Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children Research Articles

Adult ADHD Positive Screening and Sibship, Birth Order and Academic Achievement: Implications for Epidemiologists and Physicians in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among the youth and university students differs internationally. This study aims to assess the prevalence of ADHD positivity from a validated screening test among medical students across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and its associated sociodemographic and family-related factors and the impact of ADHD on students' academic performance. Also, to highlight the implications of the current findings on epidemiologists and family physicians in the region. This cross-sectional study utilised the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) symptom checklist along with several questions on sociodemographic, siblings and personal academic achievement. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to obtain the Odds Ratios (ORs) of risk of ADHD screening positivity and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) against potential predictors. The overall prevalence of positively screened medical students was 38.86%. After adjustment, a statistically significant increased risk of ADHD positivity was observed for students who had one sibling (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.09-2.64). Also, upon examination of birth order, a significant increased risk was observed for students who were firstborn (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02-1.47). With regard to academic achievement, both before and after adjustment, students who screened positive had a 14% increased risk of obtaining an F GPA (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.99-1.30). A considerable number of medical students are potentially positive for ADHD. Albeit not diagnostically confirmed - this indicates that a substantial number of people have displayed symptoms akin to ADHD, but were not clinically diagnosed. Research into ADHD in the region is still in its infancy, and epidemiologists would benefit from high-quality databases to address this condition. Also, primary care physicians should develop skills in detecting and managing ADHD in children at an earlier age to improve symptoms in adulthood.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Egyptian medical students and how it relates to their academic performance.

The neurobehavioral disorder, known as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is characterized by impulsivity, hyperactivity, and a lack of focus. In addition, it is connected to poor academic performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of ADHD and its effect on their academic performance among medical students. This web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students of four medical colleges during December 2021 and April 2022. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire comprising Wender Utah Rating Scale and adult ADHD Self-Report Scale [ASRS]. The link to Google Form survey was distributed to students through academic emails and WhatsApp. Data analyzed using SPSS; Chisquare test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate, were used to determine statistical significance. A total of 990 students filled online questionnaire; 54.7% were females.. The estimated prevalence of ADHD in Egyptian medical students was 11%. Students who had childhood ADHD were significantly linked with the present ADHD (r = 0.54, P < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the ASRS score for ADHD and students' GPA (r = 0.2, P < 0.001). No statistically significant association was observed between ADHD and sex, type of university, and academic level. of the students. ADHD is prevalent among medical students. Since most of our students with adult ADHD also had preexisting childhood ADHD, it is crucial that the primary care services, especially school health services, have appropriate standards for the early identification and management of ADHD. Health authorities should conduct a comprehensive health education campaign to raise public awareness of ADHD and its risk factors, the clinical picture, and the burden.

Guidelines in the United States for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: Why They Are Needed

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder that begins in childhood and frequently persists into adulthood. During the past two decades, impairment from persisting ADHD symptoms has increasingly been recognized, and along with it, an increase in the number of adults being diagnosed and treated. Medication treatment of adults with ADHD can decrease the long-term negative impact of ADHD symptoms and behavioral interventions can improve executive function. Educational interventions designed to improve clinician knowledge and practice toward ADHD have been shown to be effective. However, although there are professional guidelines for the assessment and treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents in the United States (US), there are no guidelines for adults. This is increasingly problematic given the large number of adults being diagnosed and treated, and the range of professionals offering this treatment. The development of US guidelines for ADHD offers the potential to improve healthcare outcomes by standardizing care among clinicians with differing levels of expertise. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2023;53(10):461–469.]

Practice Guidelines Development: The APSARD United States Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD in Adults

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder arising in children that persists in many people for the remainder of their lives. While several diagnostic and treatment guidelines in the United States (US) have been developed for childhood ADHD, no guidelines have been published in the US for adults with ADHD. With the increase of care seeking by adults with ADHD accompanied by increasing ADHD medication prescriptions in the past few years, the American Professional Society for ADHD and Related Disorders Association (APSARD) has recognized the need for diagnostic and treatment guidelines for the US. The development of clinical practice guidelines follows a rigorous scientific process of literature review, conflict of interest management, levels of participation of the working group members, clinical recommendations based on published research, a ranking of the quality of data, and a Delphi process to evaluate the rank order of clinical recommendations with little published research available. The Institute of Medicine (now The National Academy of Medicine) and the American Psychiatric Association have established protocols for each of the aforementioned phases of the manuscript development. This article reviews this process in detail and conveys the complexity of the endeavor. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2023;53(10):449–454.]

Probabilistic Statistics to Aid Novel Heavy Metal Analysis in ADHD – A Case-Control Study with Bayesian Statistics

Background and objectives: Probabilistic statistical methods with the help of Bayesian Statistics help to analyze biomedical data with a newer and wider perspective. Combined with the knowledge provided by previous data, the novel approach was undertaken to study the association of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with heavy metals in children. ADHD is characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Being a widely prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, it is attributed to both genetic and environmental etiology. Hair and urine samples were used instead of blood as two non-invasive sources for assessing heavy metals. Materials and Methods: ADHD children diagnosed as per DSM-V criteria and age-matched healthy controls were recruited in this study. Hair and urine samples were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The levels of heavy metals were measured using ICP-OES after acid digestion and extraction. Bayesian Statistics in JASP v0.15 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The Bayes Factor, BF10 for the group with ADHD vs. healthy children, were significantly different for all heavy metals. In both hair and urine, lead, cadmium, nickel, and copper concentrations were higher in ADHD. However, zinc levels were lower in both samples for ADHD. Conclusion: By the probabilistic method, heavy metals are higher in the urine and hair of children with ADHD. Key Words: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Bayesian Statistics, ICP-OES, heavy metals

Novel RAB39B variant associated intellectual disability and levodopa-responsive young-onset parkinsonism

We report a 37-year-old Caucasian male with history of developmental delay, childhood onset Intellectual Disability (ID) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who presented at the age of 34 with tremor-dominant parkinsonism. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) revealed pathogenic hemizygous sequence variant, c.200G > T, in the RAB39B gene. This report expands the number of described individuals with young onset PD associated with RAB39B mutation.

Effortful Control Protects Against Familial Liability for ADHD: Longitudinal Results from the ABCD Study in the United States.

Effortful control, the ability to regulate complex and goal-directed behavior, may protect individuals from developing mental health symptoms. This study tested the potential for child effortful control and executive functioning to buffer the effects of familial liability for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) problems across a one-year timeframe. Data from the prospectively-collected Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD)® study were used to examine whether caregiver-rated child effortful control and executive functioning moderated the association between familial ADHD risk and later ADHD symptoms in a sample of children (N = 6,133; ages 9-10 years at baseline). Two independent variables were considered to compare the predictive powers of specific (family ADHD) and broad (family psychopathology) risk factors. Two additional moderating variables (surgency, negative affect) were tested to examine specificity of effortful control and executive functioning as moderators. All variables of interest were measured on a continuum and via caregiver report. At high levels of effortful control and executive functioning, there was no association between familial liability for ADHD or broad psychopathology and later child ADHD problems. The moderator effects were specific to effortful control and executive functioning domains. Etiological models of heritable psychiatric disorders, such as ADHD, should consider the risk and protective contributions of individual traits, such as effortful control and executive functioning. Clinical prevention and intervention efforts may target self-regulation skills in children to buffer against familial liability for ADHD problems.

Subtype classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with hierarchical binary hypothesis testing framework

Objective. The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes is important for the refined treatment of ADHD children. Although automated diagnosis methods based on machine learning are performed with structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI and fMRI) data which have full observation of brains, they are not satisfactory with the accuracy of less than for the ADHD subtype diagnosis. Approach. To improve the accuracy and obtain the biomarker of ADHD subtypes, we proposed a hierarchical binary hypothesis testing (H-BHT) framework by using brain functional connectivity (FC) as input bio-signals. The framework includes a two-stage procedure with a decision tree strategy and thus becomes suitable for the subtype classification. Also, typical FC is extracted in both two stages of identifying ADHD subtypes. That means the important FC is found out for the subtype recognition. Main results. We apply the proposed H-BHT framework to resting state fMRI datasets from ADHD-200 consortium. The results are achieved with the average accuracy and an average kappa score 0.947. Discriminative FC between ADHD subtypes is found by comparing the P-values of typical FC. Significance. The proposed framework not only is an effective structure for ADHD subtype classification, but also provides useful reference for multiclass classification of mental disease subtypes.

The risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among children with congenital heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Although current treatments are effective in dealing with congenital heart disease (CHD), non-cardiac comorbidities such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have received widespread attention. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the risk of ADHD associated with CHD. The literature search was carried out systematically through eight different databases by the end of September 2022. Either a fixed- or a random-effects model was used to calculate the overall combined risk estimates. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed by the Cochran Q test and the I2 statistic. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were used to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity. Eleven studies were included in this study, which involved a total of 296 741 participants. Our study showed that the children with CHD were at a significantly increased risk of ADHD compared with the reference group (OR = 2.98, 95% CI: 2.18-4.08). The results were moderately heterogeneous. These factors including study design, geographic region and study quality were identified as the first three of the most relevant heterogeneity moderators by subgroup analyses. Sensitivity analysis yielded consistent results. There was no evidence of publication bias. The present study suggests that CHD children have a significantly higher risk of ADHD when compared with those without CHD. Early identification and intervention of ADHD is important to reduce its symptoms and adverse effects; therefore, clinicians should increase screening for ADHD in children with CHD and intervene promptly to reduce its effects whenever possible.

Parent-Reported Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder–Linked Behaviors, Fatigue, and Language in Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find out if children who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH), particularly those without substantially delayed language, appear to be at risk for overreporting of inattentive and hyperactive behaviors and if attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) measures are influenced by the presence of language-based items, by child language skills, and by child and parent report of fatigue. Method: This study included 24 children with typical hearing, 13 children with hearing aids (HA), and 16 children with cochlear implants (CI) in second through sixth grade. Parents of children in each group completed a measure reporting on inattentive and hyperactive behaviors, social and academic outcomes, and general fatigue for their child. Children participated in a norm-referenced language assessment and completed a self-report of fatigue. Results: Analyses revealed an effect of hearing status on overall inattention ratings and social/academic performance: Children with CI had significantly lower ratings of inattention, and children with HA had more social/academic performance deficits. Differences in inattention scores for children with CI remained even when items biased toward language skills were removed from the measure, but differences in performance for children with HA disappeared. Omnibus language scores significantly correlated with academic and social outcomes, whereas parent report of fatigue significantly correlated with inattention and hyperactivity. Conclusions: Parent report of behaviors linked with ADHD, including inattention and hyperactivity, is likely influenced by child language knowledge and overall fatigue. Comorbid diagnosis of ADHD in children who are DHH must consider these factors.

Seed correlation analysis based on brain region activation for ADHD diagnosis in a large-scale resting state data set.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of multifactorial pathogenesis, which is often accompanied by dysfunction in several brain functional connectivity. Resting-state functional MRI have been used in ADHD, and they have been proposed as a possible biomarker of diagnosis information. This study's primary aim was to offer an effective seed-correlation analysis procedure to investigate the possible biomarker within resting state brain networks as diagnosis information. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data of 149 childhood ADHD were analyzed. In this study, we proposed a two-step hierarchical analysis method to extract functional connectivity features and evaluation by linear classifiers and random sampling validation. The data-driven method-ReHo provides four brain regions (mPFC, temporal pole, motor area, and putamen) with regional homogeneity differences as second-level seeds for analyzing functional connectivity differences between distant brain regions. The procedure reduces the difficulty of seed selection (location, shape, and size) in estimations of brain interconnections, improving the search for an effective seed; The features proposed in our study achieved a success rate of 83.24% in identifying ADHD patients through random sampling (saving 25% as the test set, while the remaining data was the training set) validation (using a simple linear classifier), surpassing the use of traditional seeds. This preliminary study examines the feasibility of diagnosing ADHD by analyzing the resting-state fMRI data from the ADHD-200 NYU dataset. The data-driven model provides a precise way to find reliable seeds. Data-driven models offer precise methods for finding reliable seeds and are feasible across different datasets. Moreover, this phenomenon may reveal that using a data-driven approach to build a model specific to a single data set may be better than combining several data and creating a general model.

Identifying the Information Needs and Format Preferences for Web-Based Content Among Adults With or Parents of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Three-Stage Qualitative Analysis.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood and adult behavioral disorder. Internet searches for ADHD information are rising, particularly for diagnosis and treatment. Despite effective ADHD treatments, research suggests that there are delays in seeking help for ADHD. Identifying ways to shorten delays is important for minimizing morbidity associated with ADHD. One way to shorten these delays is to improve internet health information resources. Research shows that parents of children with ADHD feel that much of the information available is technical and not tailored for their child's needs and verbal instructions given by health care providers were too pharmacologically focused with limited information about how to manage and support ADHD symptoms in daily living. A majority of parents search the internet for general and pharmacological information for ADHD and prefer web-based resources for learning about ADHD, but web-based resources may be inaccurate and of low quality. Ensuring accurate information through the internet is an important step in assisting parents and adults in making informed decisions about the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. Although a great deal of information regarding ADHD is available on the internet, some information is not based on scientific evidence or is difficult for stakeholders to understand. Determining gaps in access to accurate ADHD information and stakeholder interest in the type of information desired is important in improving patient engagement with the health care system, but minimal research addresses these needs. This study aims to determine the information needs and formatting needs of web-based content for adults with ADHD and parents of children with ADHD in order to improve user experience and engagement. This was a 3-phase study consisting of in-depth phone interviews about experiences with ADHD and barriers searching for ADHD-related information, focus groups where participants were instructed to consider the pathways by which they made decisions using web-based resources, and observing participants interacting with a newly developed website tailored for adults with potential ADHD and caregivers of children who had or might have ADHD. Phase 1 individual interviews and phase 2 focus groups identified the needs of the ADHD stakeholders related to website content and format. Interview and focus group findings were used to develop a website. Phase 3 used think-aloud interviews to evaluate website usability to inform the tailoring of the website based on user feedback. Interviews and focus group findings revealed preferences for ADHD website information and content, website layout, and information sources. Themes included a preference for destigmatizing information about ADHD, information specific to patient demographics, and evidence-based information tailored to lay audiences. ADHD stakeholders are specifically seeking positive information about ADHD presented in a user-friendly format.

A Comparative Study of Social Information Processing and Executive Functioning in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Typically Developing Children

Introduction: Examining the performance of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in each step of the social information processing and their executive functioning behaviors while comparing them to typically developing (TD) children and determining their limitations in these processes is important for reducing the future risks that children with ADHD may face in academic and social life. In this context, the aim of the study is to comparatively examine the social information processing and executive functioning behaviors of children with ADHD and TD children. Method: The study was conducted using a general survey model, which is one of the quantitative research designs. The participants of the study included 25 children diagnosed with ADHD, aged between 8 and 10, and 25 TD children of the same gender and age range. Additionally, 25 teachers and 50 parents participated in the study. The data collection tools used in the study were the Social Information Processing Assessment Form and the Parent and Teacher Form of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF). Findings: The study findings showed significant differences between children with ADHD and TD children in all stages of the Social Information Processing Assessment Form. Similar significant differences were also found in all the sub-scales and sub-dimensions of the Parent and Teacher Form of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions. The relationships between social information processing skills and executive functioning skills also revealed significant associations between some sub-stages of the Social Information Processing Skills Assessment Form and some sub-dimensions of the Parent and Teacher Form of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions. Discussion: The findings indicate that children with ADHD experience limitations in each of the six steps of the Social Information Processing Model and in some sub-dimensions of executive functions when compared to their TD peers. The findings emphasize the significance of the relationships between social information processing and executive functioning in the development of social and academic skills in children with ADHD.

Ocular and neural genes jointly regulate the visuospatial working memory in ADHD children

ObjectiveWorking memory (WM) deficits have frequently been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite previous studies suggested its high heritability, its genetic basis, especially in ADHD, remains unclear. The current study aimed to comprehensively explore the genetic basis of visual-spatial working memory (VSWM) in ADHD using wide-ranging genetic analyses.MethodsThe current study recruited a cohort consisted of 802 ADHD individuals, all met DSM-IV ADHD diagnostic criteria. VSWM was assessed by Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (RCFT), which is a widely used psychological test include four memory indexes: detail delayed (DD), structure delayed (SD), structure immediate (SI), detail immediate (DI). Genetic analyses were conducted at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene, pathway, polygenic and protein network levels. Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) were based on summary statistics of various psychiatric disorders, including ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), and substance use disorder (SUD).ResultsAnalyses at the single-marker level did not yield significant results (5E−08). However, the potential signals with P values less than E−05 and their mapped genes suggested the regulation of VSWM involved both ocular and neural system related genes, moreover, ADHD-related genes were also involved. The gene-based analysis found RAB11FIP1, whose encoded protein modulates several neurodevelopment processes and visual system, as significantly associated with DD scores (P = 1.96E−06, Padj = 0.036). Candidate pathway enrichment analyses (N = 53) found that forebrain neuron fate commitment significantly enriched in DD (P = 4.78E−04, Padj = 0.025), and dopamine transport enriched in SD (P = 5.90E-04, Padj = 0.031). We also observed a significant negative relationship between DD scores and ADHD PRS scores (P = 0.0025, Empirical P = 0.048).ConclusionsOur results emphasized the joint contribution of ocular and neural genes in regulating VSWM. The study reveals a shared genetic basis between ADHD and VSWM, with GWAS indicating the involvement of ADHD-related genes in VSWM. Additionally, the PRS analysis identifies a significant relationship between ADHD-PRS and DD scores. Overall, our findings shed light on the genetic basis of VSWM deficits in ADHD, and may have important implications for future research and clinical practice.

Sustained improvements by behavioural parent training for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Ameta-analytic review of longer-term child and parental outcomes.

Behavioural parent training is an evidence-based intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but little is known about the extent to which initial benefits are maintained. This meta-analytic review investigated longer-term (i.e., more than 2months post-intervention) child and parental outcomes of behavioural parent training for children with ADHD. We searched for randomized controlled trials and examined ADHD symptoms, behavioural problems, positive parenting, negative parenting, parenting sense of competence, parent-child relationship quality, and parental mental health as outcomes. We included 27 studies (31 interventions; 217 effect sizes), used multilevel random-effects meta-analyses for between- and within-group comparisons (pre-intervention to follow-up and post-intervention to follow-up), and explored twelve predictors of change. Between pre-intervention and follow-up (M=5.3months), we found significant small-to-moderate between-group effects of the intervention on ADHD symptoms, behavioural problems, positive parenting, parenting sense of competence and parent-child relationship quality. Within-group findings show sustained improvements in the intervention conditions for all outcome domains. There were few significant changes from post-intervention to follow-up. Additionally, the large majority of the individual effect sizes indicated sustained outcomes from post-intervention to follow-up. There were seven significant predictors of change in child outcomes, including stronger reductions in ADHD symptoms of girls and behaviour problems of younger children. In contrast with some meta-analyses on short-term effects, we found no differences between masked and unmasked outcomes on ADHD symptoms at follow-up. We conclude that behavioural parent training has longer-term benefits for children's ADHD symptoms and behavioural problems, and for positive parenting behaviours, parenting sense of competence and quality of the parent-child relationship.

Nutritional status and dietary patterns of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Bangladesh

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted purposively among 45 children who took regular health and nutritional care facilities in the Savoy Autism Rehabilitation Center at Narayanganj, Bangladesh with the aimed to observe the nutritional status and dietary patterns of the selected attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) child. About 24% of the respondents were well nourished, while 18% of respondents were overweight and 58% of the children were underweight. Dietary patterns were monotonous, cereals (rice/bread) consumption were higher, whereas daily fish and meat consumption were very poor such as 4.4% (small fish), 13.3% (large fish), and 2.2% (meat) respectively daily. Fruits and vegetables consumption were also found as poor among the children. It can be concluded that more emphasis should be given to the incorporation of meat, fish, fruits and vegetables daily into the diet of children with providing nutritional care guidelines to the caregivers of these children so that their diet gets more diversified to ensure macro and micronutrient adequacy. Diet rich with adequate nutrients and proper behavioral and psychiatric therapy should be provided in order to control hyperactive-related disorders.

A National Survey on the Clinical Practice Patterns of Korean Medicine Doctors for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adolescents.

To alleviate the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and reduce the side effects of psychostimulants, parents are opting for complementary and alternative medicine as a therapeutic option. Korean medicine (KM) has been used by Korean medicine doctors (KMDs) to treat ADHD with herbal medication and acupuncture. This study aimed to conduct a cross-sectional survey on the clinical practice patterns of KM for ADHD in children targeting KMDs. The questionnaire included aspects related to patient characteristics, diagnosis, treatment modalities, and perceptions regarding KM. Questionnaires were distributed to all KMDs via e-mail, and the online surveys were conducted from 1 to 15 February 2023. A total 2.1% of KMDs (n = 537/25,574) completed the survey. The predominant diagnostic pattern identification employed was "depressed liver qi transforming into fire" (19.8%). Herbal medicine (HM) was the most common treatment (44.2%). The most frequently used HM prescriptions were Ondam-tang (16.9%), Eokgan-san (15.7%), and Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang (14.4%). KMDs recognized HM as the most effective among the KM treatments (54.3%). The results of this study elucidate the current clinical practice patterns of KM for ADHD. Based on these findings, a treatment protocol can be developed to provide optimized KM treatment services to patients with ADHD.

Metacognitive skills and working memory in children with ADHD and the ICTs’ Role

Metacognition and working memory from executive functions are higher order cognitive processes that undergo steady improvements throughout childhood. They are of great importance for daily functioning in a variety of domains, including academic achievement. Both concepts have been intensively researched, but little literature has attempted to link them theoretically and empirically. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a high prevalence and high heterogeneity, which is identified as early as childhood, causing problems in almost every aspect of the ADHD child's life. In this paper, we will present research data from around the world that link working memory and metacognitive skills to the development or management of ADHD.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) based prediction of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using machine learning

“Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)” is a neuro-developmental disorder in children under 12 years old. Learning deficits, anxiety, depression, sensory processing disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder are the most frequent comorbidities of ADHD. This research focuses on ADHD in children, considering its common occurrence and frequent coexistence with other mental disorders. The study utilizes the resting-state open-eye “Electroencephalogram” (EEG) signals of 61 children with ADHD and 60 healthy children. Morphological and “Power Spectral Density” (PSD) features associated with ADHD are analysed and “Principal Component Analysis” (PCA) is employed to reduce data dimensionality. Classification algorithms including AdaBoost, “K-Nearest Neighbour” (KNN) classifier, Naive Bayes, and random forest are utilized, with the Bernoulli Naive Bayes classifier achieving the highest accuracy of 96%. This study found some relevant characteristics for classification at the frontal (F), central (C), and parietal (P) electrode placement sites. Finally, this reveals distinct EEG patterns in children with ADHD and the study provides a potential supplementary method for ADHD diagnosis.

History of Childhood/Adolescence Referral to Speciality Care or Treatment in Adult Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Mutual Relations with Clinical Presentation, Psychiatric Comorbidity and Emotional Dysregulation.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that only rarely remits in adulthood. While several studies underlined differences between child and adult ADHD, the relationship between adult clinical presentation and early referral/treatment has been rarely investigated. In our study, 100 adults with ADHD were recruited and subdivided according to a history of referral to speciality care or treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) during childhood/adolescence. The early referral was associated with a history of disruptive behaviors during childhood/adolescence. Current ADHD symptoms were more pronounced in patients first referred during childhood/adolescence but never treated with MPH. Early MPH treatment was associated with lower rates of mood disorders and lower severity of emotional dysregulation at the time of assessment. Negative emotionality mediated the relationship between MPH treatment and mood disorders comorbidity. ADHD patients first referred during childhood/adolescence are characterized by more externalizing features than those first referred in adulthood. MPH treatment during the developmental age may have a role in preventing mood disorders in patients with ADHD, possibly by reducing emotional dysregulation.