Childhood Questionnaire Research Articles

The association of parental age at delivery with childhood allergic disease and the modified effect of breastfeeding.

Childhood allergic diseases are a global concern; quite limited studies have examined the impacts of parental age at delivery. This study aimed to explore the association between separate and combined parental age at delivery and childhood allergic diseases and whether adequate breastfeeding could modify this association. This cross-sectional study sampled 15,976 children from Shanghai, China. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire was adopted to evaluate allergic diseases. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association of parental age and exclusive breastfeeding with allergic diseases. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergy, drug allergy, urticaria, and eczema was 21.2%, 14.2%, 8.7%, 3.9%, 15.6%, and 35.5%, respectively. Either of parental age at delivery ≥25 years could increase the risk of allergic diseases in most cases, where paternal age showed a stronger effect. The risk was further elevated when parental age were both ≥25 years (OR ranged from 1.266 to 1.541, all p < .05 except for drug allergy). Breastfeeding >6 months was inversely associated with all types of allergic diseases and involved in attenuating the risk caused by parental age ≥25 years. These findings were generally validated by sensitivity examination as well as stratified analyses. Parental age at delivery ≥25 years was a risk factor for most childhood allergic diseases. Breastfeeding >6 months applied to modifying the risk chalked up to parental age. These findings are significant given the rising age of parents and increasing prevalence of childhood allergic diseases.

Associations between maternal fish intake and polyunsaturated fatty acid status with childhood asthma in a high fish-eating population.

Studies investigating associations between prenatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status (PUFAs), in particular the anti-inflammatory n-3 PUFAs, and the development of childhood asthma have yielded conflicting results. To determine the associations between maternal fish intake (a rich source of the n-3 PUFAs), maternal or cord PUFAs with the prevalence of childhood asthma in a high fish-eating population. We examined these associations between fish intake and PUFA concentrations with childhood asthma prevalence in the Seychelles Child Development Study Nutrition Cohort 2, a large observational study in a high fish-eating population. Maternal fish intake during pregnancy and child's fish intake at 7 years were assessed by questionnaire, with frequency reported as meals/week. Serum concentrations of PUFAs were quantified in maternal blood collected at 28 weeks' gestation (n = 1448) and in cord blood (n = 1088). Asthma in children at 7 years was assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire (n = 1098). A total of 97 children (10.5%) were reported to have asthma. In regression analysis, the odds of childhood asthma were not associated with maternal fish intake or maternal PUFA status. Cord DHA concentrations were associated with increased asthma prevalence when the highest quartile (≥0.123 mg/mL) was compared with the lowest (<0.061 mg/mL). The results from this current study add to the growing body of evidence that fish consumption during pregnancy is not associated with asthma development in offspring. The associations between cord blood DHA and asthma prevalence are unexpected and warrant further investigation.

Household fuel use and severe asthma symptoms among preschool children in Gauteng province, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundHousehold air pollution continues to be a major public health hazard due to the continued use of household fuel sources. Globally, approximately 4 million people die prematurely each year due...

The Prevalence of Childhood Asthma, Respiratory Symptoms and Associated Air Pollution Sources Among Adolescent Learners in Selected Schools in Vhembe District, South Africa.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 2855 adolescents from fourteen (14) selected schools in communities exposed to high levels of air pollution from indoor residual spraying (IRS) that is used for malaria vector control in the Vhembe region. Data were collected using a self-administered standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Statistical software STATA version 17 was used to analyze the data. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between air pollution sources and childhood asthma/symptoms. The prevalences of asthma, 'wheeze ever' and 'wheeze in the past' were 18.91%, 37.69% and 24.69%, respectively. The results from the adjusted binary logistic regression model indicated that exposure to tobacco smoke (OR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.08-3.16), smoking a water pipe (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.16-2.36) and the use of paraffin as fuel for heating (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 0.97-2.88) and cooking (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.29-1.00) were significant risk factors for asthma. Trucks passing through the streets, having a cat at home and using open fires were significantly associated with 'wheeze in the past'. Finally, using gas for cooking (OR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.53-0.99), open fires for heating (OR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.35-0.80) and smoking a water pipe (OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.78-3.44) were associated with 'wheeze ever'. School children living in these communities had an increased risk of developing asthma and presenting with wheezing due to exposure to environmental air pollution sources.

Exploring the Relationship of Dietary Intake With Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity, Beyond ADHD

Objectives: This study investigates the association between dietary intake and ADHD diagnosis and its dimensions in adolescents. Methods: In the KOALA Birth Cohort Study, 810 adolescents aged 16 to 20 years provided information on ADHD diagnosis and completed a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were extracted using Principal Component Analysis. Parents reported on ADHD symptoms using the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale—Revised Short form, and the Impulsivity subscale from the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire. Results: The 80 adolescents with ADHD scored higher on the Snacking dietary pattern compared to those without ADHD, while they did not differ on Healthy, Animal-based, Sweet, or Beverage dietary patterns. All ADHD symptom scores (Hyperactivity, Inattention and Impulsivity, and ADHD-index) correlated with increased Snacking. Impulsivity was inversely related to Sweet dietary patterns and positively to Beverage dietary patterns. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of considering ADHD dimensions beyond diagnosis in understanding adolescents’ dietary intake.

Evaluation of Infants Hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit Due to Acute Severe Bronchiolitis in Terms of Recurrent Wheezing or Asthma Development

Objective: Bronchiolitis stands out as the most prevalent lower respiratory tract infection among young children. Severe bronchiolitis, or bronchiolitis requiring admission to the hospital, affects 2-3% of all infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate individuals who were followed up in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) due to severe bronchiolitis in terms of asthma development. Material and Methods: Patients who were admitted Ankara Bilkent City Hospital PICU between January 2013 and December 2022, who were diagnosed with severe bronchiolitis and who had no additional systemic disease were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients, intensive care support treatments, duration of hospital stays, atopic conditions, and respiratory viral panel cultures was documented. The current clinical condition of the patients was documented through hospital records and telephone interviews conducted with their caregivers. The existence of asthma symptoms and the utilization of treatments within the last 12 months were evaluated according to the guidelines of the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the 60 patients admitted to the intensive care unit who met the study criteria was 13.5±7.2 months. The mean age of the children at the time of the study was 42.5 months. Male gender was more predominant (n=39, 65%). The mean number of days that respiratory support was received in intensive care was 4.9 (±3.5) days and the mean number of days of systemic steroid therapy was 3.8 (±1.7) days. In the viral respiratory tract, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) was isolated at the highest frequency in 27 patients, accounting for 45%, followed by rhinovirus (n=6, 10%) and Bocavirus (n=5, 8.3%). The number of patients receiving current asthma treatment was (n=33, 55%). Upon assessing the current status, it was found that there had been 25 (41.6%) patients with asthma attacks over the past 12 months. Conclusion: This study revealed that over half of the patients who experienced severe bronchiolitis subsequently developed asthma, with some not being referred to an allergy clinic. Furthermore, it was observed that certain patients, despite presenting with asthma symptoms, were unaware that these symptoms were attributable to asthma. We recommend that patients admitted to the PICU with a diagnosis of severe bronchiolitis be closely monitored for the potential development of asthma and that families be thoroughly informed at the time of discharge.

Prevalence, symptomatology and factors associated with asthma in adolescents aged 13–14 years from rural Sri Lanka: an analytical cross-sectional study

BackgroundAsthma is the most common chronic disease affecting children. However, the epidemiology of asthma in adolescents from rural geographies is lacking.MethodsAn analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in secondary schools located...

Prevalence of Asthma and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Children Aged 5-10 Years in a Rural Area of Coimbatore: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Asthma is one of the serious health problems among children, accounting for a major proportion of lost school days due to absenteeism, decreased academic performances, and lesser social interactions. It can impair a child's activities like playing sports and also their sleeping pattern with frequent school absenteeism. In South India, only a few school-based studies to determine the prevalence of asthma have been carried out, and even fewer studies are done in community settings in rural areas of Tamil Nadu. Hence, this community-based study was done to find out the prevalence of asthma among children aged 5-10 years in rural areas of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Aim & objective To estimate the prevalence of asthma among children aged 5-10 years in rural areas of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Materials and methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in rural areas of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. A sample of 726 children from the randomly selected seven villages were studied. The sample size was calculated for a finite population. The standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and calibrated instruments were used as data collection tools. Ethical approval was obtained. Data entry was done in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the SPSS 19.0 version. The "t" test was used to compare the mean difference between the quantitative variables and the chi-square test was used to test the association between categorical variables. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of self-reported asthma was 5.1%. Boys had 1.7 times higher prevalence compared to girls. The prevalence of possible or suspected cases of asthma using the ISAAC screening questionnaire was 20.9%. In univariate analysis, the risk of having asthma among children is significantly higher among those with a positive family history of asthma. Conclusion The study found that the prevalence of self-reported asthma in rural settings is low (5.1%). However, our study also identifies a large number of children (20.9%) with symptoms suggestive of asthma using the ISAAC questionnaire that need the attention of a specialist for early diagnosis and care for reducing morbidity and episode severity.

Maternal adverse childhood experiences and infant visual-limbic white matter development

BackgroundMaternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are robust predictors of mental health for both the exposed individual and the next generation; however, the pathway through which such intergenerational risk is conferred remains unknown. The current study evaluated the association between maternal ACEs and infant brain development, including an a priori focus on circuits implicated in emotional and sensory processing. MethodsThe sample included 101 mother-infant dyads from a longitudinal study. Maternal ACEs were assessed with the Adverse Childhood Questionnaire dichotomized into low (0 or 1) and high (≥2) groups. White matter microstructure, as indexed by fractional anisotropy (FA), was assessed using structural magnetic resonance imaging in infants (41.6–46.0 weeks' postconceptional age) within a priori tracts (the cingulum, fornix, uncinate, inferior frontal occipital fasciculus, and inferior longitudinal fasciculus). Exploratory analyses were also conducted across the whole brain. ResultsHigh maternal ACEs (≥2) were associated with decreased infant left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) FA (F(1,94) = 7.78, p < .006) relative to infants of low ACE mothers. No group difference was observed within the right ILF following correction for multiple comparisons (F(1,95) = 4.29, p < .041). Follow-up analyses within the left ILF demonstrated associations between high maternal ACEs and increased left radial diffusivity (F(1,95) = 5.10, p < .006). Exploratory analyses demonstrated preliminary support for differences in visual processing networks (e.g., optic tract) as well as additional circuits less frequently examined in the context of early life adversity exposure (e.g., corticothalamic tract). ConclusionsMaternal ACEs predict neural circuit development of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Findings suggest that early developing sensory circuits within the infant brain are susceptible to maternal adverse childhood experiences and may have implications for the maturation of higher-order emotional and cognitive circuits.

Enculturation-Acculturation Screening Tools for Empirical Aesthetics Research: a Proof of Principle Study

Abstract Grouping research participants by culture or language proficiency may no longer suffice to investigate cognitive universals and differences cross-culturally, due to the interconnectedness of our multicultural world. Based on immigration psychology research, we provide a ‘proof of principle’ for three culture screening tools. Across five online experiments (total N = 440), we developed (1) The Cultural Traditions Questionnaire (CTQ), (2) the Arts Engagement in Childhood Questionnaire (AECQ), and (3) the Enculturation and Acculturation Quiz (EAQ). While these screening tools are tailored to Iranian and English cultures, the procedures provided here are expandable to other cultures. The screening scores predicted emotional attachment to a culture better than traditional variables used in cross-cultural research (self-ascribed culture group, country of residence during formative years, mother tongue). Continuous measures of enculturation and acculturation are potentially better predictors for downstream variables of interest, due to their finer granularity and capability to capture multifaceted cultural identities.

The burden of allergic rhinitis is undermanaged in a large proportion of Chinese young adults from Singapore

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is a nasal disorder characterized by the simultaneous manifestation of at least 2 out of 4 possible symptoms: rhinorrhea, nasal itching, nasal pruritus, and sneezing. Presently, among Chinese young adults from Singapore, we characterised AR phenotypes, established Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) baselines, and examined the management of AR. MethodsParticipants completed an investigator-administered International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and underwent a skin prick test (SPT). Individuals exhibiting sensitization during the SPT while having at least 2 rhinitis symptoms were identified as AR cases, then categorized into Allergic Rhinitis in Asthma (ARIA) classifications. ResultsThere were 9323 subjects analyzed. AR prevalence was estimated at 35.4%. Rhinorrhea was perceived as the most severe (mean Nasal Symptom Score (mNSS) ± SD: 1.42 ± 0.74), while nasal pruritus was the least severe (mNSS ± SD: 1.24 ± 0.68). Among moderate-severe AR (68.1%), most were affected by either troublesome symptoms (27.7%) or sleep disturbances (18.4%). By ARIA classes, 26.6% were mild intermittent, 5.4% were mild persistent, 50.3% were moderate-severe intermittent, and 17.6% were moderate-severe persistent. The mean TNSS (mTNSS) of AR cases was 4.43 (SD = 2.49) and between AR classifications, the mTNSS was significantly different. Notably, a large proportion of AR cases remained undiagnosed (85.2%), untreated (72.5%), or both (65.4%); 19.8% self-medicated for AR. ConclusionsThere was a significant difference in TNSS of the AR phenotypes, and among phenotypes with a higher mTNSS, a large proportion remained untreated, undiagnosed, or both. The evidence indicates an existing burden of AR among Chinese young adults in Singapore which is notably undermanaged.

Association of frequent intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in diets with increased susceptibility of atopic dermatitis exacerbation in young Chinese adults: A cross-sectional study in Singapore/Malaysia.

Numerous evidence has attributed diets with a high fatty acids (FAs) intake to be associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) development. Therefore, this study investigated the association between intake frequencies of five dietary FAs and AD exacerbations among young Chinese adults from Singapore and Malaysia. A validated International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was investigator-administered to 13,561 subjects to collect information on socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietary and lifestyles habits, and personal/family medical histories. Six novel dietary indices were derived to analyse the associations between total FAs, trans fatty acids (TFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acids, and alpha-linolenic acids in diets and AD exacerbation. Synergy factor (SF) analysis was used to identify interactions between the dietary FAs to influence disease susceptibility. In our multivariable model adjusted for age, gender, BMI, parental eczema, and lifestyle factors, a diet high in total estimated FAs was strongly associated with AD (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.227; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.054-1.429; adjusted p-value <0.01). Particularly, high estimated total TFAs and SFAs were significantly associated with AD exacerbations including chronic and current moderate-to-severe AD. The association between TFAs and AD remained strong even controlled for the total FAs in diets and false discovery rate corrected (AOR: 1.516; 95% CI: 1.094-2.097; adjusted p-value <0.05). Similarly, having a high SFAs in diets was associated with AD (AOR: 1.581; 95% CI: 1.106-2.256; adjusted p-value <0.05) independently on the total FAs in diets. FAs in diets do not interact to influence AD. Overall, these results highlighted an association between high dietary TFAs and SFAs and AD exacerbations in an Asian population.

Impact of wheat sensitization on wheeze and T2 phenotypes in general population of children

BackgroundThe association between sensitization to specific aeroallergens and outcomes in patients with asthma is well-researched; however, the association between childhood-onset wheeze/asthma and sensitization to various aeroallergens and food allergens in the general pediatric population remains poorly understood. ObjectiveThe association between sensitization to common aeroallergens and food allergens with wheeze and type 2 (T2) inflammation in the general pediatric population was investigated. MethodsSpecific IgEs against nine aeroallergens and four food allergens were measured in the prospective Hokkaido birth cohort of 428 school-age children (approximately 10 years of age). Wheeze and other allergic symptoms were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Blood eosinophil count and fractional exhaled nitric oxide level were assessed as T2 biomarkers. The Isle of Wight (IOW) birth cohort in UK was used for replication analysis (n=1032). ResultsThe prevalence of sensitization to at least one aeroallergen and food allergen was 70.5% and 22.3%, respectively. A significant association between wheeze and sensitization to aeroallergens such as ragweed, Japanese cedar, mugwort, and pet dander, were found. However, the association between wheeze and wheat sensitization was highly significant (Hokkaido birth cohort, odds ratio [OR]: 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.98–11.01; IOW birth cohort, OR: 4.01, 95% CI: 1.78–9.07). Sensitization to most aeroallergens, though not any food allergens, was associated with the T2high phenotype. ConclusionSensitization to wheat may be an important risk factor for wheeze/asthma development, especially the pathogenesis of T2-non/low asthma, independent of aeroallergens, in the general pediatric population.

Maternal psychological distress and temperament traits in children from infancy to late childhood.

Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with infant temperament. Whether associations persist into late childhood, whether maternal distress is associated with temperament change from infancy to late childhood, whether associations are independent of maternal concurrent distress, and whether maternal distress has sensitive exposure periods on child temperament remain unclear. Our study includes mother-child dyads from Finnish, prospective Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction study. The mothers completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, State Anxiety Inventory and Perceived Stress Scale: biweekly up to 14 times during pregnancy; once in infancy (at child age 4-12months); and once in late childhood (at child age 7-11years). They also completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised at the infancy (n=2538) and Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire at the late childhood (n=2004; 1693 children had data at both follow-ups) follow-up on child negative affectivity, extraversion and effortful control. We examined the associations of maternal distress with child temperament with linear regression, linear mixed and Bayesian relevant lifecourse exposure models. Maternal distress during pregnancy was associated with higher negative affectivity and lower effortful control in children in infancy and late childhood. Maternal distress during pregnancy was also associated with increases in negative affectivity, decreases in effortful Control, and smaller decreases in extraversion from infancy to late childhood. The associations with late childhood temperament and temperament change were independent of maternal concurrent distress. Late childhood was a sensitive period for lifetime-to-date effects of maternal distress on late childhood negative affectivity and effortful control. Distress during pregnancy and infancy had smaller contributions. Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with individual differences and change in child temperament from infancy to late childhood. However, distress during pregnancy has a smaller effect on late childhood temperament than maternal concurrent distress.

Mite allergen levels and fungal counts in children's bedding in four widely separated towns in Japan

We evaluated the relationships between children's housing, earthquake or tsunami damage affecting children, prevalence of allergic diseases, and levels of mite allergens and fungi on children's bedding after the Great East Japan Earthquake in four municipalities in Japan. We surveyed 464 children in Ishinomaki, 254 in Kami, 614 in Iwanuma, and 300 in Oiso whose parents or guardians had completed the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. We measured the levels of Dermatophagoides 1 allergens (Der 1) (Dermatophagoidespteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae) on children's mattresses or futons and fungal counts (Aspergillus and yeast) between 2016 and 2018. Earthquake damage was significantly greater in Ishinomaki than in the other three municipalities. There were no differences in the prevalence of allergic disease among the four municipalities. Der 1 levels were significantly higher in Ishinomaki than in Iwanuma, but there were no differences among Oiso, Iwanuma, and Kami. Der 1 levels in children with asthma in Iwanuma and with allergic rhinitis in Kami were significantly higher than in those without these conditions. Total fungal counts and Aspergillus counts were highest in Kami and lowest in Oiso. Der 1 levels were significantly correlated with fungal counts in Kami and Iwanuma, but not in Ishinomaki or Oiso. Both Der 1 levels and total fungal counts in Ishinomaki were greater than those in other three municipalities. Housing and allergen-avoidance strategies varied among the four municipalities. Mite allergen and fungal levels in these Japanese municipalities might have been affected by the earthquake and tsunami, and these changes might have affected the prevalence of allergic diseases in children.

Prevalence of Wheezing and Its Association with Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Rural and Urban Preschool Children in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of wheezing and its association with environmental tobacco smoke exposure among rural and urban preschool children in Mpumalanga province, South Africa, an area associated with poor air quality. In this study, parents/caregivers of preschool children (n = 3145) completed a modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Data were analysed using multiple logistic regression models. The overall prevalence of Wheeze Ever was 15.14%, with a higher prevalence in urban preschoolers than rural preschoolers (20.71% vs. 13.30%, p < 0.000). Moreover, the total prevalence of Asthma Ever was 2.34%. The prevalence was greater in urban preschoolers than in rural preschoolers (3.92% vs. 1.81%, p < 0.001). In the final adjusted model, both urban- and rural-area children who lived with one or more people who smoked in the same household (WE: OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.11-1.86) (CW: OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.38-3.16) and (AE: OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.12-5.54) were found to have an increased likelihood of having Wheeze Ever, Current Wheeze, and Asthma Ever as compared to those who lived with non-smokers. The implementation of smoking limits and prohibition is crucial in areas that are frequented or utilized by children. Hence, it is imperative for healthcare providers to actively champion the rights of those who do not smoke within the society, while also endorsing legislative measures aimed at curtailing the extent of tobacco smoke exposure.

Peran adverse childhood experience terhadap kecemasan sosial pada remaja

Social anxiety phenomena can occur easily because each individual has a tendency to experience social anxieties with their individual's different levels of anguish. An adverse childhood experience (ACE) is a negative experience that a person experiences during childhood, such as physical violence, sexual violence, neglect, or emotional instability in the family. Some literature shows that person with more ACE experience tend to have a higher level of social anxiety compared to those who do not experience ACE. The aim of this survey is to find out the impact between adverse childhood experience and social anxiety in adolescents. This research used quantitative approach with a correlational design. The subjects were determined using random sampling techniques with samples of 282 students. As for the ACE variable, the World Health Organization Adverse Childhood Questionnaire (WHO ACE-IQ) scale and the social anxiety variable using the SAS-A scale (Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents). The analysis of the research data uses simple linear regression analysis. The results of this study show that there is no correlation between adverse childhood experience and social anxiety. Adverse childhood experience does not have significant influence with social anxiety in adolescents.

Epidemiological characterization and risk factors of rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis among preschool children in Shanghai, China

BackgroundPrevious studies have reported an increasing prevalence of childhood allergic rhinitis in developing countries. There is still a lack of the recent epidemiology of allergic rhinitis among Chinese preschool children. Therefore, this study explored the prevalence of rhinitis symptoms and identified their associations with potential risk factors among children at the age of 3–6 in Shanghai, China. MethodsValidated International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was adopted to collect information about rhinitis symptoms and potential risk factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between risk factors and allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. ResultsA total of 6183 questionnaires were included in our study. The prevalence of rhinitis ever, current rhinitis, and physician-diagnosed rhinitis were 32.6%, 29.2%, and 14.3%, respectively, while the prevalence of current rhinoconjunctivitis was 11.3%. The higher prevalence was observed in boys than in girls in terms of rhinitis ever, current rhinitis, current rhinoconjunctivitis and doctor-diagnosed rhinitis. Autumn had the highest prevalence among four seasons. In our multivariate logistic regression analyses, history of allergic diseases and paracetamol use in the last year showed positive associations with the increased risk of both current rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis, and antibiotic use was an independent significant risk factor only for current rhinitis. Genetic factors, including maternal and paternal rhinitis, asthma, and eczema, were significantly associated with the prevalence of current rhinitis. Similar associations were seen between these factors and current rhinoconjunctivitis, except for paternal eczema. Among environmental factors, smoking exposure at home, heavy truck traffic in home's street, floor heating system were independent risk factors for both current rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis in the adjusted model, while cleaning the house less than once a week was only associated with current rhinitis. ConclusionThe prevalence of current rhinitis was 29.2% among children aged 3–6 in Shanghai, China. Sex differences and seasonal variations were observed in the prevalence of rhinitis symptoms. The identified risk factors would provide a basis for policy makers and medical experts to take intervention measures to prevent allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis.

Associations between Parental Educational Attainment, Children's 24-h Behaviors and Children's Hyperactivity Behavior in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Parental Educational Attainment and children's 24-h behaviors significantly influenced children's hyperactivity symptoms. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of children's 24-h behavior changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic between Parental Educational Attainment and children's hyperactivity index. It also aimed to investigate the associations between Children's Physical Activity, digital media use, sleep, and hyperactivity index between two clusters of Parental Educational Attainments. The goal was to provide targeted behavioral optimization recommendations for caregivers to reduce the risk of children's hyperactivity. The study was a collaborative extension of the International iPreschooler Surveillance Study Among Asians and otheRs project and the Chinese Children and Adolescent Sports Health Promotion Action Project. The Parent-Surveillance of Digital Media in Childhood Questionnaire® and the Abbreviated Rating Scales from the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire were used to measure Parental Educational Attainment, children's behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, and hyperactivity indexes. A total of 11,190 parents of 6-to-12-year-old children completed the online surveys in mainland China. A structural equation model was established by using Smart-PLS, and the linear regression model, and isotemporal substitution models were established by using a Compositional Data Analysis package with R program to achieve the research objectives. Changes in children's 24-h behaviors due to the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant mediation effect on the negative associations between Parental Educational Attainment and children's hyperactivity index (β = 0.018, T = 4.521, p < 0.001) with a total effect (β = -0.046, T = 4.521, p < 0.001) and a direct effect (β = -0.064, T = 6.330, p < 0.001). Children's Digital Media use was significantly and negatively associated with hyperactivity index among all children. Reallocated time from digital media use to both sleep and physical activity decreased the hyperactivity index, and vice-versa. For parents without tertiary education (R2 = 0.09, p < 0.001), sleep was significantly and negatively associated with the hyperactivity index (βilr-CSL = -0.06, p < 0.001); for parents with tertiary education (R2 = 0.07, p < 0.001), physical activity was significantly and negatively associated with the hyperactivity index (βilr-CPA = -0.05, p < 0.001), and sleep was significantly and positively associated with the hyperactivity index (βilr-CSL = 0.03, p < 0.001). A significant increase in the hyperactivity index was detected when physical activity time was reallocated to sleep, with a significant decrease in the opposite direction. Parental Educational Attainment and children's 24-h behaviors directly influenced children's hyperactivity index. However, a purposeful and targeted optimization of children's 24-h behaviors-namely, physical activity, digital media use, and sleep-could assist parents with different educational attainments to reduce their children's hyperactivity index and mitigate the risk of hyperactivity.

Thai Preschoolers' movement behaviors outside kindergarten: prevalence of meeting individual and integrated movement guidelines.

This study aimed to investigate movement behaviors of Thai preschoolers (aged 3-6 years) occurring outside kindergarten in urban areas across Thailand. Surveillance of digital Media in eArLy chiLdhood Questionnaire® was used to collect data from 1051 parents recruited from 12 schools. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were applied for data analysis. Thai preschoolers engaged in physical activity (PA), sedentary screen time, and sleep on weekends significantly more than weekdays with no significant sex differences. Preschoolers met the sleep guidelines the most (62.3%), followed by PA guidelines (48.0%), and screen time (ST) guidelines the least (44.1%). Only 14.6% met the integrated movement guidelines, and 11% met none of the guidelines. Age was positively associated with meeting the PA guidelines, and negatively associated with meeting the sleep and integrated movement guidelines. The number of digital devices at home and geographical region influenced preschoolers in meeting the PA and ST guidelines. Thai preschoolers' time spent on all forms of activities outside kindergarten was significantly more on weekends than weekdays with no sex disparity. The prevalence of meeting the integrated movement guidelines was low, and needs to be addressed through comprehensive programs including all forms of activities concurrently. Thai preschoolers engaged in physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), and sleep on weekends significantly more than weekdays with no significant sex differences. Only 14.6% of preschoolers met the integrated movement guidelines. Age had a significant relationship with meeting the PA, sleep, and integrated movement guidelines. Meeting the PA and ST guidelines in preschoolers was positively associated with the number of digital devices at home. Despite some limitations, this study presented preschoolers' time engaged in the three movement behaviors concurrently, and provided important inputs for development of the national strategic plan to promote PA among Thai children and youth.