Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form Research Articles

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form: Evaluation of Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance.

Childhood trauma is known to put individuals at risk for mental and physical challenges later in life. Retrospective assessment of early abuse and neglect is critical for prevention and intervention efforts targeted at reducing the negative impacts of childhood trauma. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) is a widely used measure to assess trauma among adolescents and adults, though there are some inconsistencies with regard to its factor structure and psychometric properties. The purpose of the current study was twofold: (1) to evaluate the hypothesized five-factor structure of CTQ-SF and (2) to test measurement invariance (equivalence) of the instrument across gender and race in a large, nationally representative sample of US adults (N = 863). Confirmatory factor analysis results indicate that the five-factor model fit the data well. The results also show that the five-factor model is generally invariant by gender and racial/ethnic groups and that the form's subscales positively correlate with depression, anxiety, and abnormal inflammatory biomarker activity. Assessment is critical for the advocacy and treatment of individuals who have experienced abuse and neglect as children and adolescents. Our findings suggest that the CTQ-SF is a valuable tool for assessing childhood trauma and can be used in advocacy and treatment efforts.

Heterogeneity of resilience and the curvilinear relationship between childhood trauma and resilience among people with schizophrenia.

As a group with a high incidence of childhood trauma, the differential characteristics of resilience in schizophrenia and its relationship with childhood trauma are still unclear. A total of 626 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia were selected from four psychiatric hospitals in northern China. Childhood trauma and resilience were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-short form (CTQ-SF) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), respectively. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify the potential classes of resilience. A generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to explore and determine the shape of the relationship between childhood trauma and resilience. Model fits of LPA showed three heterogeneous classes of resilience: moderate resilience levels (n = 312; 49.06%); high resilience levels (n = 171; 26.89%) and low resilience levels (n = 153; 24.06%). Resilience scores fluctuated depending on amount of exposure to childhood trauma. The GAMM results verified the non-linear relationship between resilience and childhood trauma, with an estimated degree of freedom higher than 1 (4.573) and p = 0.003. RCS fitted for ordinary least square (OLS) regression models determined a smooth continuous cubic curve of resilience across childhood trauma levels, and the two turning points of the curve line were 41.04 and 54.74 for childhood trauma. Our findings confirm the people-specific differences in the level of resilience in schizophrenia and describe the cubic curvilinear relationship between childhood trauma and resilience, which provides data support for mechanistic research and intervention in related fields.

Cumulative childhood trauma and mobile phone addiction among chinese college students: role of self-esteem and self-concept clarity as serial mediators.

Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of people's lives, and their use has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, mobile phone addiction has also become a growing concern. This study investigates how cumulative childhood trauma relates to mobile phone addiction among Chinese college students, and the subsequent role of self-esteem and self-concept clarity. A sample of Chinese college students (N = 620) were investigated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Self-Concept Clarity Scale. The results showed that: (1) cumulative childhood trauma significantly and positively predicted mobile phone addiction among college students; (2) self-esteem mediated the association between cumulative childhood trauma and mobile phone addiction; and (3) self-esteem and self-concept clarity had a sequential mediating effect on the relationship between cumulative childhood trauma and mobile phone addiction. Thus, this study is a reminder to focus on the combined role of multiple adverse experiences and self-system factors in the intervention of mobile phone addiction.

Maternal childhood trauma and postpartum well-being in a Turkish sample: The path from attachment to alexithymia

Childhood traumas predispose adult individuals to develop insecure attachment styles in close relationships and alexithymia features causing limitations in emotional capacity. For new mothers, postpartum is a period in itself that may increase mood problems such as depression and anxiety and mothers may question their efficacy in their maternal role. Thus, the purpose of the current research was to examine the relationship between maternal childhood trauma, mood problems, and self-efficacy via serial mediation of insecure attachment styles and alexithymia. A sample of postpartum Turkish mothers with healthy singleton infants (N = 63, Mage = 29.19) participated in the research. Mothers filled out the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy Tool, CES-Depression Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory-II, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale during a home visit when the infants were one month old. In statistical analyses, the PROCESS macro for serial multiple mediation was applied. The results indicated that the relationship between maternal childhood trauma and postpartum depression and anxiety was serially mediated by anxious attachment and, in turn, alexithymia. On the other hand, the serial mediator roles of insecure attachment styles and alexithymia on the relationship between maternal childhood trauma and postpartum self-efficacy were not significant; rather, the direct effect of maternal childhood trauma on postpartum self-efficacy was significant. Findings suggest anxious, rather than avoidant, attachment, and alexithymia as intervention targets to buffer the effects of maternal childhood trauma on postpartum mood problems and self-efficacy, which may consequently prevent the intergenerational transmission of risk.

Childhood Trauma and Adult Somatic Symptoms.

Childhood trauma is a key public health risk factor for developing physical illness. This study examined how childhood abuse and neglect predict adult somatic symptoms assessed retrospectively and in real-time. Participants in the HowNutsAreTheDutch (HND) project completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF) and, to assess somatic symptoms, the cross-sectional Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15; N = 406) or a longitudinal ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol which included responding to an item on physical discomfort 3 times/day for 30 days ( N = 290). As hypothesized, childhood trauma was positively associated with adult somatic symptoms assessed using the PHQ-15 ( d = 0.30) and assessed using the EMA item ( d = 0.31), also after adjustment for age, gender, educational level, and relationship status. Longitudinally, we also explored whether interpersonal context moderated abuse outcomes, and observed that social company dampened momentary physical discomfort among people with a history of more physical neglect ( d = 0.04). Childhood trauma, especially emotional and sexual abuse, predict specific adult somatic symptoms. Future work may examine how symptom expression is influenced by the social lives of traumatized individuals.

Evaluation of parent bonding style and traumatic experiences in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A case-control study.

There is no consensus about the etiology of schizophrenia (SQZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Both hereditary and environmental factors are recognized, but the importance of variables like the role of parental attachment and trauma is still under research. Evaluate and compare the patient-parent bonding and the frequency and severity of various types of trauma in patients with SQZ, BD, and a control group from Primary Health Care. This study included 50 patients with SQZ and 50 with BD followed at a psychiatric hospital, through a convenience sample. Each participant of the clinical sample was paired with a control with no psychiatric background of the same gender and similar age, from a primary health center. Two scales were applied - Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF). Regarding PBI, there was a higher frequency of the most dysfunctional attachment style (affectionless control), in patients with SQZ and BD, with p < .001 (always), both for the father and the mother. In addition, ideal parenting style (optimal parenting) was significantly more common in control samples, with p = .002 or <.001, both for the father and for the mother. Trauma was more frequent and severe in SQZ and BD than controls, in all evaluated dimensions. Again, differences between groups are obvious, with p = .012 or <.001. Parental bonding style and scores in the care and overprotection dimensions were also correlated. The only parental bonding style in which correlations were found was in affectionless control. Correlations were more common in cases of neglect compared to abuse. In this research we found important differences in terms of parental attachment and childhood trauma between patients with SQZ and BD, compared with controls of the same gender and age.

The interaction of the oxytocin receptor gene and child abuse subtypes on social cognition in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder type I.

Most studies on cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder have neglected the role of early stress, despite the high frequency of childhood maltreatment in this clinical group. The aim of this study was to establish a connection between a history of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in childhood and social cognition (SC) in patients with bipolar disorder type I (BD-I) in euthymia, and to test a possible moderating effect of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs53576 in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). One hundred and one participants were included in this study. History of child abuse was evaluated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. Cognitive functioning was appraised using The Awareness of Social Inference Test (social cognition). The interaction effect between the independent variables OXTR rs53576 (AA/AG and GG) and the absence or presence of any one type of child maltreatment or a combination of types was analyzed using a generalized linear model regression. BD-I patients who had been victims of physical and emotional abuse in childhood and were carriers of the GG genotype at OXTR rs53576 displayed greater SC alterations, specifically in emotion recognition. This gene-environment interaction finding suggests a differential susceptibility model of a genetic variants that can be plausibly associated with SC functioning and might help to identify at-risk clinical subgroups within a diagnostic category. Future research aimed at testing the interlevel impact of early stress constitutes an ethical-clinical duty given the high rates of childhood maltreatment reported in BD-I patients.

Adverse childhood experiences as a risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in forensic psychiatric patients

BackgroundExposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have been found to have profound negative consequences on an individuals’ health. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a clinically complex and serious global health issue and is closely related to suicide attempts. Previous research has found associations between ACE and NSSI and suicide attempts in clinical samples. However, this association has to our knowledge not been studied to this extent in a sample of forensic psychiatric patients. The aim of this study was therefore to describe the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and their associations with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and/or suicide attempts in forensic psychiatric patients.MethodsThe current study is a cross-sectional study of a consecutive cohort of 98 forensic psychiatric patients (86.7% male) in Sweden. We invited 184 patients with a predicted stay of > 8 weeks who had been cleared for participation by their treating psychiatrist. Of these, 83 declined and 98 eligible patients provided informed consent. Information on ACE, NSSI, and suicide attempts derived from files, self-reports (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form; CTQ-SF), and interviews were compared separately among participants with and without NSSI or suicide attempts using t-tests. The dose–response association between ACE and NSSI/suicide attempts was analysed using binary logistic regression.ResultsIn file reviews, 57.2% of participants reported physical abuse, 20% sexual abuse, and 43% repeated bullying by peers during childhood. NSSI and suicide attempts were associated significantly with CTQ-SF total scores, with medium effect sizes (d = .60 to .63, p < .01), and strongly with several CTQ-SF subscales. Parental substance abuse was also associated with NSSI (p = .006, OR = 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36 to 7.66) and suicide attempts (p = .018, OR = 2.75; 95% CI = 1.18 to 6.42). Each additional ACE factor predicted an increased probability of NSSI (p = .016, OR = 1.29; CI = 1.04 to 1.59) but not of suicide attempts. When anxiety and depressive disorders were included in the model, ACE remained a significant predictor of NSSI.ConclusionsWe report extensive ACE, from both files and self-reports. When comparing groups, correlations were found between ACE and NSSI, and ACE and suicide attempts among forensic psychiatric patients. ACE seem to predict NSSI but not suicide attempts in this group, even when controlling for affective and anxiety disorders. Early ACE among forensic psychiatric patients, especially physical and emotional abuse and parental substance abuse, have important impacts on self-harming behaviours that must be acknowledged both by the institutions that meet them as children and in their later assessment and treatment.

The Psychometric Properties of the International Trauma Questionnaire in Taiwan.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder was often present after chronic traumatic events. The diagnostic criteria of complex post-traumatic disorder consisted of both post-traumatic stress disorder and disturbance in self-organization. People with complex post-traumatic disorder often exposed to chronic stress. It might not be as significant as the major traumatic event as survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder had experienced. Therefore, the impact of complex post-traumatic stress disorder was often ignored. It is critical to identify the at-risk individuals with complex post-traumatic disorder in community. We planned to investigate the psychometrics of the International Trauma Questionnaire for assessing complex post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in Taiwan. One hundred twenty-one individuals were enrolled and they completed 8 self-report scales, including International Trauma Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Chinese version of the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Interpersonal Relationship Scale. The psychometric of International Trauma Questionnaire was examined by bivariate correlation analysis, independent t-test, and factor analysis. The study showed International Trauma Questionnaire had good reliability and validity and corresponded with previous studies. The result of confirmatory factor analysis supported the structure of complex post-traumatic stress disorder criteria in International Classification of Diseases-11. The 2-factor second-order model was the best-fitting model. The 6 symptom domains of complex post-traumatic stress disorder were also significantly correlated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. It suggests that the Chinese version of International Trauma Questionnaire could be used for screening at-risk groups and future works for mental public health in Taiwan.

Maternal childhood trauma, postpartum mood problems, and self-efficacy in a Turkish sample: The path from attachment styles to alexithymia

Childhood traumas predispose adult individuals to develop insecure attachment styles in close relationships and alexithymia features causing limitations in an emotional capacity. For new mothers, postpartum is a period in itself that may increase mood problems such as depression and anxiety and mothers may question their efficacy in their maternal role. Thus, the purpose of the current research was to examine the relationship between maternal childhood trauma, mood problems, and self-efficacy via serial mediation of insecure attachment styles and alexithymia. A sample of postpartum Turkish mothers with healthy singleton infants (N = 63, Xage = 29.19) participated in the research. Mothers filled out the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy Tool, CES-Depression Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory-II, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale during a home visit when the infants were one month old. In statistical analyses, the PROCESS macro for serial multiple mediation was applied. The results indicated that the relationship between maternal childhood trauma and postpartum depression and anxiety was serially mediated by anxious attachment and, in turn, alexithymia. On the other hand, the serial mediator roles of insecure attachment styles and alexithymia on the relationship between maternal childhood trauma and postpartum self-efficacy were not significant; rather, the direct effect of maternal childhood trauma on postpartum self-efficacy was significant. Findings suggest anxious, rather than avoidant, attachment and alexithymia as intervention targets to buffer the effects of maternal childhood trauma on postpartum mood problems and self-efficacy, which may consequently prevent the intergenerational transmission of risk.

The influence of childhood maltreatment on trait depression in patients with major depressive disorder: A moderated mediation model of rumination and mindful attention awareness

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Individuals who were exposed to childhood maltreatment might be an especially vulnerable group and were more likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for depression than those who were not. Trait depression refers to a personality trait predisposition to depression, expressed as the frequency of symptoms rather than a transient depressive mood state. Clarifying the relationship between childhood maltreatment and trait depression in patients with MDD has therefore become an important field of research. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), State-Trait Depression Scale (ST-DEP), and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were used as research instruments. SPSS 23.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis and examined the moderated mediation models. A total of 288 patients with MDD were included in this study. After standardization of the variables, the model revealed childhood maltreatment was positively associated with trait depression (β = 0.215, p < 0.001) and that rumination partially mediated the effect between childhood trauma and trait depression. Mindfulness moderated the association between rumination and trait depression in depressed patients (β = 0.171, p < 0.001). Simple slope tests showed that rumination significantly predicted trait depression in patients with high levels of mindfulness (bsimple = 0.460, p < 0.001, 95%CI = [0.339, 0.581]), while this predictive effect was not significant in patients with low levels (bsimple = 0.119, p = 0.097, 95%CI = [−0.022, 0.261]). After adding mediating variables, we found that the negative impact of childhood maltreatment on trait depression was both directly and indirectly through the patients' own ruminative levels. However, mindfulness performed a critical moderating role in the overall mediating model, aggravating the negative impact of childhood maltreatment on trait depression. There are several limitations in this study: the history of childhood maltreatment was reviewed and reported; the MAAS was a single-dimensional questionnaire that fails to measure the content of other mindfulness factors; cross-sectional data could not be used to infer the causal relationship between variables.

The association of childhood maltreatment with Internet addiction: the serial mediating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression

ObjectivesChildhood maltreatment, cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERSs), and depression can be important in adolescents' Internet addiction. The current study aims to investigate the direct effect of childhood maltreatment on Internet addiction and its indirect effects via CERSs and depression. Participants and setting4091 adolescents (age M = 13.64, SD = 1.59; 48.9 % males) were recruited from a public school in China. MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short version (CERQ-Short), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). A latent structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. ResultsAfter controlling for age, childhood maltreatment was directly associated with adolescents' Internet addiction (β = 0.12, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the serial mediating effect via maladaptive CERSs and depression was 0.02 (95 % CI [0.01, 0.04]), and via adaptive CERSs and depression was 0.001 (95 % CI [0.0004, 0.002]), demonstrating significant serial mediating role of CERSs and depression in this relationship. No gender difference was observed. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that maladaptive CERSs and depression can be potential mechanisms relating childhood maltreatment to adolescents' Internet addiction, while adaptive CERSs can be a less influential factor for reducing Internet addiction.

Co-occurrence of PTSD and affective symptoms in a large sample with childhood trauma subtypes: A network analysis.

Exposure to childhood trauma (CT) is associated with various deleterious mental health outcomes, increasing the risk of suicidal behaviors. The objective of this study is to investigate the different effects of three forms of CT, including emotional abuse (EA), physical abuse (PA), and sexual abuse (SA), on potential psychopathological symptoms among college students. A total of 117,769 students from 63 Chinese colleges participated in this study. There were 1,191 participants in the EA group (1.24%; 95% CI: 1.17-1.31%), 1,272 participants in the PA group (1.32%; 95% CI: 1.25-1.40%), and 3,479 participants in the SA group (3.62%; 95% CI: 3.50-3.73%). CT was measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. Psychopathological symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, and PTSD) were measured by the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and Trauma Screening Questionnaire, respectively. Network analysis was applied to analyze psychopathological symptoms between three CT subgroups (EA, PA, and SA). The associations and centralities of the networks were calculated, and the network characteristics of the three subgroups were contrasted. The main symptoms across all three groups are uncontrollable worry, sad mood, irritability, and fatigue, which indicates these core symptoms play essential roles in maintaining the whole psychological symptoms network. Furthermore, there are significant differences in symptom associations between the three groups. The comparison of network structures of the three groups shows that the SA group reports more PTSD symptoms, the EA group reports more suicide-related symptoms, and the PA group reports more anxiety symptoms. Specific symptoms were disclosed across each group by the distinctive core psychopathological symptoms found in the CT subgroup networks. The present study's findings show different associations between CT and psychopathology and may help classify potential diagnostic processes. Therefore, local governments and academic institutions are recommended for early intervention to promote the psychological well-being of CT survivors.

Inflammatory burden of adolescents with childhood maltreatment: results from baseline data of a school cohort.

Increasing studies have investigated inflammatory burden of adults with childhood adversity, but less is known about how childhood maltreatment affects the inflammation level of adolescents. Baseline data of a school cohort of physical and mental health status and life experience survey on primary and secondary school students in Anhui Province, China was used. Childhood maltreatment of children and adolescents was assessed by Chinese version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Urine samples were collected to assess levels of soluble urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between childhood maltreatment exposure and risk of high inflammation burden. A total of 844 students were included with mean age 11.41 ± 1.57years old. Adolescents with emotional abuse were significantly more likely to have high level of IL-6 (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 1.16-11.14). In addition, adolescents with emotional abuse were more likely to show high IL-6 and high suPAR combination (OR = 33.41, 95% CI 1.69-659.22), and high IL-6 and low CRP combination (OR = 4.34, 95% CI 1.29-14.55). Subgroup analyses showed that emotional abuse was associated with high IL-6 burden among boys or adolescents with depression. Childhood emotional abuse was positively associated with higher burden of IL-6. Early detection and prevention of emotional abuse for children and adolescents, especially for boys or adolescents with depression status, may be helpful for preventing elevated inflammatory burden and related health problems.

Risk of childhood trauma exposure and severity of bipolar disorder in Colombia

IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) is higher in developing countries. Childhood trauma exposure is a common environmental risk factor in Colombia and might be associated with a more severe course of bipolar disorder in Low-Middle Income-Countries. We carried out the first case-control study (114 BD patients and 191 controls) in Colombia using a structural clinical interview and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) to describe the prevalence and association between trauma exposure during childhood with a severe course of illness in a sample of BD patients.Objectivesto describe the prevalence and association between trauma exposure during childhood with a severe course of illness in a sample of BD patients.MethodsA case-control study (114 controls versus 191 controls) that assessed outpatients between 18 and 65 years old, at a teaching hospital in Barranquilla, Colombia was carried-out. All participants were assessed with the SCID-5-CV, the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and the Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS). Additionally, exposure to childhood trauma was assessed using The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). The CTQ-SF is a brevity 28-item Likert-type, with a five-factor structure: emotional abuse EA, physical abuse PA, sexual abuse SA, physical neglect PN, and emotional neglect EN, self-administered instrument in order to assess multiple types of trauma during childhood.We generate an outcome variable named severe bipolar disorder defined by course severe of bipolar disorder as the presence of any clinical indicator of severity, previously delimited by the research team (early-onset, rapid cycling, ideation or suicide attempt, or 3 or more hospitalizations per year). Also, we carried out bivariate and regression analyses with each clinical indicator of severity as an outcome.ResultsCases included 61.4% BD type I and 38.6% BD type II. The median age was 31.5 years (IQR, 75-24) for BD patients and 31 years old (IQR, 38-24) for healthy controls. A higher prevalence of childhood trauma was evidenced in cases compared to controls.Multivariate logistic regression model in severe bipolar disorderSevere Bipolar DisorderVariableBSEOR95% CIp valuep modelR2Emotional Abuse0.830.362.301.753.03&lt;0.001&lt;0.0010.10Physical Abuse1.070.432.921.545.53&lt;0.001&lt;0.001Sexual Abuse1.610.445.044.735.36&lt;0.001&lt;0.001Physical Neglect0.280.491.320.931.870.117&lt;0.001Emotional Neglect1.240.383.452.285.23&lt;0.001&lt;0.001ConclusionsThis is the first association study between childhood trauma exposure as a higher risk for a severe course of illness in BD patients in Colombian. Our findings highlight the importance of screening and evaluating childhood trauma exposure during the course of BD patients.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Childhood trauma and anger in adults with and without depressive and anxiety disorders

IntroductionChildhood trauma (CT) is associated with severe sequelae, including personality disorders and stress-related mental health disorders that can perpetuate long into adulthood.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate (1) whether childhood trauma is associated with anger in adulthood, and, if so, (2) to explore which types of childhood trauma predominate in the prediction of anger, and (3) to explore whether the association is independent of psychopathology in a cohort that included participants without lifetime psychiatric disorders, with current or remitted depressive and anxiety disorders, or comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders.MethodsIn the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), childhood trauma was assessed with a semi-structured Childhood Trauma Interview (CTI) at baseline, and analyzed in relation to anger as measured at 4-year follow-up with the Spielberger Trait Anger Subscale (STAS), the Anger Attacks Questionnaire, and cluster B personality traits (i.e., borderline, antisocial) of the Personality Disorder Questionnaire 4 (PDQ-4), using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Post-hoc analyses comprised cross-sectional regression analyses, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short Form (CTQ-SF) obtained at 4-year follow-up.ResultsParticipants (n = 2,276) were on average 42.1 years (SD = 13.1), and 66.3% were female. Childhood trauma showed a dose-response association with all anger constructs. Zooming in, all types of childhood trauma except for sexual abuse were associated with higher levels of trait anger, and a higher prevalence of anger attacks and antisocial personality traits in adulthood, independently of depression and anxiety. Additionally, all types of childhood trauma were significantly associated with borderline personality traits. Cross-sectionally, the effect sizes were larger compared to the analyses with the childhood trauma measured four years prior to the anger measures.ConclusionsChildhood trauma is linked with anger in adulthood, most strongly for trait anger and borderline personality traits. It is of clinical importance to explore childhood traumatic experience and start trauma-focused interventions when appropriate.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Association between adverse childhood experiences and the number of suicide attempts in lifetime

IntroductionAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs), defined as abuse, neglect, or a dysfunctional household in childhood, have been associated with suicidality (Fjeldsted et al., 2020). Every type of ACE has a direct impact on suicide ideation, self-harm and/or suicide attempt (Angelakis et al., 2019).ObjectivesWe aim to quantify the association between types of ACEs (including emotional, physical, sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect) and the number of suicide attempts in lifetime.MethodsWe included 748 patients who attempted suicide at least once. They were asked to complete the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Logistic regression models were run to assess the association between each ACE type and the number of suicide attempts.ResultsPoisson univariate regression analyses show a linear trend in the relationship between having a higher number of suicide attempts and having suffered every ACE type in childhood (p&lt;0.05). Our results show a lower percentage of previous suicide attempts among participants without ACEs, and an increasing tendency among patients with various types of ACEs. The rate of ACEs types is significantly higher in the group with previous suicide attempts than in the first-attempt group (p=0.000).Image:Image 2:ConclusionsThis study contributes to clarify the role of childhood trauma in the number of suicide attempts in lifetime. This has important implications for reducing suicide rates, and preventing future re-attempts. Further studies analysing every construct of childhood trauma may contribute to the detection of suicidal behaviour.FundingsThis work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant number: PI19/00941 SURVIVE) and co-funded by the European Union (grant numbers: COV20/00988, PI17/00768), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme Societal Challenges (grant number: 101016127), and the Fundación Española de Psiquiatría y Salud MentalAcknowledgementsSURVIVE project (PI19/00941)KeywordsSuicide attempt, Adverse Childhood ExperiencesReferencesAngelakis, I., Gillespie, E. L., &amp; Panagioti, M. (2019). Childhood maltreatment and adult suicidality: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(7), 1057-1078. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718003823Fjeldsted, R., Teasdale, T. W., &amp; Bach, B. (2020). Childhood trauma, stressful life events, and suicidality in Danish psychiatric outpatients. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 74(4), 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1702096Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Psychometric properties and normative data of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form in Chinese adolescents.

The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) is a widely utilized instrument of childhood maltreatment (CM). However, psychometric properties and normative data of the CTQ-SF for Chinese adolescents are still unknown. To examine psychometric properties and normative data of Chinese version CTQ-SF in a nationally representative sample of Chinese adolescents, including internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, structural validity, and convergent validity. A total of 20,951 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years were recruited from five provinces across China. Item analysis was used for 25 clinical items of the CTQ-SF. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine fit indices of the factor structure. The Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale (ACEs) was used to evaluate convergent validity. The percentile ranks for scores of the CTQ-SF and each subscales were presented. According to the results of three methods in Item analysis, Item 4 should be dropped. The remaining 24 clinical items achieved satisfactory fits in an alternative four-factor model. The alternative CTQ-SF showed acceptable internal consistency and the Cronbach's α of the four subscales was 0.824 (Neglect), 0.755 (Sexual Abuse), 0.713 (Physical Abuse), and 0.666 (Emotional Abuse), respectively. Besides, test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the alternative CTQ-SF were also acceptable. The alternative four-factor model CTQ-SF exhibits good reliability and validity among Chinese adolescents. Additionally, the normative information of the CTQ-SF could provide practical support for determining severity of different subtypes of CM.

Psychometric Testing of Chinese Version of ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools-Retrospective Version: A Study Based on College Students

ABSTRACT Child abuse is a worldwide public health problem, while its characteristics (e.g., timing, feelings, and characteristics of perpetrators) still need further exploration, particularly in the Chinese cultural context. This study translated and validated the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools-Retrospective version in the Chinese cultural context, and delineated child abuse using the Chinese version of ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Retrospective Version (ICAST-R-C). A total of 2,223 college students were recruited from seven major geographical divisions of China. The results showed that internal consistency of physical, emotional, sexual, and overall abuse were .66, .56, .63, and .72, respectively. A three-factor model of the ICAST-R-C fitted well, and it had good criterion-related validity with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-short form (CTQ-SF). Prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse was 9.90%, 28.90%, and 6.30%, respectively. These findings suggest that the reliability and validity of ICAST-R-C are acceptable and it reflects more detailed characteristics of abuse, which indicates that ICAST-R-C is an acceptable measure for evaluating childhood abuse in Chinese college students.

RESILIENCE AS A PREDICTOR OF TRAIT ANXIETY IN LATE ADOLESCENTS WITH CHILDHOOD TRAUMA

Childhood trauma experiences can produce negative contributions to mental health such as anxiety, which can develop into trait anxiety. The increase in trait anxiety can be reduced by the presence of resilience in a person. This study aims to determine the effect of resilience as a predictor of trait anxiety in late adolescents with childhood trauma. This study involved 158 late adolescents with childhood trauma, consisting of 111 girls and 47 boys with the purposive sampling method. The measuring instrument used in this study is the Indonesian translation of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) for measuring childhood trauma, The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) for measuring resilience, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y-2 (STAI Y-2) for measuring trait anxiety. Simple linear regression was used to analyze the data and obtained a significant result (p = 0,001 &lt; 0,05, t = -5,081). The result of the study is resilience can predict the emergence of trait anxiety in late adolescents with childhood trauma, which indicates that the higher the level of resilience in a person, the lower the level of trait anxiety that exists, and vice versa.