Childhood Behavior Research Articles

Unveiling Global Trends in Reactive and Proactive Aggression: A Cutting-Edge Bibliometric Analysis

This bibliometric mapping discusses the research landscape of proactive and reactive aggression, key authors, collaborative networks, and trends in scholarly publishing for the past two decades. The study, using tools like VOSviewer, shows important patterns in co-authorship, citation networks, and keyword co-occurrence. The leading personalities include Adrian Raine, Paula J. Fite, Richard E. Tremblay, and Paul J. Frick. Heavy contributors to the knowledge about aggression from biological, psychological, and developmental perspectives are identified. Co-authorship is intense, especially on topics dealing with neuro-criminology, childhood and adolescent behavior, and the role of psychopathy in violent behavior. The analysis shows that from the year 2009, the publication of works has grown rapidly to their peak in the year 2022, reflecting an upward spiral of interest and interdisciplinary research on aggression. Dominant keywords like "aggression," "reactive," "proactive," "psychopathy," and "conduct disorder" point to the core themes of research on emotional regulation, developmental trajectories, and clinical interventions. This review has come to a close that studies in the field of aggression have now developed into a multi-disciplinary science, embracing neuroscience, psychology, criminology, and social science knowledge to further advance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of aggressive behavior and develop various treatments. Future research will have to go on filling in areas of investigation that are underrepresented, including but not limited to aggression at the interface with particular demographic variables and newer approaches to intervention.

Intergenerational Pathways Linking Mothers’ Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Preschoolers’ Prosocial Behaviors

ABSTRACT Research Findings: The present study investigated the potential mediating role of maternal parenting in the intergenerational effects of maternal childhood traumatic experiences (CTEs) on prosocial behaviors of their offspring and examined whether the offspring’s sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) moderates this association using a 1-year longitudinal design. A total of 203 preschoolers (M age = 4.84, SD = 0.64, 96 girls, at T1) and their mothers participated in this study. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing their own CTEs and parenting toward their offspring, and offspring’s SPS and prosocial behaviors. Results indicated that maternal neglect experiences could intergenerationally directly influence their offspring’s prosocial behaviors in early childhood (β = −0.20, p = .012), as well as having an indirect influence through the mediating role of maternal authoritative parenting (indirect effect = −0.09, p = .009). Moreover, aesthetic sensitivity (AES) and low sensory threshold (LST), two subdimensions of SPS, moderated the predictive influence of authoritative parenting on preschoolers’ prosocial behaviors (AES: β = 0.17, p = .005; LST: β = 0.17, p = .006). Practice or Policy: The findings provide new evidence for understanding the intergenerational influence of different maternal CTEs on prosocial behaviors among children with different SPS and have implications for alleviating the intergenerational negative effects on children’s prosocial behaviors.

Parental Perception of Vulnerability, Child’s Temperament, and Health Locus of Control: Who Made You Boo-Boo?

Background: In Pakistan, where unintentional injuries among toddlers pose a significant public health challenge, understanding the factors that contribute to elevated injury risks is crucial. A two-dimensional approach including parental factors (internal/external health locus of control and perceived vulnerability) and child factors (the child’s temperament) is explored as contributing to the unintentional injury behaviors of toddlers. Method: The study involved 241 parents of toddlers aged 18–36 months from daycare centers in three major Pakistani cities who had observed multiple recent injuries in their children. The comprehensive online assessment, lasting 15–20 minutes, incorporated the child vulnerability scale, injury behavior checklist, parent health locus of control questionnaire, and early childhood behavior questionnaire. Demographic details included child and parent age distributions, with a focus on educational backgrounds. The participants comprised both fathers and mothers, and the data analysis employed Smart-PLS software for structural equation modeling. Result: The results suggested there is no direct relationship between parental health locus of control (internal/external) and injury behaviors in children. However, an indirect and significant path was observed from the parental health locus of control (internal/external) to perceived child vulnerability and injury behaviors through moderation of temperamental characteristics. Conclusion: Our research underscores the indirect link between parental factors, child temperament, and toddler injuries in Pakistan. Culturally sensitive interventions targeting parental awareness can play a pivotal role in safeguarding the well-being of the youngest members of society.

A Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) of Genetic Risk for C-Reactive Protein in Children of European Ancestry: Results From the ABCD Study.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a moderately heritable marker of systemic inflammation that is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Identifying factors associated with genetic liability to elevated CRP in childhood may inform our understanding of variability in CRP that could be targeted to prevent and/or delay the onset of related health outcomes. We conducted a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) of genetic risk for elevated CRP (i.e. CRP polygenic risk score [PRS]) among children genetically similar to European ancestry reference populations (median analytic n = 5,509) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development℠ (ABCD) Study. Associations between CRP PRS and 2,377 psychosocial and neuroimaging phenotypes were estimated using independent mixed effects models. Post hoc analyses examined whether: (1) covarying for measured body mass index (BMI) or removing the shared genetic architecture between CRP and BMI altered phenotypic associations, (2) sex moderated CRP PRS associations, and (3) associations are unconfounded by assortative mating or passive gene-environment correlations (using a within-family analyses). Multiple testing was adjusted for using Bonferroni and false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Nine phenotypes were positively associated with CRP PRS after multiple testing correction: five weight- and eating-related phenotypes (e.g. BMI, overeating), three phenotypes related to caregiver somatic problems (e.g. caregiver somatic complaints), as well as weekday video watching (all ps = 1.2 × 10-7 - 2.5 × 10-4, all p FDR s = 0.0002 - 0.05). No neuroimaging phenotypes were associated with CRP PRS (all ps = 0.0003 - 0.998; all p FDR s = 0.08 - 0.998) after correction for multiple testing. Eating and weight-related phenotypes remained associated with CRP PRS in within-family analyses. Covarying for BMI resulted in largely consistent results, and sex did not moderate any CRP PRS associations. Removing the shared genetic variance between CRP and BMI attenuated all relationships; associations with weekday video watching, caregiver somatic problems and caregiver report that the child is overweight remained significant while associations with waist circumference, weight, and caregiver report that child overeats did not. Genetic liability to elevated CRP is associated with higher weight, eating, and weekday video watching during childhood as well as caregiver somatic problems. These associations were consistent with direct genetic effects (i.e., not solely due to confounding factors like passive gene-environment correlations) and were independent of measured BMI. The majority of associations with weight and eating phenotypes were attributable to shared genetic architecture between BMI and inflammation. The relationship between genetics and heightened inflammation in later life may be partially attributable to modifiable behaviors (e.g. weight and activity levels) that are expressed as early as childhood.

Altered neurobehavioral reward response predicts psychotic-like experiences in youth exposed to cannabis prenatally.

Rates of prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) are rising with increasingly permissive legislation regarding cannabis use, which may be a risk factor for psychosis. Disrupted reward-related neural circuitry may underlie this relationship. To elucidate neural mechanisms involved in the association between PCE and youth-onset psychotic-like experiences by probing correlates of reward anticipation, a neurobehavioral marker of endocannabinoid-mediated dopaminergic function. This longitudinal, prospective study analyzed task-related functional neuroimaging data from baseline (n=11,368), 2-year follow-up (n=7,928), and 4-year follow-up (n=2,982) of the ongoing Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, which recruited children aged 9 to 10 years old at baseline from 22 sites across the United States. PCE (n=652 exposed youth) is longitudinally associated with psychotic-like experiences. Blunted neural response to reward anticipation is associated with psychotic-like experiences, with stronger effects observed in PCE youth (all |β| > 0.5; false discovery rate [FDR]-corrected P < .05). This hypoactivation at baseline predicts psychosis symptomatology in middle adolescence (4-year follow-up visit; β=-.004; FDR-corrected P < .05). Dampened behavioral reward sensitivity is associated with psychotic-like experiences across baseline, 2-year follow-up visit, and 4-year follow-up visit (|β| = .21; FDR-corrected P < .001). Psychotic-like experiences are positively associated with trait-level measures of reward motivation and impulsivity, with stronger effects for PCE youth (all |β| > 0.1; all FDR-corrected P < .05). Blunted activation in reward-related brain regions may serve as a biomarker for disrupted reward processing and increased psychosis risk during development. PCE may affect childhood behaviors and traits related to altered reward sensitivity.

Prosocial Behavior in Early Childhood Across Boys and Girls: Associations Among Parent- and Teacher-Report and Child Behavior on the Dictator Game

ABSTRACT Research Findings: Prosocial behavior in early childhood can be assessed by various informants and methodologies, but the information each provides may differ in meaningful ways. The present study measured and compared young children’s (N = 486; age: M = 48.51 months, SD = 8.22) prosocial behavior based on parent reports, teacher reports, and child behavior on the Dictator Game. Special consideration of the multidimensional nature of prosocial behavior was given by including questionnaire subscales for helping, sharing, and comforting behaviors, and differences across gender were investigated using a multigroup framework. Analyses found differences in the pattern of responding between parents and teachers and no agreement across informants. Observed sharing was not associated with either parent- or teacher-reported prosocial behavior. Gender differences were minimal, with girls rated as demonstrating more comforting behavior than boys by both parents and teachers and more overall prosocial behavior by teachers. Practice or Policy: Results suggest that methodology has a strong impact on the measurement of prosocial behavior. Children’s prosocial behavior may differ across contexts or vary by informant perspective, and this must be considered when interpreting results. These findings thus support the need for multi-informant and multimethod approaches in child assessment.

Amygdala connectivity is associated with withdrawn/depressed behavior in a large sample of children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®

Many psychopathologies tied to internalizing symptomatology emerge during adolescence, therefore identifying neural markers of internalizing behavior in childhood may allow for early intervention. We utilized data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® to evaluate associations between cortico-amygdalar functional connectivity, polygenic risk for depression (PRSD), traumatic events experienced, internalizing behavior, and internalizing subscales: withdrawn/depressed behavior, somatic complaints, and anxious/depressed behaviors. Data from 6371 children (ages 9–11) were used to analyze amygdala resting-state fMRI connectivity to Gordon parcellation based whole-brain regions of interest (ROIs). Internalizing behaviors were measured using the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist. Linear mixed-effects models were used to identify patterns of cortico-amygdalar connectivity associated with internalizing behaviors. Results indicated left amygdala connections to auditory, frontoparietal network (FPN), and dorsal attention network (DAN) ROIs were significantly associated with withdrawn/depressed symptomatology. Connections relevant for withdrawn/depressed behavior were linked to social behaviors. Specifically, amygdala connections to DAN were associated with social anxiety, social impairment, and social problems. Additionally, an amygdala connection to the FPN ROI and the auditory network ROI was associated with social anxiety and social problems, respectively. Therefore, it may be important to account for social behaviors when looking for brain correlates of depression.

Balancing exploration and exploitation? The impact of cost and inhibitory control on information gathering in early childhood.

The information-seeking behaviour of adults focuses on optimizing the gathering and utilizing information to minimize search costs. In contrast, children tend to engage in information search during decision-making with less consideration for costs. This difference in behaviour is believed to be linked to the development of executive functions. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between executive function and cost-related information-gathering behaviour. We assessed 56 children aged 4-6 years, involving three tasks: an information-gathering task, an inhibitory control and a working memory task. In the information-gathering task, children participated in both non-cost and cost conditions, where they were given the opportunity to freely gather information or incur a cost to acquire information. The findings revealed that children with higher inhibitory control tended to gather less information when a cost was involved. This highlights the important role of inhibitory control in shaping information-seeking behaviour in early childhood.

The impact of the indoor home environment on children's prosocial behaviour

Although the role of the home environment in the development of prosocial behaviour in childhood is well-established, the existing research has focused on the emotional microclimate of the home. We do not know whether the physical home environment has a role to play too. The present study aims to fill this gap. It uses data from a large, nationally representative birth cohort survey in the UK, tracking the trajectories of prosocial behaviour in children across ages 3, 5, 7 and 11 years as a function of three constructs derived from the Home Observation Measurement of the Environment Short Form (HOME-SF), assessed at age 3 years: physical organisation of the home, mother's emotional and verbal responsivity, and mother's use of harsh discipline. Prosocial behaviour was assessed via a parent-reported subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The findings, which were robust to adjustment for sex, ethnicity, cognitive ability, special educational needs, neighbourhood environment, family income, family structure, maternal mental health, maternal education and religiosity, showed that all three aspects of the home environment were associated with prosocial behaviour. However, when controlling for all three simultaneously, physical organisation ceased to be a significant predictor of prosocial behaviour although the two measures of the home's emotional environment retained their significance. This indicates that, compared to the physical, the emotional climate of the home has a more substantial impact on children's prosocial behaviour. It also suggests that the physical and the emotional context of the home are strongly interrelated, with aspects of emotional harshness possibly mediating the effects of the home's physical disorganisation.

Prenatal Cannabis and Tobacco Co-Exposure and Its Association with Behavioural Outcomes in Middle Childhood: Co-exposition prénatale au cannabis et au tabac et son association avec les résultats comportementaux au cours de l'enfance intermédiaire.

Cannabis legalization has triggered an increase in prenatal cannabis use. Given that tobacco is commonly co-used with cannabis, determining outcomes associated with prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure is crucial. While literature exists regarding the individual effects of prenatal cannabis and tobacco exposure on childhood behaviour, there is a gap regarding their combined use, which may have interactive effects. Therefore, we investigated whether prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure was associated with greater externalizing and internalizing problems in middle childhood compared to prenatal exposure to either substance alone or no exposure. Baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (collected in children ages 9-11) were used to explore differences in externalizing and internalizing scores derived from the Childhood Behavior Checklist across four groups: children with prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure (CT, n = 290), children with prenatal cannabis-only exposure (CAN, n = 225), children with prenatal tobacco-only exposure (TOB, n = 966), and unexposed children (CTL, n = 8,311). We also examined if the daily quantity of tobacco exposure modulated the effect of cannabis exposure on outcomes. Adjusting for covariates, a 2 × 2 ANCOVA revealed significant main effects for prenatal cannabis (p = 0.03) and tobacco exposure (p < 0.001), and a significant interaction effect on externalizing scores (p = 0.032); no significant main effects or interactions were found for internalizing scores. However, interactions between daily quantity of cannabis and tobacco exposure significantly predicted both externalizing and internalizing scores (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that co-exposure is associated with greater externalizing problems than exposure to either substance alone, which did not differ from each other. Further, greater tobacco exposure may amplify the negative effect of cannabis exposure on both externalizing and internalizing behaviours in children. These findings underscore the need for interventions that target cannabis and tobacco co-use in pregnant women to circumvent their adverse impact on middle childhood behaviour.

Systematic Review of Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors in Children Reported from Developmental Criminology.

Evidence indicates that persistent transgressive behaviors often begin early in development and increase around age twelve, and warns that children who exhibit transgressive behaviors in childhood or early adolescence tend to develop criminal behaviors in adulthood which makes childhood a critical unit of analysis for timely intervention. The study examines risk and protective factors in childhood related to illegal behavior, through the perspective of developmental criminology. The observation of risk and protective factors in early stages allows us to design interventions that prevent social adjustment problems in children from becoming more complex by maintaining the transgression of social norms over time. Factors identified by developmental criminology can be organized according to ecological systems theory and discussed in relation to previous criminological studies. Using a systematic review based on the PRISMA method, the study identifies 24 updated developmental criminology articles that study early protective factors between birth and age twelve. Risk factors at the individual level include biological, socioemotional, behavioral, symptomatic aspects and adverse life experiences. Individual protective factors include cognitive, socioemotional, and personality development aspects. Risk factors at an interpersonal and contextual level are related to family, school, peers, socioeconomic situation and governance. This review highlights the importance of recognizing risk and protective factors in child development, contemplating interventions at multiple levels where an articulation between the various institutions involved in child care is possible.

Parental Mediation, Digital Media Usage, and Health Literacy: An Exploration Among Chinese Elementary School Students

This study examines the relationship between parental interactions, digital media usage, and health literacy among 19,386 elementary students (ages 6–11) in Guangdong Province, China, using the framework of parental mediation theory. Path analysis revealed that increased digital media usage is associated with decreased health literacy, particularly for short video platforms, which exhibit a significant negative correlation (β = −.335). Parental interaction was found to significantly reduce the use of instant messaging apps (β = −.007) and short video platforms (β = −.008), with the influence being moderated by the student’s residence status (boarding or non-boarding). The findings highlight the importance of frequent parental interaction in limiting digital media usage and enhancing health literacy among children. This study suggests that parental mediation theory should pay closer attention to environmental or living status factors, as they can significantly influence its mechanisms of action. Overall, this research contributes to the discourse on digital behavior in childhood and offers evidence-based insights for improving educational and health literacy strategies.

Large-scale proteomics in the first trimester of pregnancy predict psychopathology and temperament in preschool children: an exploratory study.

Understanding the prenatal origins of children's psychopathology is a fundamental goal in developmental and clinical science. Recent research suggests that inflammation during pregnancy can trigger a cascade of fetal programming changes that contribute to vulnerability for the emergence of psychopathology. Most studies, however, have focused on a handful of proinflammatory cytokines and have not explored a range of prenatal biological pathways that may be involved in increasing postnatal risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties. Using extreme gradient boosted machine learning models, we explored large-scale proteomics, considering over 1,000 proteins from first trimester blood samples, to predict behavior in early childhood. Mothers reported on their 3- to 5-year-old children's (N = 89, 51% female) temperament (Child Behavior Questionnaire) and psychopathology (Child Behavior Checklist). We found that machine learning models of prenatal proteomics predict 5%-10% of the variance in children's sadness, perceptual sensitivity, attention problems, and emotional reactivity. Enrichment analyses identified immune function, nervous system development, and cell signaling pathways as being particularly important in predicting children's outcomes. Our findings, though exploratory, suggest processes in early pregnancy that are related to functioning in early childhood. Predictive features included far more proteins than have been considered in prior work. Specifically, proteins implicated in inflammation, in the development of the central nervous system, and in key cell-signaling pathways were enriched in relation to child temperament and psychopathology measures.

How strong is the evidence supporting the WHO guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in early childhood?

The WHO issued recommendations about the ideal amount of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in infants, toddlers and preschool children. To facilitate their interpretation and translation into public health policies, we analysed the quantity and quality of the evidence that supported the development of each WHO recommendation. All data for each exposure-outcome pair analysed in the studies informing WHO guidelines were extracted, and predefined criteria, based upon GRADE methodology, were used to classify each outcome and study result. Among the 237 studies that could be included, 37 were experimental and 200 were observational, yielding 920 analyses of exposure-outcome associations. Sixty-two analyses used a relevant outcome, with or without significant results. Five of the 10 WHO recommendations were based upon zero analyses with significant results on relevant health outcomes. The remaining recommendations were mostly based upon analyses evaluating obesity-related outcomes. Eight of the 10 GLs thresholds were not supported by any significant analysis on clinically relevant outcomes. While these findings should not be interpreted as an attempt to disprove the benefits of healthy lifestyle habits in early childhood, neither to minimize the work of the experts in this complex research field, very limited evidence currently supports the adoption of recommended thresholds as behavioural surveillance and public health interventions targets. Therefore, until further data are available, public health interventions should be developed balancing whether to focus on the achievement of specific targets that are still not supported by high-quality evidence or on the general promotion of healthy behaviours.

Social Story Intervention for Training Expected Behaviors among Preschool Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Promoting appropriate behaviors in early childhood is crucial for children's future development. This systematic review aimed to explore the efficacy of social story (SS) intervention in teaching expected behaviors among preschool children. A structured search strategy was applied to five online electronic databases. The references were systematically screened in accordance with the PRISMA statements. Randomized or non-randomized controlled studies, as well as single-subject studies, in which SSs served as a behavioral training approach for children aged 2 to 6 years were included. Information related to study design, characteristics of the participants, target behaviors, and implementation of SS intervention was extracted. A meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model, where similar outcomes were evaluated by similar intervention across multiple studies. Twenty-one studies were identified for qualitative analysis, while two studies formed the basis of the meta-analysis. SS interventions were employed to teach a variety of behaviors among typically developing children as well as those with various disabilities, such as autism, developmental delay, hearing impairments, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or other disabilities. The target behaviors included oral health practices, peer interaction, staying on-task, self-regulation, sleep habits, and controlling aggressive behavior during group activities. The SSs were used either alone or combined with other strategies, such as positive reinforcement, music therapy, role play, group discussion, video self-modeling, immediate practices, or additional audio commentary. Most studies reported improvements in appropriate behaviors and/or reductions in unfavorable behaviors. The meta-analysis indicated that children practiced more toothbrushing steps when using SS interventions compared to conventional oral health instruction (Z = 3.60, MD = 0.66, 95%CI 0.30 to 1.02, p < 0.001). SS interventions have the potential to teach target behaviors, particularly toothbrushing behaviors, among preschool children. More well-designed randomized controlled trials are warranted to determine the efficacy of SS interventions among children with various developmental profiles.

Pengaruh Sosialisasi Terhadap Efektivitas Perilaku Wanita Pasangan Menikah Usia Dini dalam Penggunaan KB (Keluarga Berencana) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pakuan Baru

The high number of child births and marriages in Indonesia today is a big problem and needs special attention in its handling to control the birth rate. One of the handling of high birth rates is the implementation of comprehensive development and family planning so that the behavior of using family planning becomes more effective. The effective use of family planning is influenced by several factors, including: knowledge, attitudes, number of children, income, husband's support, and support from health workers. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the behavior of early childhood couples in using family planning in the work area of the puskesmas Kotabaru.The research design is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach, which is carried out on a sample of 50 female couples of early age who were taken by purposive sampling. The chi-square analysis showed that there was a relationship between knowledge, income, husband's support, attitude, number of children , and support from health workers with the behavior of early married women in the use of family planning in the working area of Puskesmas Kotabaru.Through this research, the researchers suggested for the campaign to be more menggencarkan kb and improve the delivery of younger couples counseling to women in an effort to increase knowledge and disseminate, communication information and education (CIE) will benefit the use of contraception puskesmas Kotabaru.

Are Children Following High Trajectories of Disruptive Behaviors in Early Childhood More or Less Likely to Follow Concurrent High Trajectories of Internalizing Problems?

The developmental association between disruptive behaviors (DBs: hyperactivity-impulsivity, non-compliance, physical aggression) and internalizing problems in early childhood is not well understood and has generated competing hypotheses and mixed results. Using a person-centered strategy, the present study aimed to examine concurrent trajectories of DBs and trajectories of internalizing problems from age 1.5 to 5 years in a population-representative sample (N = 2057; 50.7% boys). Six trajectories of DBs and three trajectories of internalizing problems, based on parent reports and obtained via latent growth modeling across five periods of assessment, were used as longitudinal indicators of each type of behaviors. Children following low or moderate trajectories served as the reference class. Compared to children in the reference class, those in trajectory classes characterized by high levels of co-occurring DBs (OR = 6.60) and, to a lesser extent, those in single high DB classes (OR = 2.78) were more likely to follow a high trajectory of internalizing problems simultaneously. These results support a multiple problem hypothesis regarding the association between DBs and internalizing problems, consistent with a developmental perspective that includes a general factor underpinning different psychopathologies. These findings highlight the importance of considering the co-occurrence between DBs and internalizing problems when studying either construct in children.

PENGARUH APLIKASI TIKTOK TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN MORAL ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of the TikTok application on the moral development of children aged 5-6 years at AL - IKHLAS Kindergarten, Kademangan District. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data was collected through observation analysis, interviews and documentation. The respondents in this study were three parents of students aged 5-6 years at TK AL – IKHLAS, Kademangan District. The research results show that the use of the social media platform TikTok has an important influence on children's moral development. Changes in behavior in early childhood caused by watching TikTok videos that involve deviations from the religious and moral values ​​taught at AL – IKHLAS Kindergarten, Kademangan District. Even though there are positive impacts such as increasing knowledge and increasing children's brain concentration, negative impacts also occur after watching videos on the TikTok application. Children easily imitate the style of adults on TikTok, use harsh language, and commit inappropriate actions as a result of watching TikTok content. This negative impact also spreads to learning activities at school. Therefore, it is important for parents to accompany their children when watching TikTok videos so that the videos their children watch can be directed towards watching positive videos. Keywords: Early Childhood, TikTok Application, Moral Development

The impact of cartoons on bullying behaviors in early childhood from the point of view of parents

The impact of cartoons on bullying behaviors in early childhood from the point of view of parents

Policy, Systems, and Environmental Strategies to Support Healthy Eating Behaviors in Early Childhood: A Scoping Review of Existing Evaluation Tools

BackgroundPolicy, systems, and environmental (PSE) change strategies aimed at supporting healthy eating behaviors work to enhance optimal nutrition by making healthy foods more available and accessible in the community. PSE change strategies can complement and strengthen knowledge, skills, and behaviors obtained through individual-level nutrition education. ObjectiveThis scoping review aimed to identify existing literature evaluating early childhood (ie, children younger than age 5 years) PSE change strategies supporting healthy eating behaviors and to describe the evaluation tools used to assess the identified PSE change strategies. MethodsThree databases (PubMed, Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science) were used to systematically search for articles published between 2013 and 2023 written in English and conducted in the United States that evaluated PSE change strategies supporting healthy eating behaviors in young children (ie, children younger than age 5 years). Two study members conducted the review, discussing and reconciling discrepancies until a consensus was reached for interobserver reliability. ResultsFindings from this review identified 48 studies evaluating early childhood PSE change strategies supporting healthy eating behaviors, with 36 studies using 25 PSE-focused evaluation tools to evaluate these strategies. Most tools (80%) assessed PSE change strategies supporting access and availability of healthy food and beverage options in early childhood education settings. Studies did not evaluate child-level outcomes (ie, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors) to showcase improvement of early childhood nutrition. Only 60% of the tools reported evidence of validity or reliability. ConclusionsMost of the studies identified in this scoping review were aimed to evaluate healthy eating PSE change strategies focused on improving access to and availability of healthy foods and beverages in early childhood education settings. Future research is needed to develop and validate PSE-focused evaluation tools assessing child-level healthy eating practices and behaviors.