participation. This paper aimed to ascertain challenges of enforcing children’s rights to provision, protection, and participation in rural and urban Ghana drawing on the experiences and perceptions of 60 government officials, NGO representatives, and parents. Semistructured interviews were conducted with parents (10), stakeholders (10), focus groups (30); and participant observation techniques (10) were utilised to gather the required data and purposively sampled across rural and urban areas in Ghana. Interviews were recorded, and transcribed utilising a framework approach as the qualitative data analysis method. Acceptance of childhood as understood in the UNCRC is different from traditional child-rearing patterns in rural and urban Ghana. IMPLICATIONS Social workers' knowledge about dealing with dilemmas posed by rights to provision, protection, and participation for children may be enhanced. Social workers can improve their knowledge of factors that challenge the enforcement of children’s rights for children engaged in child labour and the possible tension between children and parental rights in their everyday social work practice. Social workers can introduce culturally sensitive parenting programs and develop their own contribution towards monitoring and implementing the rights to provision, protection, and participation for children.

Milk for Everyone?

ABSTRACT The significance of food in colonial Malayan society went far beyond sustenance. Food reconfigured Malaya’s physical landscape, mediated social difference, accentuated hierarchies, and shaped the textures of everyday thought. These contentions are grounded in a case study of bovine milk, focusing on how different versions were created, processed, traded, consumed, and perceived in Malaya. By analysing bovine milk’s multi-faceted history alongside other important edibles such as breast milk, sugar, rice, and coconut oil, this study investigates the extent to which patterns of agriculture, household consumption, child-rearing, and state intervention changed during Malaya’s colonial period. The social histories surrounding these foodstuffs also indicate that the fundamental drivers of Malayan consumption – namely those related to life and death – were differentiated primarily by wealth, rather than ethnicity.

The influence of culture on maternal attachment behaviours: a South African case study

AbstractIt is widely accepted that culture is a contextual factor that can affect mother–infant attachment. Cultural beliefs are translated into child-rearing patterns that influence maternal responsiveness to infant attachment behaviours and could thus affect sensitive caregiving that lies at the heart of secure attachment. This article reports on the findings of a study that explored the influence of culture on maternal caregiving behaviours in the multi-cultural South African context. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews conducted with participants from three study samples to ascertain their perceptions of socio-cultural influences on attachment. Two samples consisted of mothers and mental health professionals, respectively, who represented different South African cultures (Xhosa, Sotho, Zulu, Coloured, Indian and White). The third sample consisted of experts in the field of attachment. The research findings indicate that culture could influence maternal caregiving behaviours. Although all the participants valued good caregiving, some maternal responses to infant attachment behaviours varied among participants from different cultures. The research emphasises the importance of considering local contexts in understanding attachment and maternal sensitivity.

Potential conflict between the rights of the child and parental expectations in traditional child-rearing patterns: Resolving the tension

This paper aimed to ascertain whether the rights of the child conflict with traditional child-rearing patterns in rural and urban Ghana among 60 participants. Qualitative exploratory study was undertaken using semi-structured interviews with parents of children who both were and were not involved in child labour (10), and stakeholders, including government officials and NGO representatives (10); focus groups (30); and participant observation techniques (10) in order to gather the needed data. Participants were purposively sampled across rural areas (Ankaase, Anwiankwanta and Kensere), and urban areas (Jamestown, Korle Gonno and Chorkor) in Ghana. The average age of parents interviewed was 31 years. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and a framework approach was used as the main data analysis method. The discussion shows that inconsistencies between parental expectations in traditional child-rearing patterns and participation rights as expressed in Article 3 (1) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) are reconcilable and provides a genuine prospect for reform.

Child Rearing Patterns as Predictors of In-School Adolescents’ Maladaptive Behaviours in Very Low-Income Rural Communities in Nigeria

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The debate about the interaction between the individual student and learning environment (home) is still ongoing and inconclusive. Parents are modelled and they establish basic patterns at home which may never stop as teens develop. This study investigated child-rearing patterns as predictors of in-school adolescents’ maladaptive behaviours in very low-income rural communities in Nigeria. 
 
 METHOD: The study was a cross-sectional correlational survey. Two hundred and sixty-one parents and teachers in Enugu and Ebonyi States of Nigeria participated in the study. Teachers identified the students with Conners' Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales (CBRS). Parents whose children were identified answered the Child Rearing Pattern Questionnaire (CRPQ). The validity of the instruments was ascertained by three experts. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to address the research questions, while the null hypotheses were analyzed using regression at an alpha level of significance of 0.05.
 
 RESULTS: Results revealed in-school adolescents in very low-income rural communities in Nigeria exhibit maladaptive behaviours. It was found that 4.7% of in-school adolescents’ maladaptive behaviours can be attributed to the authoritarian child-rearing pattern while 12% of maladaptive behaviours among in-school adolescents can be attributed to the authoritative child rearing pattern. Authoritative and authoritarian child-rearing patterns did not significantly predict the maladaptive behaviours of in-school adolescents from very low-income rural communities.
 
 CONCLUSION: The findings of this study highlight the need for researchers to check out whether and how several other factors in the school that may contribute significantly to in-school adolescents’ maladaptive behaviours such as peer influence, disciplinary measures, school environment and even curriculum and pedagogy.

Weight-Related Perceptions and Experiences of Young Adult Women in Southwest Georgia.

Young adulthood is a period of pronounced weight gain, though few weight management interventions exist for this population. This qualitative study explored how young adult women feel about their weight, what kinds of weight-related advice they have received, and concerns about future weight gain to inform the adaptation of a weight gain prevention intervention. Forty women completed semistructured, in-depth interviews, which were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants were women aged 20 to 29 years, primarily overweight (12.5%) or obese (55.0%), and African American (65.0%). Participants expressed dissatisfaction with their current weight and reported receiving advice to lose weight from multiple sources. Direct, health-focused advice from health care professionals tended to be received more positively than indirect, appearance-focused advice from family members and romantic partners. Participants expressed concern about future weight gain, either as a result of a family history of obesity or chronic disease, pregnancy, and child-rearing, or unhealthy lifestyle patterns. Future weight gain was anticipated to impact chronic disease risk, changes in physical appearance, and interference with daily activities. Results suggest that young adult women may be receptive to participating in weight management interventions and that health care systems may be strategic implementation partners.

MEMBONGKAR KESALAHAN POLA ASUH ANAK DALAM MITOS-MITOS DI INDONESIA

This article is about a research conducted to clarify (1) the structuralcharacteristics of myths in Indonesia, (2) the child-rearing patterns found in themyths, (3) errors in child rearing reflected in the myths, and (4) the relevance of themyths and child-rearing patterns to the contemporary realities in Indonesia.With the myths in Indonesia as the objects of the research, by means ofpurposive random sampling, 15 myths were selected for study. The data wereobtained by means of a read-and-write technique and they were analyzed by (1)reading the myths and seeking the story units and (2) organizing the story units inaccordance with the story development. The validity of the data was tested throughsemantic validity and their reliability was tested by repeated readings.The research results indicate that (1) the structural characteristics of mythsin Indonesia are, among others, that (a) in child rearing the mother figures have thecharacteristic of being gentle and a part of the father figures have the characteristicof being stern, (b) most of the myths have the social background of the lower classand the economic background of the poor, (c) the child figures possess asufficiently good need of achievement and a sufficiently good emotional quotient,(d) the child figures experience considerable social conflict, (e) the parent figuresplay minimum parts in the story, and (f) most of the child figures receivepunishments and experience dehumanization, (2) the patterns of child rearing arefound to have enough variety but they are mostly dominated by authoritarian,neglectful, and indulgent ones, (3) the errors of child rearing reflected are, amongothers, the minimum roles of parents and a disproportional child-rearing pattern ofgiving more punishments than rewards, and (4) the myths put under study haverelevance to today’s matters related to child rearing such as education, health, andchild abuse.Keywords: myths, structure and pattern of child rearing

Repartnering and Childbearing After Divorce: Differences According to Parental Status and Custodial Arrangements

We use a stepfamily formation perspective to study two dimensions of the family life course following the dissolution of a first marriage. First, we examine how the presence of children from a prior union and the custody arrangements of those children influence the process of repartnering. In doing so, we extend the traditional explanations of union formation in terms of needs, attractiveness, and opportunities by taking into account the parental status of the new partners and a detailed classification of the custody arrangement of the children. Next, we investigate the likelihood of childbearing within those post-separation unions with a particular emphasis on the prior parental status of both partners. By studying post-separation union formation and fertility behavior together, we get a more complete depiction of stepfamily formation especially in their more complex forms. Our analyses are based on survey data for 2077 divorced men and 2384 divorced women collected in the Divorce in Flanders study. The results show that compared with other divorcees, full-time residential parents are the least likely to start a new union following separation and that parents are more likely to start a union with another parent than with a childless partner. Several of our results suggest that parenthood may not be a particularly attractive status on the partner market. Potential partners without children themselves appear especially reluctant to assume a (residential) step parental role. In contrast with the results for union formation, it is not the custody arrangement of the child(ren) but parental status itself that predicts childbearing within higher order unions. Our findings are important from a policy perspective as they stress the consequences of gender-neutral childrearing patterns following divorce for the repartnering of women after separation.

Cultural factors and sexual dysfunction in clinical practice

SummaryAttitudes to sex and the perceived role of sexual activity are very strongly influenced by cultural values. Culturally determined gender roles influence relationships between different-sex partners, and cultural values affect attitudes towards sexual variation. Cultures define what is deviant and from where help is sought. Through differing patterns of child-rearing, cultures also affect individuals' cognitive development, world views and explanatory models of emotional distress. It is critical that clinicians are aware of the role of culture in defining sexual dysfunction and how cultural factors can be used in initiating treatment as well as in therapeutic engagement and alliance. Although epidemiological data on prevalence of sexual dysfunction across cultures are scanty, it is likely that prevalences vary, as will pathways into care and patterns of help-seeking. In this article we discuss the potential impact of culture on sexual dysfunction, and issues that clinicians, whether in specialist or in general services, need to be aware of in assessing and treating patients who present with sexual dysfunction.