Childhood Age Research Articles

Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Symptoms from Early Childhood to Adolescence in a Nationally Representative Spanish Sample

ABSTRACT Objective The identification of a common set of symptoms for assessing cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS, formerly sluggish cognitive tempo) for early childhood (ages 5–8), middle childhood (ages 9–12), and adolescence (ages 13–16) is needed to advance research on the developmental psychopathology of CDS (i.e. a common symptom set with comparable internal and external validity for each age group). Method Parents of a nationally representative sample of 5,525 Spanish children and adolescents (ages 5 to 16, 56.1% boys) completed measures of CDS, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention (ADHD-IN), and other measures. Results First, the 15 CDS symptoms showed convergent and discriminant validity relative to the ADHD-IN symptoms within each age group. Second, CDS showed stronger first-order and unique associations than ADHD-IN with anxiety, depression, somatization, daytime sleep-related impairment, and nighttime sleep disturbance, whereas ADHD-IN showed stronger first-order and unique associations than CDS with ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder, and academic impairment. Third, CDS showed stronger first-order and unique associations than ADHD-IN with a history of having an anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder diagnosis, whereas ADHD-IN showed stronger first-order and unique associations with having an ADHD diagnosis. Conclusions The identification of a common set of CDS symptoms spanning early childhood to adolescence allows for the advancement of research on CDS, with a particular need now for longitudinal studies and examination of CDS with other functional outcomes and across other cultural contexts.

Identification of eczema clusters and their association with filaggrin and atopic comorbidities: analysis of five birth cohorts.

Longitudinal modelling of the presence/absence of current eczema through childhood has identified similar phenotypes, but their characteristics often differ between studies. To demonstrate that a more comprehensive description of longitudinal pattern of symptoms may better describe trajectories than binary information on eczema presence. We derived six multidimensional variables of eczema spells from birth to 18 years of age (including duration, temporal sequencing and the extent of persistence/recurrence). Spells were defined as consecutive observations of eczema separated by no eczema across 5 epochs in five birth cohorts: infancy (first year); early childhood (age 2-3 years); preschool/early school age (4-5 years); middle childhood (8-10 years); adolescence (14-18 years). We applied Partitioning Around Medoids clustering on these variables to derive clusters of the temporal patterns of eczema. We then investigated the stability of the clusters, within-cluster homogeneity and associated risk factors, including FLG mutations. Analysis of 7464 participants with complete data identified five clusters: (i) no eczema (51.0%); (ii) early transient eczema (21.6%); (iii) late-onset eczema (LOE; 8.1%); (iv) intermittent eczema (INT; 7.5%); and (v) persistent eczema (PE; 11.8%). There was very-high agreement between the assignment of individual children into clusters when using complete or imputed (n = 15 848) data (adjusted Rand index = 0.99; i.e. the clusters were very stable). Within-individual symptom patterns across clusters confirmed within-cluster homogeneity, with consistent patterns of symptoms among participants within each cluster and no overlap between the clusters. Clusters were characterized by differences in associations with risk factors (e.g. parental eczema was associated with all clusters apart from LOE; sensitization to inhalant allergens was associated with all clusters, with the highest risk in the PE cluster). All clusters apart from LOE were associated with FLG mutations. Of note, the strongest association was for PE [relative risk ratio (RRR) 2.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.24-3.26; P < 0.001] followed by INT (RRR 2.29, 95% CI 1.82-2.88; P < 0.001). Clustering of multidimensional variables identified stable clusters with different genetic architectures. Using multidimensional variables may capture eczema development and derive stable and internally homogeneous clusters. However, deriving homogeneous symptom clusters does not necessarily mean that these are underpinned by completely unique mechanisms.

Investigating the associations of age of initiation and other psychosocial factors of singular alcohol, tobacco and marijuana usage on polysubstance use: analysis of a population-based survey in Jamaica

ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine concurrent polysubstance use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana and determine correlations with access to marijuana, friend and familial drug use habits, risk perception and the...

5 Social perception and ability to evaluate sincerity of speech impacted by childhood hemispherectomy

Objective:Hemispherectomy (HE) is a surgical intervention to treat intractable epilepsy. It involves disconnecting or removing the right or left cerebral hemisphere, depending on the location of the pathological substrate or epileptogenic activity. HE impacts neural functions related to social cognition (Fournier et al., 2008). This study investigates the effects of childhood HE on social deception and sarcasm using the Thames Awareness of Social Inferences Task (TASIT; McDonald, Flanagan, &amp; Rollins, 2010) to explore emotion identification and social inference appraisal as adults.Participants and Methods:Fifteen adults with hemispherectomy and 16 neurotypical controls completed the TASIT. All HE patients underwent hemispherectomy (right-HE = 10) during childhood (age of surgery = 3 months to 16 years) and had FSIQ &gt; 70 at the time of study. HE and control groups were matched for age (HE M = 25.7, SD = 5.4; control M = 27.1, SD = 10.7) and education (HE M = 14.0, SD = 1.88; control M = 13.3, SD = 1.8). FSIQ was significantly lower in the HE group than control group (HE M= 90.8, SD = 9.4; control (M = 100.4, SD = 7.1). TASIT uses videotaped vignettes to assess aspects of social perception: emotion recognition (Part 1), social inference regarding sincerity, simple sarcasm, and paradoxical sarcasm (Part 2) and social inference regarding sincerity of speech (lie vs sarcasm) in the presence of additional text or visual cues (Part 3).Results:For Part 1, MANCOVA (covarying FSIQ) found no group difference in emotion identification. Analysis of data from Part 2 was conducted using repeated measures ANCOVA accounting for 2 groups x 3 conditions (sincere, simple sarcasm, and paradoxical sarcasm) and revealed only a significant overall group effect, F (1, 28) = 5.72, p = .024, np2 = .170. Likewise, analysis of Part 3 using repeated measures ANCOVA accounting for 2 groups x 2 cue types (visual, text) and 2 actor intentions (lie, sarcasm) revealed only a significant overall group effect, F (1,28) = 11.35, p = .002, np2 = .288, with no interaction of group by condition.Conclusions:HE patients exhibited no difficulty identifying basic emotional expressions. Performance was significantly impaired when additional social information was added to the context (i.e., detecting sarcasm or deception). HE patients begin to struggle with the complexity of new social information or how it changes the meaning of a conversation. Even simple sarcastic exchanges are difficult to interpret. When a visual or textual cue was introduced to reveal the true state of affairs, HE patients could not could integrate the information into their interpretations of the scenario. There are unique contributions of the left and right hemispheres to cognitive processes for complex social behavior, and absence of an entire hemisphere results in deficits in social language comprehension. Future research should investigate performance differences in left vs. right HE patients.

Cumulative burden and trajectories of body mass index and blood pressure from childhood and carotid intima-media thickness in young adulthood

There are significant gaps in understanding of the association between levels and rate of change of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) at different ages during childhood and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in adulthood. We investigated the association between trajectories of BMI and BP from childhood to adulthood and adult CIMT among Iranian participants in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) cohort. A total of 1334 participants (692 men), from the TLGS cohort (1999–2018) with repeated measurements of BMI and BP (2–6 times) from childhood (3–18 years) to young adulthood (20–40 years) were selected. Trajectory parameters included levels and linear slopes of BMI and BP growth curve models, and cumulative burden defined as the area under those curves (AUC). After adjusting for confounders, AUC of BMI and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significantly associated with high CIMT in adulthood, with the standardized odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 1.35 (1.12–1.62) and 1.27 (1.01–1.60), respectively. Associations between level-independent slopes of BMI and adult CIMT were significantly positive (ORs: 1.27 to 1.26) during childhood ages (3–18 years). Further, levels of BMI (ORs: 1.23 to 1.29) and DBP (ORs: 1.25 to 1.33) during the ages of 13–18 and 11–17 years, respectively, were significantly associated with CIMT in adulthood (all P < 0.05). The cumulative burden of BMI and DBP was associated with CIMT in adulthood. Adolescence is a crucial period for high CIMT, which has implications for early prevention of atherosclerosis.

HDL Function across the Lifespan: From Childhood, to Pregnancy, to Old Age.

The function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles has emerged as a promising therapeutic target and the measurement of HDL function is a promising diagnostic across several disease states. The vast majority of research on HDL functional biology has focused on adult participants with underlying chronic diseases, whereas limited research has investigated the role of HDL in childhood, pregnancy, and old age. Yet, it is apparent that functional HDL is essential at all life stages for maintaining health. In this review, we discuss current data regarding the role of HDL during childhood, pregnancy and in the elderly, how disturbances in HDL may lead to adverse health outcomes, and knowledge gaps in the role of HDL across these life stages.

Parental psychopathology and posttraumatic stress in Puerto Ricans: the role of childhood adversity and parenting practices.

Parental psychopathology is associated with their children's posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). However, the mechanisms through which this occurs remain unclear. We hypothesized that exposure to childhood adversities is the mechanism linking parental psychopathology to child PTSS and that parenting practices moderated these associations. Participants (N = 1,402) with an average age of 24.03 years old (SD = 2.20), were all Puerto Ricans (50% Male and 50% Female) from the Boricua Youth Study, which is a four-wave longitudinal study spanning almost 20 years, following individuals from childhood (ages 5-13 at Wave 1) to young adulthood. Measured variables include parental psychopathology at Wave 1, childhood adversities and parenting practices at Waves 2-3, and PTSS at Wave 4. A traditional mediation model estimated the association between parental psychopathology and child PTSS via childhood adversities. A moderated mediation model was used to examine whether parenting practices moderated this mediation model. Results showed that the total effect of parental psychopathology at Wave 1 on PTSS at Wave 4 was fully mediated by childhood adversities at Waves 2-3 (direct effect b = 1.72, 95% CI = [-0.09, 3.83]; indirect effect b = 0.40, 95% CI = [0.15, 0.81]). In addition, the magnitude of this pathway varied by levels of parenting practices (i.e. parental monitoring and parent-child relationship quality). Specifically, the indirect effect of additional adversities in the psychopathology-PTSS link was stronger with higher levels of parental monitoring but weaker with higher parent-child relationship quality scores. Intergenerational continuity of psychopathology may be mitigated through the prevention of additional childhood adversities via upstream interventions, emphasizing providing parents with mental health needs with parenting tools. Family-based interventions focused on providing families with the tools to improve parent-child relationships may reduce the negative impact of childhood adversities on mental health across the life course.

Prevalence of Dental Caries among School Going Children in Dolakha, Nepal

IntroductionThere is a significant prevalence and morbidity of dental caries due to a lack of health education and insufficient preventive measures and the health status of students is not satisfactory. A number oforal disorders are linked to chronic diseases, and poor oral health has a major negative impact on overall health. People's everyday lives and general well-being are significantly impacted by pain, issues with eating, chewing, smiling, and communication brought on by missing, discolored, and damaged teeth. The aim of the study was to assess dental caries status among age groups, 3-14 years based on government and private schools.MethodsA cross-sectional comparative study done among 377 school going students age 3-15 years. Children from both private and public schools were included in the study. Dental caries status was assessed using the WHO oral health assessment form for children 2013.ResultsThe overall caries prevalence among the study participants was 341 (90.2%). Dental caries varied among age groups. Males scored higher dental caries levels than females. The private school students (5.78 ± 4.69) showed significantly higher levels of dental caries than the government school students (5.01 ±4.61).ConclusionsThe caries prevalence is very high in the school children of Dolakha with the highest burden among middle childhood age group with high number of untreated caries which emphasizes the need for further intervention.

The relative importance of education and health behaviour for health and wellbeing

BackgroundIndicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) and health behaviours (HB) are widely used predictors of health variations. Their relative importance is hard to establish, because HB takes a mediating role in the link between SEP and health. We aim to provide new knowledge on how SEP and HB are related to health and wellbeing.MethodsThe analysis considered 14,713 Norwegians aged 40–63. Separate regressions were performed using two outcomes for health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5 L; EQ-VAS), and one for subjective wellbeing (Satisfaction with Life Scale). As predictors, we used educational attainment and a composite measure of HB – both categorized into four levels. We adjusted for differences in childhood financial circumstances, sex and age. We estimated the percentage share of each predictor in total explained variation, and the relative contributions of HB in the education-health association.ResultsThe reference case model, excluding HB, suggests consistent stepwise education gradients in health-related quality of life. The gap between the lowest and highest education was 0.042 on the EQ-5D-5 L, and 0.062 on the EQ-VAS. When including HB, the education effects were much attenuated, making HB take the lion share of the explained health variance. HB contributes 29% of the education-health gradient when health is measured by EQ-5D-5 L, and 40% when measured by EQ-VAS. For subjective wellbeing, we observed a strong HB-gradient, but no education gradient.ConclusionIn the institutional context of a rich egalitarian country, variations in health and wellbeing are to a larger extent explained by health behaviours than educational attainment.

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Peak Growth Hormone Response to Growth Hormone Stimulation Tests and Body Mass Index

Objective: A contrary relationship between body mass index (BMI) and growth hormone (GH) secretion has been demonstrated in adults. BMI-specific cutoff levels are suggested for identifying growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adulthood. However, specific values for BMI and growth hormone stimulation test responses in the childhood age group are not certain. In this research, our purpose was to investigate the relationship between GH peak response and BMI in children who underwent GHST with a pre-diagnosis of GHD. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study of stimulative GH testing with clonidine and L-dopa performed in 150 children 2–18 year-old with short stature (&lt; -2 SDS) in the Pediatric Endocrinology Unit at Bakırçay University Çiğli Training and Research Hospital from the years of 2018 to 2023. Anthropometric measurements, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and IGFBP- 3 levels, especially peak-stimulated GH, were evaluated. Results: A total of 150 patients [98 boys (65.3%) and 52 girls (34.7%)] were included in the study. The mean age of the individuals during testing was 10.26 ± 3.37 years, mean height standard deviation score (SDS) was -2.64 ± 0.89, mean weight SDS was -1.85 ± 1.01 and mean body mass index (BMI) SDS was -0.47 ± 1.07. Ninety-two of the patients (63%) were prepubertal. The mean value for maximum growth hormone serum level (GHmax) clonidine collected during the growth hormone stimulation test was 4.46 ± 2.83 ng/mL, while the mean value in L-dopa test was 3.29 ± 2.57 ng/mL. There was no statistical distinction in terms of both test responses. The correlation between peak GH and BMI-SDS, in terms of clonidine and L-dopa tests, was significantly negative [β = -0.257 (p = 0.010), β = -0.283 (p = 0.004), respectively]. Age, gender and puberty were not significantly associated with peak GH value. In terms of L-dopa peak GH level, the GH level in group 4 (&gt;1 SDS) was revealed to be statistically lower than that in group 1 (&lt; -1 SDS), nevertheless, similar relationship was not detected for clonidine. Conclusion: In our study, a negative correlation was found between GHmax and BMI-SDS in terms of clonidine and L-dopa tests. Therefore, keeping BMI-SDS in mind when evaluating growth hormone stimulation tests performed in short children may be guiding. Still, future studies are needed to make it a determining factor when deciding on treatment.

Concurrent and prospective associations between family socioeconomic status, social support and salivary diurnal and hair cortisol in adolescence.

Exposure to socioeconomic adversity is hypothesized to impact hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and cortisol secretion, but existing evidence is inconsistent. Yet, few studies have investigated this association using a developmental approach that considers potential protective contextual factors. This study examined the role of stability and changes in family socioeconomic status (SES) in the prediction of multiple cortisol indicators and tested whether social support moderated these associations. Participants were part of a population-based sample of twin pairs recruited at birth. Family SES was assessed in early childhood (ages 0-5) and mid-adolescence (age 14). Social support was assessed at ages 14 and 19. Diurnal cortisol (n = 569) was measured at age 14 at awakening, 30 min later, in the afternoon and evening over four non-consecutive days. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC, n = 704) was measured at age 19. All data were collected before the pandemic and multilevel regression models were conducted to account for the nested data structure. Youth exposed to lower family SES levels in childhood and mid-adolescence had a flatter diurnal slope and higher HCC compared with those who experienced upward socioeconomic mobility in mid-adolescence. Contrastingly, mid-adolescence SES showed no association with the diurnal slope or HCC for youth from higher-SES households in early childhood. Moreover, youth raised in higher-SES families in early childhood had a higher CAR in mid-adolescence if they reported greater social support in mid-adolescence. Social support also moderated the SES-cortisol association in mid-adolescence, with higher-SES youth showing higher awakening cortisol secretion when reporting more social support. Our findings support the hypothesis that early socioeconomic adversity sensitizes HPA axis activity to later socioeconomic disadvantage, which may bear consequences for socioemotional and behavioral functioning.

Relationship between caregiver adverse childhood events and age of autism spectrum diagnosis

BackgroundThe age at which children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not significantly decreased in the past 20 years. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) experienced by caregivers of autistic children may predict delays in caregivers attending ASD diagnostic evaluations, negatively impacting the age at which the child is diagnosed with ASD. The purpose of this study was to further explore the caregiver delay response by analyzing recurring events common in caregivers of children at risk for ASD. MethodsWe used a quantitative research design with convenience sampling to categorize caregivers of children referred for an ASD diagnostic evaluation into three groups based on their ACEs score and medical history. FindingsA higher percentage of caregivers with four or more ACEs compared to the national average was noted. Parental separation or divorce, verbal aggression, emotional abuse, and parental alcohol or substance abuse occurred most frequently, and the latter predicted a prolonged time in attending the diagnostic evaluation. DiscussionACEs experienced by caregivers of children with ASD may delay the age of ASD diagnosis. Further investigation into the effect of ACEs on caregivers' mental health status and executive functioning is warranted to develop best practice for assisting caregivers in ASD recognition, diagnosis, and care management. Application to practiceClinicians should consider caregiver ACEs score when referring a child for a diagnostic developmental evaluation. Resources to address caregiver mental health needs should be provided at the onset of the referral process to increase the likelihood of caregiver adherence.

Early childhood predictors of early school‐age academic skills and resilience among children living in poverty

AbstractThis longitudinal study of low‐income families tested neighborhood‐, family‐, and child‐centered promotive factors in early childhood, responses to an early family intervention, and their interactions as predictors of school‐entry levels of and early school‐age gains in academic skills. Using a racially‐diverse, low‐income sample (n = 527) from a randomized controlled trial of the Family Check‐Up (FCU) intervention and Bayesian multilevel regression modeling, we tested whether neighborhood cohesion, positive mother–child engagement, and child self‐regulation in early childhood (ages 2–5 years) and their interactions with FCU group assignment predicted the intercept and slope of academic skills across child age 5, 7.5, and 8.5 years. Higher positive mother–child engagement and child self‐regulation predicted higher academic skills at school entry. An interaction between the FCU intervention and positive mother–child engagement predicted gains in academic skills compared to national norms. The findings suggest the FCU intervention leveraged positive mother–child engagement in early childhood to promote academic skills, offering a potential avenue from which to prevent income achievement gaps before school entry.

69 A Population-based Study of Parent-reported Health Outcomes at Preschool Age of Children Born Very Preterm

Abstract Background Most existing literature on health status (HS) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) of preterm survivors focuses on late childhood, adolescent, and adult age, with only a small body of data on preschool age children. Little is known about the relationship between parent-reported HS outcomes and standardized neurodevelopmental outcomes measured in preterm survivors at preschool age. Objectives To present parent-reported HS outcomes at 36 months of age in a population-based cohort of very preterm survivors and compare parent-reported subjective outcomes to standardized neurodevelopmental outcomes measured by clinicians at the same age. Design/Methods Infants &amp;lt;31 weeks’ gestation born between April 2014 and June 2016 were prospectively followed through the Perinatal Follow-Up Program and enrolled in a population-based database. HS was measured using the Health Status Classification System for Pre-School Children questionnaire, completed by parents when children reached 36 months’ age. At the same age, neurological examination and standardized developmental assessments were completed by clinicians, using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development – III to determine neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). NDI was categorized as none, “mild”, or “significant" (moderate or severe cerebral palsy, Bayley-III &amp;lt;70, blind or required hearing aid). Inter-rater reliability between the physician and parent scores was assessed using Cohen’s weighted kappa coefficient. Results Of 118 children included, there were 47 and 71 children born in &amp;lt;28 and ≥28 weeks’ gestational age, respectively. At 36 months’ age, 73.7% had a parental health concern, mild in &amp;gt;50% and severe in only 8.5%. The most affected HS attributes were language (46.6%) and self-care (39.0%). Nearly 75% of the participants did not meet the criteria for NDI. Of 11 (9.3%) children with significant NDI at 36 months’ age, all parents reported moderate (36.4%) or severe (63.6%) health concerns. Conversely, of 26 (22%) children with parents reporting moderate to severe health concerns, 11 (42.3%) met the criteria for significant NDI (Table 1). Weighted Kappa coefficient was 0.33 (CI=0.20,0.046). Conclusion Most parents expressed at least one concern for their preschool-aged child born preterm. Despite high parental concern, most children did not meet the criteria for NDI via clinician assessment. Overall, there was fair agreement between parental concerns and clinician-reported outcomes.

Vocational Identity in College Students: Path Analysis of Childhood Attachment, Gender, Age, and Socioeconomic Status

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of gender, age, socioeconomic status, and early childhood parental attachment on vocational identity. Participants included 309 college students who completed a demographic questionnaire, the Adult Scale of Parental Attachment-Short Form (ASPA-SF; Michael &amp; Snow, 2019), and My Vocational Situation (MVS; Holland, Gottfredson, &amp; Power, 1980). Responses were examined through structural equation modeling. Results indicated an overall acceptable model fit and the specific strength of the corresponding variables had on the levels of vocational identity. Implications and areas for future research are proposed.

DESAIN MEJA BELAJAR ANAK BERGAYA TETRIS

Early childhood age is in a stage of growth and development both physically and mentally. In their activities at school, children who study at the kindergarten level need learning facilities, one of which is study tables and chairs. Sometimes these facilities do not meet the condition of the student's body, dealing with its terms of size, shape and parts. The impact of the mismatch between the school fascilities such asa tables and chairs with the body size of school children is one of the obstacles in the efforts of improving learning outcomes.&#x0D; Tetris is one of the most favorite games that prioritizes competition among players, but still the players have to follows the rules of the game. This toy is quite interesting and popular among young children. Based on this background, efforts are made to solve the problem, one of which is by making tables and chairs for kindergarten children with the concept of the Tetris game.&#x0D; In designing products so that are well directed, the Vinod Goel method is used with the stages of Preliminary Design, Design Development, and Final Design and Prototype.&#x0D; The results of this design are intended for children aged 5 - 6 years, with components of chairs, tables, Tetris cubes and Tetris puzzles, with configurations according to ergonomics and anthropometry. The connection system uses a butt joint with nail reinforcement and glue adhesive. The material used is multiplex, with a shape of a tetris concept, a retro fifties and colorful design style with rainbow colors

Adverse Childhood Experiences and BMI: Lifecourse Associations in a Black–White U.S. Women Cohort

Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been positively associated with adiposity, few studies have examined long-term race-specific ACE-BMI relationships. A Black and White all-women cohort (N=611; 48.6% Black) was followed between 1987 and 1997 from childhood (ages 9-10 years) through adolescence (ages 19-20 years) to midlife (ages 36-43 years, between 2015 and 2019). In these 2020-2022 analyses, the interaction between race and individual ACE exposures (physical abuse, sexual abuse, household substance abuse, multiple ACEs) on continuous BMI at ages 19-20 years and midlife was evaluated individually through multivariable linear regression models. Stratification by race followed as warranted at α=0.15. Race only modified ACE-BMI associations for sexual abuse. Among Black women, sexual abuse was significantly associated with BMI (Badjusted=3.24, 95% CI=0.92, 5.57) at ages 19-20 years and marginally associated at midlife (Badjusted=2.37, 95% CI= -0.62, 5.35); among White women, corresponding associations were null. Overall, having ≥2 ACEs was significantly associated with adolescent BMI (Badjusted=1.47, 95% CI=0.13, 2.80) and was marginally associated at midlife (Badjusted=1.45, 95% CI= -0.31, 3.22). This was similarly observed for physical abuse (adolescent BMI: Badjusted=1.23, 95% CI= -0.08, 2.54; midlife BMI: Badjusted=1.03, 95% CI= -0.71, 2.78), but not for substance abuse. Direct exposure to certain severe ACEs is associated with increased BMI among Black and White women. It is important to consider race, ACE type, and life stage to gain a more sophisticated understanding of ACE-BMI relationships. This knowledge can help strengthen intervention, prevention, and policy efforts aiming to mitigate the impacts of social adversities and trauma on persistent cardiometabolic health disparities over the lifecourse.

Childhood Schizotypy and Adolescent Mental Disorder.

Schizotypy provides a framework for understanding the developmental nature of psychotic disorders and a means of identifying "at-risk" individuals early in the lifespan. However, there is a lack of prospective longitudinal research examining the relationship between schizotypy in childhood and later psychotic and other mental disorders. We hypothesized that distinct profiles of schizotypy in childhood would be differentially associated with psychotic and other mental disorders emerging later in adolescence. In a large population cohort of Australian young people (n = 26 837), we prospectively examined the relationship between person-centered profiles of schizotypy identified in middle childhood (age ~11 years) and adolescent diagnoses (age ~13-18 years) across 7 types of mental disorders using multinomial logistic regression. Membership in any of 3 childhood schizotypy profiles (true schizotypy, affective schizotypy, or introverted schizotypy) was associated with an increased likelihood of being diagnosed with any type of mental disorder in adolescence; effects were strongest for the true schizotypy group (aOR = 3.07, 95% CI = 2.64, 3.57), followed by the introverted (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.75, 2.15) and affective (aOR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.47) schizotypy groups. Six of the 7 types of mental disorders measured (including psychotic disorders) were associated with at least 1 schizotypy group. Schizotypy in middle childhood is an important correlate of mental disorders in adolescence; however, it does not appear to be specifically associated with psychotic disorders in this age group.

Parents' Efforts in Instilling Religious Attitudes for Early Childhood through a Religious Psychology Approach in Kp. Bojong

Children at an early age are a very valuable part, therefore it is termed the golden age, this period will not be repeated a second time. This paper discusses how the internalization of religious attitudes that we must give since early childhood (age 0-6 years). Because at this age, we can instill the values of faith (tawhid), the value of worship and also moral values. These values if internalized at an early age, it will be a provision for the growth and development of children later. Because these values can form a religious attitude in accordance with the basic values of Islam. Islamic education is able to give birth to a religious attitude in children from an early age, if internalized on an ongoing basis. Because Islamic education is an educational system that demands to train students to have values and personalities in accordance with religious demands.

Associations between childhood adversity and age at natural menopause.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are reported in more than half of the women in the United States and have been shown to negatively impact the menopause experience. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between ACEs and age at natural menopause. This is a cross-sectional study conducted among participants of the Data Registry on the Experiences of Aging, Menopause, and Sexuality (DREAMS). The registry included women who were seen for consultations in the women's health clinic at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, between May 2015 and December 2016. Only postmenopausal women were included in this analysis. Childhood adversity was assessed with the validated ACE questionnaire. Age at natural menopause was self-reported. The association between ACEs and age at menopause was evaluated using a multivariable linear regression model adjusting for multiple confounders. A total of 350 women were evaluated. The mean age was 59.2 years, and a majority were White (92.9%), married/partnered (82%), and educated (91.2% with at least some college education). Women with a history of at least four ACEs were estimated to reach natural menopause 1.3 years sooner than women with no ACE in multivariable analysis, but the results were not statistically significant (95% confidence interval, -3.2 to 0.6; P = 0.18). Although stressful life experiences such as ACEs may negatively influence health for midlife women, this study did not find an association with the age at natural menopause.