Childhood Experiences Questionnaire Research Articles

Validation of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Intensity and Brief Pain Inventory During Pregnancy.

We sought to (1) validate the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Short Form 3a measure and Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) for assessing pain during pregnancy and (2) evaluate pain in a sample of pregnant individuals. Pregnant individuals (N = 196) were prospectively surveyed: n = 171 up to 22 weeks gestational age, n = 123 during their third trimester of pregnancy, and n = 98 both times. Additional measures included SPRINT Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Tool, Neurological Quality of Life, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and anxiety subscale, and Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. Validity evidence examined included content validity, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and relevant criterion relationships. Content validity analysis suggests that the PROMIS pain measure was easy to use and interpret while the BPI provided more detail. However, BPI questions regarding medication usage and relief were unclear to some pregnant individuals. In addition, the relationships among pain ratings were stronger than relationships between pain ratings and measures intended to assess other constructs suggesting convergent and discriminant validity. Relationships with relevant criterions were presented for both the PROMIS and BPI by comparing ratings of pain intensity and severity for pregnant individuals with and without areas of pain reported on BPI. Results indicate that PROMIS and BPI provided valid information on pain intensity or severity for our perinatal sample. Depending on the research question, the PROMIS pain or BPI may be more appropriate to an individual study. Either measure could also be included in an electronic health record for accurate pain assessment in clinical settings.

Adverse childhood experiences, insecure attachment, and appointment compliance in an outpatient addiction psychiatry treatment population.

Suffering adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increases the probability of developing adult mental illness, addictions, and insecure attachment. This study determined how ACEs and insecure attachment are associated with each other, and how they may predict treatment engagement in an integrated dual diagnosis treatment clinic. A sample of n = 264 patients entering a university-affiliated addiction psychiatry clinic underwent diagnostic intakes supplemented by assessments of attachment styles (Anxious/Avoidant, using the 36-item Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS) scale) and childhood adversity (10-item Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q) scale). Compliance with psychotherapy versus medication appointments was tracked for 6 months post intake. ACE-Q scores (median of 4) were significantly associated with higher anxious and avoidant attachment scores and the number of mental health diagnoses. Only one in five patients obtained 75% or higher compliance rates with psychotherapy; two in five achieved 75% or higher compliance with medication appointments. Greater anxious attachment predicted lower show rates for both psychotherapy and medication appointments, whereas greater avoidant attachment predicted lower compliance for psychotherapy only. This study confirms the linkage of ACEs and insecure attachment patterns in dual-diagnosis patients seeking integrated addiction psychiatry care. Insecure attachment patterns differentially predicted lower appointment compliance, particularly for psychotherapies. Childhood trauma and associated adult attachment dysfunction warrant further investigation not only as causes and correlates of mental illness and addiction but also for improving treatment engagement, therapeutic attachments, and recovery outcomes.

Stress, coping profiles, and depression among nurses: a latent profile and mediation analysis

BackgroundStress is significantly associated with depressed mood in nurses. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanisms by which two types of stress—childhood adversity and perceived stress—affect depression are identical. This study aims to investigate the relationship between stress (including childhood adversity and perceived stress) and depression, as well as the mediating role of coping profiles.MethodsA survey was conducted among 737 nurses in a tertiary hospital in China using the Revised Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Trait Coping Styles Questionnaire, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Latent profile analyses were performed using Mplus, and mediation analyses were conducted using R software.ResultsCoping profiles were categorized into four groups: “Low Coping” (9.9%), “Inadequate Coping” (39.5%), “Emotional Suppression” (32.0%), and “Active Coping” (18.6%). Both childhood adversity and perceived stress were positively associated with depression levels in nurses. The “Emotional Suppression” profiles played a mediating role in the relationship between childhood adversity and depression. “Emotional Suppression” and “Low Coping” profiles played mediating roles in the relationship between perceived stress and depression.ConclusionsStress and coping profiles are established risk factors of depression among nurses. Reducing stress levels and improving coping profiles among nurses can have a substantial impact on the prevention and alleviation of depression.

Exploring the mediating role of self-hate in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has become a serious global problem among adolescents. This study aimed to explore the relationships between adverse childhood experiences, self-hate, and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. A total of 7009 adolescents participated in a survey from August 1 to December 31, 2023. The survey comprised the revised Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Questionnaire, Self-Hate Scale, and Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Questionnaire. SPSS 22.0 was utilized for data entry and analysis. Spearman's correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between the variables. The bias-corrected nonparametric percentile bootstrap method was used to test the significance of the mediating effect. Adverse childhood experiences, self-hate, and non-suicidal self-injury were positively correlated. Adverse childhood experiences directly affected self-injury without obvious tissue damage. Self-hate mediated the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and self-injury without obvious tissue damage. Adverse childhood experiences directly affected self-injury with obvious tissue damage. Self-hate mediated between adverse childhood experiences and self-injury with obvious tissue damage. The data were cross-sectional, and the effects of adverse childhood experiences were not immediate. Further, because this was a subjective study, reporting bias was inevitable. Finally, future research should expand the discussion and improve the global relevance of the study. Self-hate mediates the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and NSSI in adolescents. This study explores the underlying mechanisms and influencing factors of NSSI in adolescents and provides important evidence-based support for the prevention and intervention of NSSI in adolescents with different characteristics to maintain adolescents' physical and mental health. Given the close relationships found between adverse childhood experiences, self-hate, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents, it is crucial to address adverse childhood experiences to prevent and treat NSSI. Providing necessary psychological support and interventions can help foster positive self-awareness, enhance self-esteem and self-efficacy, reduce self-disgust, and mitigate the negative effects of adverse childhood experiences.

Exploring the Mediating Influence of Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion on the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Post-Traumatic Growth among Young Adults in India.

Through the course of the last few decades researchers have observed that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) can act as a breeding ground for transformative positive changes to develop in the face of adversity. This process of enhanced growth is systematically studied as 'Post Traumatic Growth' (PTG). Though there is an existing association between ACE and PTG, yet there is a paucity of studies that explores the mediating variables in this relationship. The current study aims to explore the role of self-compassion (SC) and psychological flexibility (PF) between ACE and PTG among Indian young adults. The study was conducted on 298 Indian participants who were in the age bracket of 18-25years. The study variables were assessed using self-administered rating scales. Participants were screened for ACE using Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Questionnaire. Additionally, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory- Short Form were other tools used. The results have indicated that both Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion mediate the relationship of ACE with PTG. The current findings have emphasized on the role of Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion in moving towards Post Traumatic Growth. These findings reassert that Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion are foundational to Acceptance Commitment Therapy and highly useful especially while working with trauma affected populations.

Trauma, Resilience, and Treatment Outcomes in a Pediatric MOUD Clinic

Background: In this study, we explored the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and childhood protective factors (i.e., resilience) with outpatient treatment outcomes among youths receiving buprenorphine-based medication for opioid use disorder over a six-month period. Methods: An observational study was conducted among 42 participants utilizing the modified Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire and the Southern Kennebec Healthy Start Resilience survey. Treatment outcomes included the end of treatment, buprenorphine-based medication treatment nonadherence, and opioid relapse. Cox proportional hazard models were fit for all treatment outcomes. Results: Reported adverse childhood experiences were high compared with the national average and demonstrated a significant inverse association with time to buprenorphine treatment nonadherence. Total resilience score was not significantly associated with any treatment outcome. Analysis of potential confounders and other covariates likewise demonstrated no relationship. Conclusions: Higher reported adverse childhood experience scores were associated with greater hazard of buprenorphine-based medication nonadherence. This finding underscores the need for ACE screening and trauma-informed care in this population.

Electrocortical Profiles in Relation to Childhood Adversity and Depression Severity: A Preliminary Report.

Objective: Assessment of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in depression has provided insights into neural profiles of the illness. However, there is limited understanding on how symptom severity and risk factors, such as childhood adversity, influence EEG features. Methods: Eyes-closed EEG was acquired in N = 28 depressed individuals being treated in a tertiary psychiatric setting. Absolute alpha, beta, theta, and delta power and inter-/intra-hemispheric coherence were examined. Relations between the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Scale (MADRS) and Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Questionnaire and EEG features were assessed. Results: Individuals in the high (MADRS≥30) versus lower (MADRS ≤ 29) symptom severity group exhibited greater overall beta power, and lower Fp1-Fp2 delta and theta coherence. Those with high (≥3) versus lower (≤2) ACE scores exhibited greater T7-T8 beta coherence. Lowest F3-F4 beta coherence was observed in those with high ACE/high depression severity. A negative correlation existed between F8-P8 alpha coherence and symptom severity. Conclusions: Those with higher depression severity exhibit increased beta power, possibly reflecting a hyper-vigilant state. Depression severity and ACE history may produce subtle alterations in frontal delta/theta and temporal/frontal beta coherence regions. Significance: This is the first study to examine the neural impact of depression severity and ACE-assessed childhood trauma in depressed individuals receiving treatment in a tertiary setting, accounting for the clinical reality of the prevalence of their co-occurrence.

Interplay of serum BDNF levels and childhood adversity in predicting earlier-onset post-traumatic stress disorder: A two-year longitudinal study

This longitudinal study explored the intricate relationships between serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (sBDNF) levels, exposure to childhood adversities, and the subsequent development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), distinguishing between earlier- and delayed-onset forms over a two-year follow-up period in individuals sustaining physical injuries. We recruited patients presenting with moderate to severe physical injuries at a trauma center, conducting baseline assessments of sBDNF levels and childhood adversities through the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire. Additionally, detailed socio-demographic and clinical data were compiled. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 was employed to diagnose PTSD at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury. Binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses were applied to elucidate the interactions between sBDNF levels, childhood adversities, and PTSD onset patterns. Among 895 participants, PTSD was diagnosed in 107 individuals (11.9 %), with 76 (8.4 %) exhibiting symptoms indicative of earlier-onset PTSD and 31 (3.5 %) demonstrating delayed-onset PTSD. Significantly, lower sBDNF levels were associated with a higher risk of earlier-onset PTSD specifically in the context of childhood adversities. This association was not observed in individuals without childhood adversities or in those with delayed-onset PTSD. The findings suggest a complex and critical interplay between neurobiological factors, specifically sBDNF levels, and early life adversities in influencing the timing of PTSD onset, potentially deepening the understanding of PTSD etiology.

Adverse childhood experiences and diet quality in the national sample of Poles: The mediating role of emotion regulation

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk of adverse psychological and physical outcomes and chronic disease in adulthood. The mechanism of this relationship is still unclear. ACEs might exert their negative influence on adult health via both dietary and psychological axes. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between ACEs and diet quality in the national sample of Poles. We also aimed to determine whether difficulty in regulating emotions act as a mediator of this relationship. The national Polish sample of adults (n = 3557) took part in this study. ACEs were assessed via the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. Data on food consumption frequency over the past year, body weight and height were collected using the self-administered version of the Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire (KomPAN®). Two diet quality scores were evaluated: Pro-Healthy-Diet-Index-10 (pHDI) and Non-Healthy-Diet-Index-14 (nHDI). Emotion regulation (ER) was evaluated via the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Path analysis was used to examine the associations between the variables, firstly formulated by theoretical assumptions expressed by directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). A higher number of ACEs was related to higher difficulties in ER in adults (p < 0.001), which in turn was related to lower pHDI (p < 0.001) and higher nHDI (p = 0.027). Our findings strengthen the rationale for ACEs screening as a potential risk factor for diet-related chronic disease in adulthood. They provide a framework for public health prevention strategies via interventions targeting diet quality and emotional regulation in the setting of multidisciplinary practice.

Adverse childhood experiences and ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder in Poland: a population-based study

ABSTRACT Background: Research on the prevalence of ICD-11-based complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in nationally representative samples is lacking, with no such studies conducted considering national Polish samples until now. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to explore profiles of study participants in terms of either PTSD or CPTSD symptoms regarding to ICD-11 diagnosis with the aid of latent profile analysis. We also investigated the relationship between the types and cumulative number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with the probability of CPTSD rate in a national sample of Poles. Methods: A representative sample of Polish adults (n = 3,557) participated in this study. ACEs were assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, while the core features of PTSD and CPTSD were measured using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Results: The findings showed a 11% prevalence rate of probable CPTSD in the studied sample of Poles. Sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect and having the experience of a mentally ill household member were the most significant predictors of potential diagnosis. Furthermore, significant differences concerning lifestyle data were observed in the group of participants with CPTSD. Conclusions: The current rate of probable CPTSD in Poland is substantially higher than the respective data reported for other countries. We also noted that the ICD-11 diagnosis of CPTSD may not apply to all cultural environments. Finally, it was observed that the ACEs – CPTSD association may depend both on the ACEs types as well as on their overall cumulative character.

Impact of Trauma on the Lives of Black Men With Multiple Arrests

A mixed-methods study was carried out to better characterize the life course experiences, with a focus on trauma, of men who had perpetrated gun violence and other violent crime, and who had multiple arrests and incarcerations. A small sample of 13 men with a history of a minimum of 12 arrests each as well as histories of gun violence, other violent crime, and incarceration was drawn from a social program providing cognitive therapy and job skills training in a major urban center. Participants completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 and completed an in-depth interview. Results demonstrated that the participants had extraordinarily significant levels of trauma exposure but that they had minimal avowed trauma symptoms. The exception is that every participant demonstrated a clinically relevant score on the Arousal subscale (Criterion E). Participants in interviews discussed a number of characteristics of their developmental years. They described near constant exposure to traumatic events, in some cases starting from very young ages. Most participants described a personal experience of numbing or desensitization to their experiences. They described the impact of gangs on both protecting them from trauma and exposing them to trauma, and they described their subsequent experiences of incarceration. They offered recommendations for strategies to minimize violent crime in communities.

Adverse childhood experiences and dissociation among Italian public psychology service users

Different studies have provided evidence that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with mental health problems as a function of racial and ethnic diversity. The aim of the present study was thus to study the association between ACEs and dissociation in a sample of Southern Italian public psychology service (PPS) users. A sample of 183 adults who requested psychotherapeutic treatment within an Italian PPS was recruited. ACEs were assessed via the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q). Dissociative symptoms were assessed via the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II) and the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20). Dissociative syndromes were assessed via two scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III): the Somatoform Syndrome (H) and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Syndrome (R) scales. The most common types of ACEs in our sample were emotional neglect and emotional abuse. The number of ACEs showed a significant association with all the different measures of dissociation administered. Logistic regression analysis for the DES-II resulted in a solution made up of sexual abuse and parental separation or divorce. The regression analysis for the SDQ-20 resulted in a solution made up of emotional abuse, physical neglect, and parental separation or divorce. Sexual abuse positively predicted PTSD scale scores, while no solution was found for somatoform disorder. ACEs and dissociation were strongly associated in this study, but the nature of this association depended on the aspect of dissociation under investigation, particularly when we considered the distinction between dissociative symptoms versus syndromes. Cultural characteristics and clinical implications for public services are discussed.

Do adverse childhood experiences increase the risk of postpartum traumatic stress and depression?

This study was conducted to determine the effect of childhood adverse experiences on the risk of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PP-PTSD) and postpartum depression (PPD). This descriptive study was conducted with 417 mothers between 1 March and 30 April 2022. Data were collected using a demographic and obstetric information form, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE), City Birth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS) and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) through the Google Forms platform. The mothers participating in the study had a mean age of 30.47 ± 4.21 years, 65.9% (n = 275) had at least one ACE, 10.3% (n = 43) met all of the DSM-5 PTSD criteria according to the CityBiTS, and 91.8% (n = 383) had at least one traumatic stress symptom. Correlation analysis revealed weak positive associations between number of ACEs and CityBiTS score (p < 0.001, r = 0.328) and EPDS score (p < 0.001, r = 0.291) and a moderate positive association between CityBiTS and EPDS scores (p < 0.001, r = 0.601). PP-PTSD was found to be a partial mediator variable between ACE and PPD. The presence of ACE in mothers was found to increase the risk of developing PPD, both alone and when combined with traumatic birth experience. Therefore, we believe that screening for a history of ACE during pregnancy, investigating traumatic birth experiences in the postpartum period, closer follow-up of mothers with both ACE and traumatic birth experiences and increasing support systems will be beneficial in the prevention and early diagnosis of PPD.

Adverse childhood experiences and profiles of healthy orthorexia versus orthorexia nervosa: towards an explanatory model of orthorexia as a multidimensional eating style

BackgroundOrthorexia is a complex phenomenon comprising distinct dimensions, including orthorexia nervosa (ON) and healthy orthorexia (HO). However, little is known about the factors influencing these dimensions, their disparities, and the psychological factors underlying orthorexia behaviours.ObjectivesThis study aims to explore ON versus HO dimensions and the predictive role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a nationally representative sample of Polish individuals. In addition, we aim to investigate the mediating roles of alexithymia, embodiment, and experiential avoidance levels in this association.MethodsA representative sample of Polish adults (n = 3557) participated in this study. Dimensions of orthorexia (HO, ON) were assessed using the Teruel Orthorexia Scale, while ACEs were evaluated using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. Levels of alexithymia were measured using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, experiential avoidance through the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and embodiment intensity via the Experience of Embodiment Scale.ResultsCluster analysis identified two distinctive orthorexia profiles in the whole sample, i.e., HO (n = 469) and ON (n = 1217), alongside three intermediate HO/ON profiles (n = 1871). The number of ACEs predicted ON tendencies as opposed to HO behaviours in participants. The mediating role of alexithymia, experiential avoidance, and embodiment in the association between ACEs and ON was also observed.ConclusionsOur study suggests that orthorexia is a multidimensional eating style shaped by socio-cultural factors. Adverse childhood experiences may be related to ON behaviours by mediating psychological factors such as experiential avoidance, alexithymia, and embodiment. Effective education and collaborative support are necessary for addressing ON tendencies.

Adverse childhood experiences and coping strategies: do they make a difference in psychopathic traits and altruism for young adults?

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have been frequently associated with the presence of psychopathic traits and low levels of altruism. However, there are psychological factors such as coping strategies and demographic variables (sex and socioeconomic status) that can also influence psychopathic and altruistic traits. This study explored the impact of ACEs on psychopathic and altruistic traits, considering participants’ coping strategies, in an underexplored population. A total of 420 young Spanish adults (18–20 years old, M = 18.92; SD = 0.77) completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, the Youth Psychopathic Inventory, the Altruistic Scale, and the Brief Coping Scale. Linear regression and comparative qualitative (fsQCA models) analyses indicated that total ACEs and avoidant emotion-focused coping (especially among males) were associated with higher psychopathic traits. Conversely, total ACEs and problem-focused coping (particularly among females) were linked to altruism. FsQCA models extended these findings, incorporating high SES to these previous profiles when predicting psychopathy and altruism. Thus, it is crucial to promote secure environments in childhood that facilitate the development of adaptive coping strategies. These strategies can mitigate the long-term effects of ACEs, reducing the likelihood of developing psychopathic traits while simultaneously increasing altruism.

Analyzing the relationship between individual and cumulative score of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with self-reported mental health disorders in Chile

BackgroundAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are widely recognized as significant predictors of poor mental health in adulthood. Latin America presents several unique challenges regarding ACEs, such as higher prevalence of violence and income and political inequality. However, little is known about this issue from nationally representative samples in the region, particularly in Chile. ObjectiveThis investigation examines the association between individual and cumulative ACE scores and seven self-reported mental health conditions (substance abuse, depression, PTSD, generalized anxiety, suicide ideation, non-suicidal self-harm, and learning disorders) in a representative Chilean urban sample. MethodsA representative urban sample of 2101 adult Chileans completed the International Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) and disclosed any prior mental health diagnoses. ResultsAround 40 % of the sample had experienced four or more ACEs in their lifetime. For these individuals, the risk of reporting a mental health disorder was significantly higher. Several logistic regression analyses were conducted to address the associations between ACEs and the seven mental health conditions. Notably, sexual abuse, bullying, and exposure to collective violence were the ACEs most strongly associated with self-reported mental health issues. Additionally, a cumulative ACE score was found to be a significant predictor of having a previous mental health diagnosis. ConclusionsWe found a significant predictive association between exposure to collective violence and six out of the seven self-reported mental health disorders. Similarly, sexual abuse demonstrated an association with all mental health conditions. Finally, individuals who experienced four or more ACEs had a notably higher chance of reporting a previous mental health diagnosis. We recommend conducting further ACE research in Latin America due to its cultural and contextual singularities.

Adverse childhood experiences and alexithymia intensity as predictors of temporal dynamics of functioning in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome: A three-wave latent transition analysis

ObjectiveDespite high prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and its significant negative impact on individuals' quality of life, its etiology remains poorly understood. This prospective study explored whether early life factors (adverse childhood experiences; ACEs) and alexithymia intensity, could explain IBS symptom severity and its effects on psychological functioning over time. We also compared the studied variables between an IBS sample and a healthy control group. MethodBased on the Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for IBS, 245 individuals with a diagnosis of IBS were recruited from a national sample of Poles. The IBS sample completed the following psychometric questionaries in three waves, one month apart: Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, IBS Symptom Severity Score, Short Form Perceived Stress Scale, and Ultra-Brief Patient Health Questionnaire for Anxiety and Depression. Latent transition analysis was used to identify distinct profiles of IBS symptom dynamics. ResultsThe IBS group reported a significantly higher number of ACEs, greater alexithymia severity, and more intense levels of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms compared to the healthy controls. Four profiles of IBS individuals with distinct dynamics of IBS symptoms, stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were extracted, which correlated with the baseline number of ACEs and alexithymia intensity among participants. ConclusionChildhood adversity and associated problems in emotional processing affect IBS symptom severity. ACEs should be included in IBS screening and considered in the design of individualized multidisciplinary treatment approaches for IBS patients.

Adaptation of the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire for Adults Into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study.

Background and Purpose: Questioning the adverse childhood experiences of adults may facilitate their search for help for their physical, social, and psychological well-being. The aim of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire for Adults in Turkish. Methods: This methodological study was conducted with 290 participants. The data collection tools consisted of a personal information form, the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire for Adults, and the Childhood Trauma Experiences Questionnaire Short Form. Results: The number of items in the original questionnaire was 29 and became 24 in the Turkish adaption, which showed content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha (α) = 0.928). Conclusions: The Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire for Adults was found to be valid and reliable for the Turkish population.

Course and Prediction of Dissociation in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Personality-Disordered Comparison Subjects: A 24-Year Follow-Up Study

ABSTRACT The first purpose of this study was to determine the course of dissociation among patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and personality-disordered comparison subjects (OPD) over 24 years of prospective follow-up. The second purpose was to determine clinically meaningful predictors of dissociation among patients with BPD. The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) was administered to 290 patients with BPD and 72 personality-disordered comparison subjects at baseline, and then once every two years over 24 years of prospective follow-up. Baseline predictors were assessed with the Revised Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ-R), the SCID-I, and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Time-varying predictors were assessed at baseline and every subsequent two years by means of the Abuse History Interview (AHI). Patients with BPD had higher baseline dissociation scores than personality-disordered comparison subjects. Whilst dissociation decreased significantly over time for both patient groups, the BPD group showed a steeper decline. Severity of childhood sexual abuse, adult history of rape, adult history of partner violence, and IQ were multivariate predictors of dissociation among patients with BPD. Taken together, the present findings suggest that a combination of interpersonal trauma exposure and cognitive abilities may contribute to the severity of dissociation in adult patients with BPD.

ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND THEIR RELATIVITY TO AGGRESSION OF YOUNG ADULTS IN MALITA, DAVAO OCCIDENTAL PHILIPPINES

Using a descriptive-correlational approach, this study aimed to quantify the prevalence of ACEs (adverse childhood experiences) and aggression among young adults in Malita. It specifically determines the level of ACEs and aggression, the significant relationship between ACEs and aggression, and the area of the independent variable that was most strongly associated with the aggression of young adults. 98 respondents were randomly selected to take part in the study. The independent variable was measured using two adapted questionnaires, namely, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Questionnaire [47] and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [26], while Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992) [22] for the dependent variable. The researchers made used of a variety of statistical methods, including the mean, Spearman's rho, and step-wise multiple regression. Among the five types of abuse, results showed that emotional abuse was a commonly reported form of adversity in childhood. Meanwhile, at the level of aggression, verbal aggression was shown to have the highest responses out of the three different types of aggression. The findings of the study showed no statistical significance between varia-bles. While emotional neglect, among other forms of adversity in childhood, was the lone predictor of aggression in young adults.