Social Status Of Children Research Articles

Changing texture of childhood: Palestinian children as new leisure consumers in mandatory Haifa

ABSTRACT During the British Mandate, the city of Haifa in Northern Palestine undergone profound cultural transformation which was manifested in the flourishing of a new range of public and commercial forms and institutions of leisure. This article analyses the ways in which Palestinian children in Haifa became legitimate and key consumers of these leisure arenas and examines the development of a cultural array especially designated for them. This, I argue, reflected the emergence of a new conception of ‘childhood’ as a socially constructed category of identity, which marked a separate phase in life, with its own specific qualities and needs. The article also shows how the shifts in the social status of children brought about inter-generational tensions that intensified in light of the political tension and the national struggle. It sheds light on the substantial expectations, which were placed on children’s shoulders with regards to the future of the budding nation.

Effects of toothache on the educational and social status of children

Effects of toothache on the educational and social status of children

Subpial transection surgery for epilepsy.

Nearly 30% of patients with epilepsy continue to have seizures despite using several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Such patients are regarded as having refractory, or uncontrolled, epilepsy. While there is no universally accepted definition of uncontrolled, or medically refractory, epilepsy, for the purposes of this review we will consider seizures as drug resistant if they have failed to respond to a minimum of two AEDs. Specialists consider that early surgical intervention may prevent seizures at a younger age, which in turn may improve the intellectual and social status of children. Many types of surgery are available for treating refractory epilepsy; one such procedure is known as subpial transection. To assess the effects of subpial transection for focal-onset seizures and generalised tonic-clonic seizures in children and adults. For the latest update we searched the following databases on 7 August 2018: the Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), which includes the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to August 06, 2018), ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We imposed no language restrictions. We considered all randomised and quasi-randomised parallel-group studies, whether blinded or non-blinded. Two review authors (BK and SR) independently screened trials identified by the search. The same two review authors planned to independently assess the methodological quality of studies. Had we identified studies for inclusion, one review author would have extracted the data, and the other would have verified the data. We found no relevant studies. We found no evidence to support or refute the use of subpial transection surgery for patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Well-designed randomised controlled trials are needed to guide clinical practice.

Bullying, defending, and outsider behaviors: The moderating role of social status and gender in their relationship with empathy.

The aim of the present study was to examine whether the effect of empathy on the role children play in bullying situations, as either bullies, defenders or outsiders, was moderated by children's social status within their classroom, and whether this moderation was gender dependent. For this purpose, we used a representative sample of 2,050 Spanish primary school children (50.80% girls) from grades 3-6 (Mage = 9.80 years; SD = 1.24), recruited from 27 primary schools. Results showed that the effect of empathy on bullying behavior was moderated by the sociometric rating only in girls. Both empathy and social rating had an effect on defending behavior. However, neither the children's sociometric rating nor their gender moderated the relationship between empathy and defending and outsider behaviors. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for interventions designed to prevent bullying in school settings.

1910년대 이전의 아동 위상 제고提高활동 - 기독교계의 출판 활동을 중심으로 -

1910년대 이전의 아동 위상 제고提高활동 - 기독교계의 출판 활동을 중심으로 -

1910년대 이전의 아동 위상 제고提高활동 - 기독교계의 출판 활동을 중심으로 -

1910년대 이전의 아동 위상 제고提高활동 - 기독교계의 출판 활동을 중심으로 -

Od przedmiotu do podmiotu. Status dziecka w rodzinie i społeczeństwie

The status of children in family and society is low since the year dot. This state of things is caused especially by adultcentrism, which means the view on youngsters from adult perspective, including the belief that adulthood is normality and standard, whereas childhood is state of incompleteness and imperfection. The article discusses the roots of adultcentric notions, instrumental treatment and social exclusion of children. The author examines the changes in social status of children and the influenceof consumerism and information revolution on contemporary role of children in family and society. She also considers why the objectification of children is so difficult to end.

Childhood obesity: can the scale weigh popularity?

ABSTRACTIn hypothetical playmate preference tasks, obese figures are rarely picked up as friends. This study aims to observe what happens in real life and examine the relationship between body-size and social status in children. Four-hundred and fourteen children aged 5, 7 and 9 years were given a sociometric test. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of each child was calculated. Children were classified as average, popular or with a negative social status. A negative association between body-size and popularity was found. Popular children had the lowest mean BMI, while neglected and rejected children had the highest. Not a single obese child was found to be popular while overweight children had more chances to be popular with increasing age. The findings suggest that obesity is a risk factor for children’s social development as early as preschool age.

El encabalgamiento escolar y cultural de la Literatura infantil

The aim of this article is to reflect on the academic and social status of Children’s literature. In order to do so, the authors have carried out an analysis of the socio-cultural context surrounding this literature; a revision of the implications and scope of its classification as children's, as well as current trends related to the topic. This study notes that these elements lead to some problems of definition in this discipline and, above all, a lack of clear conceptualization, motivated by the possible educational categorization of Children's Literature and its stereotyped vision imposed by society.

School and Vulnerable Families

In many ways, a person's educational path depends on their family background. Families' living conditions and current living situation affect the educational opportunities of children and young people, whose lives are influenced by the problems, inequalities or privileges that stem from their origins.For example, there are differences in families' educational aspirations, i.e., their expectations and demands regarding the children and young people's success in school, and this undoubtedly affects their educational path. In the same way, parents have very different opportunities and a varying capacity for helping their children with school matters. Finally, the sociocultural and habituated dispositions resulting from the way families live their everyday lives are highly relevant to access to education. The family and the school are thus profoundly interdependent.Within every family, a family-specific develops, which depends on how families are involved in their milieu and extends beyond socialisation processes to produce a kind of basic comprising of specific capabilities for action, preferences and adopted lifestyles (Brake & Buchner, 2011; Ecarius 2013; Grundmann et al., 2010). These family-related adopted lifestyles correspond to the behavioural expectations of schools in varying degrees. The expectations include factors such as students' rationality, cognitive approach, diligence, forward planning and capacity for considered communication. Depending on their milieu, families may meet these behavioural expectations to various extents, leading some students to have problems fitting into the school system (Lange & Xylander 2011, 23; Sting 2016, 128). At the same time, families' habituated dispositions meet with varying levels of social acceptance, greater or lesser degrees of social recognition and prestige. Bourdieu's studies on the socially differentiating function of the habitus showed that family lifestyles are one element of a hierarchical set of social positions that produce unequal educational opportunities (Bourdieu, 1994). For the acquisition of legitimate education, an unequal background in terms of habitus goes hand in hand with an unequal socioeconomic background, which considerably limits the opportunities of low social status families to attain advanced levels of education.Recent international educational studies have all shown a connection between family background and scholastic success. In the countries these studies investigate, links can be seen between the social status of children and young people's families and their educational opportunities. Although these links vary in extent, one thing is clear: education and social support systems manage to reduce background-related educational inequalities to varying degrees (c.f., for example, Hartas, 2011; OECD, 2016, 74-89; OECD, 2016a, 63-78). One group that is the focus of particular attention is vulnerable families.This special edition of the CEPS Journal, dedicated to vulnerability, clearly reflects the needs of our time: it comes at a point when the state is shirking its responsibility towards the vulnerable and underprivileged, when discourse on shouldering personal responsibility for one's own fate has intensified, and when responsibility for vulnerable families has shifted onto non-governmental, volunteer and philanthropic organisations.Vulnerable families usually suffer from two levels of disadvantage: firstly, they mostly have a low social status, and secondly, they are affected by acute or chronic problems or crises that impact their involvement in and willingness to deal with school requirements. The contributions in this edition address the pressing need for collective responsibility and the concerted action of all experts and institutions in the fields of education, social care and health.Contemporary work on vulnerability is currently facing a number of contradictions. Even though the understanding that priority should be given to policies and approaches that address the needs of the vulnerable in a holistic manner has been widely accepted, the various services and organisations very rarely communicate with one another, and infrequently share their experiences and findings or discuss the challenges and dilemmas that they encounter; they seldom establish common, intersecting areas of work or interdisciplinary response practices. …

Childhood socioeconomic status does not explain the IQ-mortality gradient

BackgroundCognitive ability correlates with mortality risk, but confounding from childhood social class has been a persistent concern. While studies controlling for indicators of childhood social status report limited attenuation of coefficients, important parental and family factors are likely to vary substantially within social class. MethodsNorwegian administrative register data with high-quality intelligence scores measured at age 18–19 for the large majority of males in the 1962–1990 birth cohorts (n=720,261) were used to assess the IQ-mortality gradient using progressively stronger controls for childhood social class in Cox proportional hazard and linear probability models. A family-fixed effects specification avoids confounding from any family or childhood characteristics fixed over time within families (e.g., childhood socio-economic status, parenting style, and neighborhood environment). ResultsA large difference in mortality risk is evident across Norwegian males: We find that the mortality risk of the lowest ability bracket, relative to that of the median bracket, is 2.31 (Confidence Interval (CI): 2.12, 2.52, p<0.0005), declining to 0.64 (CI: 0.56, 0.73, p<0.0005) for the highest ability bracket. Estimated differences are similar in linear probability models with and without controls for birth year and parental SES, in Cox models with birth year and parental SES controls, and in a linear probability model with family-fixed effects. ConclusionsThe IQ-mortality gradient is not due to confounding from family background or childhood SES. Higher IQ-scores are associated with substantially reduced mortality risk within a modern welfare-state setting, and the relationship was largely stable across a 30-year period.

The Syrian civil war: Impact of on-going violence on Syrian children's social, educational and health status

Background: The Syrian civil war since 2011 is one of the most complex humanitarian emergencies in history. This protracted disaster has but negative aspects, especially on living, educational and health care infrastructure and services. The goal of this study is to document the impact of four years of war on Syrian children's social, educational and health status. Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted in May 2015. Health care workers, especially trained for this study, visited home by home in four Syrian governorates with a prospectively designed questionnaire. Results: Of 1080 filled-out questionnaires, 1001 were complete and included in this study. Most lived in the Aleppo governorate (n = 413; 41%), 359 in Idleb (36%), 147 in Hamah (15%) and 82 in Lattakia (8%). Median age was 6 years (IQR; 0-15), most were male (n = 611; 61%). Almost 20% of all children were Internally Displaced Persons (n = 196), 45 lost their father (5%) and 41 (4%) had their father missing, 19 (2%) lost their mother and of 27 (3%) the mother was missing. Of all, 855 (86%) had access to safe drinking water, and 775 (77%) could access appropriate sanitation. About 16% (n = 156) had interrupted access to nutrition. Almost 27% suffered from diseases related to malnutrition. Access to specific health care providers was disturbed in 64% (n = 646), and only 28% had an updated vaccination status. Of all school-aged children, 450 (51%) had no access to education at the time of the study. Most children suffered from respiratory (29%), neurological (19%) or digestive (17%) diseases, 4% was victim of injury or violence, and 2% suffered from mental problems. Discussion and conclusion: After four years of civil war in Syria, children have lost parents, live in substandard life quality circumstances, and are at risk for outbreaks because of worsening vaccination status and specific healthcare provider attention.

The Social Status of Children with Disabilities and Their Families as Determined by Census Data

Russia’s ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has necessitated that regular monitoring studies of the social situation of people with disabilities and families with disabled members be conducted. These studies have exacerbated the issue of obtaining accessible data that is suitable for these purposes. The article investigates specific concerns related to Russian disability statistics and the place of census data in compiling these statistics. The latter are of interest to the study of the social position of disabled persons in Russia. However, they have never been used for these purposes before. This article focuses on the analysis of the socioeconomic situation of families with disabled children as one of the most vulnerable groups in the population. We analyze the accuracy of the census estimates of the contingent of children with disabilities as compared against administrative data, and discover that the number of disabled children has been underreported, due to the inaccuracy of the disability criterion. We have assessed the composition of families with disabled children, the level of education and employment of parents, the livelihoods of these families, and the level of access of children to education on the basis of the recently released microdata from the 2002 and 2010 Russian Censuses. In light of these characteristics, we are able to demonstrate existing inequalities in the social status of families with disabled children in comparison with other families with children without disabilities. In conclusion, having determined the scope of the problem, we demonstrate the possibility for developing disability statistics as the foundation for implementing the principles of the CRPD. In particular, we propose methods for providing a social definition of disability by assessing functional status through continuous and sample surveys of the population. The use of standard international practices would allow assessing the social status of families with disabled children in a comparative perspective.

Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen aus Familien mit ungesichertem Aufenthaltsstatus im Vergleich zu Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund: Auswertung der KiGGS-Daten 2003–06

The health of children and adolescents from families with insecure residence status could be poorer compared to other children with permanent residence permits in Germany due to exposure before and during flight. Their insecure residence status and their comparably low social status in the destination country may contribute towards access barriers to health care. However, selection effects might also lead to better health compared to other children in the destination country. This study compares the health status of children and adolescents with insecure residence status to that of other children with and without migration background in Germany. We use data from the Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). In multivariable logistic regression models we analyze the associations between children's residence status and their subjective and mental health, as well as their utilization of emergency services and vaccination status while adjusting for the children's social status and migration background. Among 17,245 children, 197 (1.1 %) had an insecure residence status. Adjusting only for age and sex, an insecure residence status is associated with poorer subjective health (OR=3.12 (2.07-4.94)), mental problems (OR=1.83 (1.16-2.87)), an incomplete vaccination status (OR=2.0 (1.33-3.0)) and the use of emergency health services (OR=2.28 (1.2-4.36)). After adjusting also for social and migration status, only the association with the use of emergency care remains significant (OR=2.53 (1.18-5.43)). This association possibly indicates barriers to the use of regular primary care services, which requires further research.

Bullying: young children's roles, social status, and prevention programmes

ABSTRACTBullying in schools has been identified as a serious and complex worldwide problem associated with young children's victimization. Research studies indicate the frequency and effects of bullying among young children. The effects seem to be across-the-board for both bullies and victims, who are at risk of experiencing emotional, social, and academic difficulties. When preschool children first enter school, they become social members of a peer group. Preschool is the first context outside the home environment where young children encounter social problems when they interact with peers and become exposed to bullying behaviours. The purpose of this review is to present current empirical evidence about the nature and distinctive facet of bullying among preschool children. Studies trace the development of preschool bullying and its pervasiveness. This review describes young children's participation in bullying including their different roles, social status, and prevention programmes.

Cost-effectiveness of a Community-based Rehabilitation Programme in Nepal

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of a community-based rehabilitation (CBR) programme known as Inspire2Care (I2C), implemented in Nepal by Karuna Foundation Nepal. In the absence of any gold standard methodology to measure cost-effectiveness, the authors developed a new methodology to estimate the programme’s achievements and cost-effectiveness. Methods: Financial records were reviewed to determine total expenditure during the period August 2011 - December 2013. Programme records which documented the physical, mental and social status of children and adults with a disability qualitatively before, during and after the intervention were used to determine a starting disability weight and improvement score, which was then converted into a change in disability weight. The disability weight and expected remaining lifespan of each person were used to estimate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted by the intervention. The cost per DALYaverted was estimated by dividing the total programme expenditure by the sum of DALYs averted over that same period. Results : I2C cost 204,823 Euros to implement over the period August 2011 - December 2013. In total, an estimated 1,065 DALYs were averted from the treatment and rehabilitation components. The cost per DALY averted was 192.34 Euros. Conclusions and Implications: The methodology devised for the study was able to successfully estimate the cost-effectiveness of the I2C programme. Using WHO benchmarks, this programme can be considered highly cost-effective. Other organisations can assess the cost-effectiveness of their programmes by using the assessment improvement score and subsequent conversion to DALYs averted. However, while mental, physical and social gains have been captured, other benefits from I2C cannot be captured in the cost per DALY averted statistic. Further research is needed to develop methods for incorporating these harder-to-measure gains in cost-effectiveness studies with a single outcome measure like the DALY.

Subpial transection surgery for epilepsy.

Nearly 30% of patients with epilepsy continue to have seizures in spite of using several antiepileptic drug (AED) regimens. Such patients are regarded as having refractory, or uncontrolled, epilepsy. No definition of uncontrolled, or medically refractory, epilepsy has been universally accepted, but for the purposes of this review, we will consider seizures as drug resistant if they have failed to respond to a minimum of two AEDs. It is believed that early surgical intervention may prevent seizures at a younger age, which, in turn, may improve the intellectual and social status of children. Many types of surgery are available for treatment of refractory epilepsy; one such procedure is known as subpial transection. To determine the benefits and adverse effects of subpial transection for partial-onset seizures and generalised tonic-clonic seizures in children and adults. We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialised Register (29 June 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; May 2015, Issue 5) and MEDLINE (1946 to 29 June 2015). We imposed no language restrictions. We considered all randomised and quasi-randomised parallel-group studies, whether blinded or non-blinded. Two review authors (BK and SR) independently screened trials identified by the search. The same two review authors planned to independently assess the methodological quality of studies. When studies were identified for inclusion, one review author would have extracted the data, and the other would have verified the data. We found no relevant studies. We found no evidence to support or refute use of subpial transection surgery for patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Well-designed randomised controlled trials are needed to guide clinical practice.

Outcomes for Young Children's Social Status from Playing Group Games: Experiences from a Primary School in Hong Kong

This exploratory study involved a structured group-games intervention to develop first-grade students’ social competence. The effects were evaluated by assessing possible outcomes for the children's social status. A sample of 119 first-grade, mixed-ability students from a Hong Kong primary school participated in the sessions (63 boys, 56 girls: mean age 74 months). Sessions were led by trained parent-volunteers and involved a 60-minute session each week for 8 weeks in the children's own classrooms. Peer nominations were used before and after intervention to assess participants’ social status under five possible categories ― popular, rejected, controversial, neglected and average. Improvement in children's social awareness and social status was noted following the intervention. Children's competence in playing group games was found to be positively correlated with their social acceptance. The findings support the value of early social intervention in classrooms as a practical way for preparing first-grade students for primary school life.

Assessing Callous-Unemotional Traits in Preschool Children With Disruptive Behavior Problems Using Peer Reports

The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which preschoolers with externalizing behavior problems (EBP) can identify behaviors indicative of callous-unemotional (CU) traits among their peers. Participants for this study included 86 preschool children (69% boys; Mage = 5.07 years) with at-risk or clinically elevated levels of EBP who were attending a summer treatment camp. Data collected from the children, their peers, and the counselors who worked at the summer camp examined preschoolers’ social preference, likability, and behaviors indicative of CU. Parents and preschool teachers also reported on children's CU traits and severity of behavioral impairment, as well as school readiness. Peer nominations of CU traits showed (a) excellent factor structure as evidenced by clear CU items (e.g., “don't feel bad when they do something wrong”) versus more prosocial items (“share,” “cooperate”); (b) moderate construct validity when compared to counselor reports of the CU factor as well as preschool teacher reported ratings of CU traits and severity of behavioral impairment; and (c) good utility as evidenced by associations with peer and counselor rated social preference, likability, and school readiness measures as rated by both parents and preschool teachers. These findings indicate that as early as preschool, children with EBP can identify peers who engage in behaviors indicative of CU traits, which have significant implications for children's social status and overall school readiness.

Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents--a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden.

BackgroundIn Sweden, self-reported depressive symptoms have increased among young people of both genders, but little is known about social differences in the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents in welfare states, where such differences can be less pronounced. Therefore, the aim was to investigate whether multiple measures of low social status in childhood affect depressive symptoms in adolescence. A secondary aim was to explore potential gender effect modification.MethodsParticipants were recruited in 1998 for a longitudinal study named BROMS. The study population at baseline consisted of 3020 children, 11–12 years-old, from 118 schools in Stockholm County, followed up through adolescence. This study is based on 1880 adolescents answering the follow-up survey in 2004, at age 17–18 (62% of the initial cohort). Parental education, occupation, country of birth, employment status and living arrangements were reported at baseline, by parents and adolescents. Depressive symptoms were self-reported by the adolescents in 2004, using a 12-item inventory. The associations between childhood social status and depressive symptoms in adolescence are presented as Odds Ratios (OR), estimated through logistic regression. Gender interaction with social factors was estimated through Synergy Index (SI).ResultsIncreased risk of depressive symptoms was found among adolescents whose parents had low education (OR 1.8, CI = 1.1-3.1), were unskilled workers (OR 2.1, CI = 1.2-3.7), intermediate non-manual workers (OR 1.8, CI = 1.0-3.0), or self-employed (OR 2.2, CI = 1.2-3.7), compared to parents with high education and high non-manual work. In addition, adolescents living exclusively with one adult had an increased risk compared to those living with two (OR 2.8, CI = 1.1-7.5), while having foreign-born parents was not associated with depressive symptoms. An interaction effect was seen between gender and social factors, with an increased risk for girls of low-educated parents (SI = 3.4, CI = 1.3-8.9) or living exclusively with one adult (SI = 4.9, CI = 1.4-6.8).ConclusionsThe low social position in childhood may increase the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents even in countries with small social differences and a highly developed welfare system, such as Sweden. Girls with low educated parents or living exclusively with one adult may be particularly vulnerable. This knowledge is of importance when planning preventive interventions or treatment.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0096-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.