Child Work Research Articles

Assessment of Fine Motor Development in Early Childhood at TKIT Ar-Rahmah

This study aims to analyze, describe an assessment or assessment of fine motor development in early childhood at IT Ar-Rahmah Kindergarten, Bener Meriah Regency. The subjects in this study were 15 B grade children, 2 teachers and 1 school principal. The research technique uses descriptive qualitative, while the data analysis technique uses observation and interviews, data collection techniques in the form of anecdotal notes, work and portfolios. In research at the IT Ar-Rahmah Kindergarten, the three assessment techniques were used to describe aspects of child development which were arranged in the form of documents and portfolios, teachers also used cameras to photograph and print children's work, and used videos for anecdotal notes. The work done by the child may be brought home to be shown to the parents, then apart from the teacher, the parents can also evaluate the child's fine motor development with the work that is brought. For the final results of the semester, the teacher prepares three forms of assessment, but in TK IT Ar-Rahmah the teacher tends to prefer the assessment in the form of a checklist, namely BB, MB, BSH, BSB as well as giving an assessment in the form of a star symbol. In addition to the three techniques above, the researcher describes several assessment techniques that can be used by teachers such as test and non-test instruments.

Implementation of the Role-Playing to Develop Speaking Skills for Early Childhood

Some kindergarten children exhibit delayed speech development and require an appropriate learning methodology to enhance their speaking skills during early childhood, specifically between the ages of 4-5 years. This study aimed to investigate the application of role-playing in developing speaking skills and to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors for developing speaking abilities in kindergarten children aged 4-5 years in Samarinda, Indonesia. This qualitative study employed observations, interviews, and documentation as data-collection techniques. Data sources were derived from primary data, namely principals, homeroom teachers, and representatives of the curriculum section, whereas secondary data were obtained from documentation. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman method in three stages: data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results indicated that role-playing in developing the speaking skills of children aged 4-5 years in kindergarten is determined by the theme, sub-theme, topic of activities, and play materials. It is implemented using a rolling system wherein the teacher explains the child's role, provides examples, and elucidates the game's rules regarding subsequent play activities. The teacher then invited the children to select their roles and read storylines. Once the child comprehends the activities, the teacher encourages the child to engage in play. The teacher's responsibility is to supervise while posing questions to obtain information about the child's play experience while providing examples of communication by delivering appropriate vocabulary. Evaluation of role-playing involves indirect observations during children's play, assessment of children's work, notes on children's developmental observations, and indicators that serve as learning targets.

Terapi Bermain Melipat dan Menempel Kertas Origami Pada Anak Usia Dini

Introduction: The benefits of origami for young children are numerous. First, origami can help develop children's fine motor skills. The process of folding and gluing paper requires good hand-eye coordination, as well as fine motor skills. Second, origami can also help develop children's creativity and imagination. Children can create various shapes and objects just by folding paper. Method: This play therapy activity was carried out on Friday 17 November 2023 at the Al-Hidayah Ciomas Islamic Education Foundation, Panjalu sub-district. Participants in this activity were 24 preschool children and RA Al-Hidayah. The method used in this activity is divided into three stages, namely the preparation, implementation and final evaluation stages. In the preparation stage, we prepare tools, make time contracts, convey goals and topics, practice together, and prepare prizes for participants who have good work. Folded paper and hvs are used as media used by children to express their creativity. The instructions given to children are not limited, in the sense that children can express any ideas on hvs paper with origami tools as the main material. The goal is for students to have high thinking and creativity in creating creations using origami paper. Finally, in the evaluation stage, the staff reviews and assesses the children's work on how they draw using origami paper as the main basic material. Result: Playing activities for children were carried out on Friday 17 November 2023 at the Al-Hidayah Ciomas Islamic Education Foundation, Panjalu sub-district, this activity was attended by 29 children as participants. It is known that the implementation of play activities for children runs smoothly. Which was opened by the event section and continued by other implementing sections until the stage of implementing therapy for participants. And continued with evaluation, closing and documentation.Conclusion: Play therapy through origami, the Japanese art of paper folding, is an effective method for early childhood development. It helps in developing fine motor skills, creativity, imagination, and focus.

Historical Review and Prospect of the Rights of Ethnic Minority Children in Western China

Children are the hope of the country in the future. People have been concerned about the healthy growth of children, pay attention to welfare undertakings, and make practical efforts for children's own interests and long-term development. People attach great importance to this, in order to protect the healthy growth of children, constantly children's health protection work. The author mainly discusses the historical review and prospect of children's health from four aspects: improving the protection of child welfare, improving children's security system, strengthening children's family responsibility and establishing children's self-protection consciousness.

The Impact of ILO Convention No. 182 (1999) on Safeguarding Against Child Labor in Indonesia

Child labor poses a serious challenge to Indonesia's commitment to children's rights and workplace protection. ILO Convention No. 182 has become a crucial global guideline in combating this issue. Using doctrinal legal research with an analytical descriptive component and includes the comparative approach, the statute approach, and the historical approach. Using secondary data, which included primary, secondary, and tertiary legal material and with library research and examined resources relating to the topics under investigation with qualitative analysis. Before ratification, weak enforcement and inadequate regulations left child workers vulnerable to health risks and exploitation. The ratification marked a pivotal moment, aligning Indonesia's laws with international standards to better safeguard children from exploitative labor practices, emphasizing the urgent need for stronger protections and enforcement measures.

‘Race’, Ethnicity, and Experiences of Practice: Perspectives of Child and Family Social Workers Working in England

This article reports a portion of the findings from a 5-year longitudinal study on child and family social work, commissioned by the Department for Education. The study explored issues relating to child and family practice over the five years, utilising a mixed-methods design, including large-scale surveys, quantitative telephone interviews and semi-structured interviews and culminating in an annual report, published by the Department for Education at the end of each wave. This article focusses on wave four, and on the semi-structured interview phase, which explored how practitioners felt their racial or ethnic identity impacted on their experiences of practice. Five themes were developed across the different topics explored in the interviews; structures and organisations; workforce and colleagues; lack of diversity; working with families and intersectionality. This article presents these themes as part of the challenging context of inclusivity and anti-racism in contemporary social work, and makes recommendations regarding workforce diversity, training needs and reducing the additional burden carried by social workers from minoritized ethnicities, by amending the regulatory requirements of practitioners, education providers and continuing professional development recording.

Generation and gender: theorising social reproduction in rural West Africa

ABSTRACT This paper argues for generation to be incorporated into the analysis of social reproduction to open new ways of thinking about the significance of children's unpaid work in and for their families. This paper situates its argument in relation to social reproduction theory and the conceptualization of generation in childhood studies and development studies. It draws on a longitudinal study of girls growing up in contemporary Benin and Togo conducted by Plan Benin and Plan Togo. This paper shows how the work of social reproduction is distributed across the household with children, especially girls, playing a large part in these activities. Trading and farming are the main economic activities of women, and girls gradually extend their knowledge of how to farm and trade as they get older. This paper concludes that placing generation into the centre of social reproduction theory will not only make visible the work that children do in subsistence economies but is also important for answering the perennial question of social reproduction theory in capitalist economies: who pays for that ‘strange commodity’, ‘living labour’ to be reproduced.

An exploration of managing emotional labour and maintaining professional integrity in children's hospice nursing.

Research exploring nurse-parent relationships in children's hospices is rare. To investigate how children's hospice nurses manage emotional labour and professional integrity in their long-term relationships with parents. A purposive sample of six children's nurses, from hospices across England, recorded audio diaries and participated in telephone interviews. Narratives were thematically analysed. Three overarching, cross-cutting themes were identified-purposeful positioning; balancing personability and professionalism; coping with and counterbalancing emotional labour. All themes were indicative of and/or built upon emotional intelligence constructs, such as self-awareness, self-regulation, appropriate (managed) empathy, social skills and intrinsic motivation. Innate features of children's hospice work were important for perpetuating intrinsic motivation and satisfaction. This study provided an insight into the management of emotional labour and professional integrity by experienced children's hospice nurses. The identification of emotional intelligence skills merits further exploration in this environment, as well as other children's palliative care settings.

Predicting the onset of myopia in children by age, sex, and ethnicity: Results from the CLEERE Study.

Clinicians and researchers would benefit from being able to predict the onset of myopia for an individual child. This report provides a model for calculating the probability of myopia onset, year-by-year and cumulatively, based on results from the largest, most ethnically diverse study of myopia onset in the United States. This study aimed to model the probability of the onset of myopia in previously nonmyopic school-aged children. Children aged 6 years to less than 14 years of age at baseline participating in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study who were nonmyopic and less hyperopic than +3.00 D (spherical equivalent) were followed up for 1 to 7 years through eighth grade. Annual measurements included cycloplegic autorefraction, keratometry, ultrasound axial dimensions, and parental report of children's near work and time spent in outdoor and/or sports activities. The onset of myopia was defined as the first visit with at least -0.75 D of myopia in each principal meridian. The predictive model was built using discrete time survival analysis and evaluated with C statistics. The model of the probability of the onset of myopia included cycloplegic spherical equivalent refractive error, the horizontal/vertical component of astigmatism (J0), age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Onset of myopia was more likely with lower amounts of hyperopia and less positive/more negative values of J0. Younger Asian American females had the highest eventual probability of onset, whereas older White males had the lowest. Model performance increased with older baseline age, with C statistics ranging from 0.83 at 6 years of age to 0.92 at 13 years. The probability of the onset of myopia can be estimated for children in the major racial/ethnic groups within the United States on a year-by-year and cumulative basis up to age 14 years based on a simple set of refractive error and demographic variables.

Reintegration into school, kindergarten and work in families of childhood cancer survivors after a family-oriented rehabilitation program.

To describe the situation of childhood cancer survivors and their parents before and one year after a family-oriented rehabilitation program (FOR) and to identify factors influencing reintegration. We included parents of children diagnosed with leukemia or central nervous system tumor. We assessed parental functioning using the functioning subscale of the Ulm Quality of Life Inventory for Parents (ULQIE) and children's school/kindergarten related quality of life (parental assessment, subscale KINDL-R). Descriptive analyses, group comparisons and multiple regression analyses on data of 285 parents of 174 children diagnosed with leukemia or central nervous system tumor. Parents reported changes in their work situation (e.g., reduction of working hours) due to their child's diagnosis. Parental functioning increased significantly over time. Children's leukemia diagnosis and shorter time since the end of treatment were associated with higher functioning in parents one year after FOR. Parents reported difficulties in the child's work pace, concentration, stress resilience and empathy. The school/kindergarten-related quality of life (QoL) of the children was lower than in the general population. One year after FOR, most children reintegrated fully in school/kindergarten, partly with support (e.g., integration assistant). No significant predictors for children's reintegration were identified. Parents and children experience major changes in their work/school/kindergarten life. One year after FOR most parents reported a reintegration of their children, however the children's school/kindergarten-related QoL remained below average compared to norm values. Even after rehabilitation families of childhood cancer survivors might benefit from psychosocial and practical support offers to support families with the reintegration into work/school/kindergarten.

Implementation of Family Socialization Function in Shaping Children's Character in the Millennial Era

Early The formation of children's character has an important role for the family, parentsshould be able to pay attention, guide and provide direction to children when theystart to grow up, which can be done by paying attention to the family's socializationfunction. In Rancabatu village there are still many parents who do not know the importance of the function of family socialization so that many parents are still indifferent to the formation of children's character, even though this function helps pay attention to the formation of children's character in this millennial era. The aimof this research is to determine the implementation of the family socialization function in shaping children's character in the millennial era. The method in this research uses descriptive qualitative methods, data collected is through observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis begins with collecting data, reducing data, then presenting the data and then drawing conclusions. The research results obtained due to a lack of understanding regarding the importanceof the family socialization function make parents pay less attention to the formationof their children's character, each parent has their own way of forming their child'scharacter without paying attention to the socialization function. The condition of parents also influences the formation of children's character because there are parents who are indifferent and there are also those who are understanding. Thereare parents who try to be close to their children, there are also those who are just normal. Parental closeness has a significant impact on the child's growth and development. Family harmony and well-being are also influenced by the love and attention given to each child. In the millennial era, children's high work enthusiasmcan also help them make friends and develop.

The Mental Wellbeing of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) Workers in England: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study Reporting Levels of Burnout, Wellbeing and Job Satisfaction.

In the UK, there has been a notable increase in referrals to specialist children's mental health services. This, coupled with shortages of qualified staff, has raised concerns about the escalating occupational stress experienced by staff in this sector. In this brief report, we present cross-sectional quantitative data from 97 staff members working in one Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) in the UK during spring 2023, reporting on their wellbeing, job satisfaction, and burnout. Our findings reveal that over a third of CAMHS staff experienced moderate or high levels of work-related burnout; 39% reported moderate or high levels of personal burnout, but levels of client-related burnout were much lower (13%). Both work- and client-related burnout showed a robust negative relationship with job satisfaction, with higher burnout predicting lower levels of job satisfaction. Only a small proportion of respondents reported high levels of wellbeing, with about a quarter experiencing levels of wellbeing that can be considered indicative of mild or clinical depressive symptoms. Whilst these results are from a small sample in one area of the UK, they present an important snapshot of CAMHS staff wellbeing and are discussed in the context of similar trends reported in the wider NHS sector.

Hubungan Keragamanan Makanan dengan Status Gizi Balita Usia 1-5 Tahun

Food diversity is a major problem for all developing countries, including Indonesia. Dietary diversity is associated with the risk of stunting and other nutritional problems. Stunting will have a negative impact on children's thinking, memory, school performance and work productivity in the future. In an effort to reduce the high stunting rate in Sumberwungu Village, the Government was distributing additional food in the form of snacks but it was not in accordance with nutritional needs. The aim of this research was to determine whether the nutritional status of toddlers aged 1-5 years was related to diversity in Sumberwungu Village, Tepus, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. This type of research uses a retrospective methodology and is an analytical observational study. The sample in the research was 34 toddlers who experienced nutritional problems. Food diversity data was collected using the IDDS questionnaire with a non-consecutive 2x24 hour recall method. The data analysis used in this research is univariate and bivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis in this study uses the Kendal-Tau test to determine the relationship between food diversity and the nutritional status of toddlers. The results of data analysis showed that there was no relationship between food diversity and nutritional status in toddlers aged 1-5 years (z score BB/U p= 0.898, z score TB/U p= 0.941, and z score BB/TB p= 0.913).

Enriching developmental science from the Global South: Contributions from Latin America.

Knowledge from the Global South, including Latin America, has enriched our understanding of developmental science. Despite underrepresentation in the published literature, research from Latin America has advanced the psychology of parenting and child and adolescent development. An ecological approach is valuable in adding meaning and specificity to general cultural clusters and has revealed how responsibility, lovingness, and respect are enacted in the everyday lives of families and children. Although the evidence is not exclusive to the Global South, research from Latin America has broadened and challenged theories and accepted practices from the Global North. Examples include countering attachment theory with respect to multiple caregivers and sensitive responsiveness and problematization of children's work in terms of family responsibilities. Research from Latin America has also challenged the notion of optimal parenting styles and revealed how the cultural values of familism and respect are evidenced in the daily practices of parents and children. Latin America boasts a psychology that acknowledges the importance of the political and social context and seeks to apply psychology to addressing social problems. To fully recognize and take advantage of knowledge from the Global South, the science of psychology should refrain from promoting "best practices" and sidelining research from Latin America and other regions of the majority world; it needs to fully document autochthonous parental ethnotheories, socialization goals, and practices and promote the implementation of the goals of local communities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

초등학교 영어교과서 아동문학 비교 분석

Objectives The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze all the children's literature books on primary English textbooks that are currently used in primary school English classes in Korea, and to discuss their current status, problems, and improvements.
 Methods Five types of primary English textbooks for each of 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th grades were collected. Children's literature included in each English textbook was compared and analyzed by dividing it into four criteria: type, subject matter, degree of original content modification, and teaching method by referring to previous re-search and related theories. The teaching method was subdivided into language function and learning time for comparative analysis.
 Results As for the types of children's literature, ‘traditional literature’ was the mainstream in the 3rd & 4th grades while there were many ‘realistic literature books’ in the 5th & 6th grades. For the subject matter, the 3rd & 6th graders introduced ‘personal life’, the 4th graders introduced ‘public morality’, and the 5th graders introduced ‘cultural differences’ the most. In terms of the degree of adaptation of the original content of children's literature, 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders partially adapted the original children's literature work in the form of a script to review the learning goals and communication functions of the learned unit. Most of the 6th children's literature was newly created by the textbook writers so that students can review the lesson of the learned unit. The method of teaching children's literature focuses on speaking, listening, and some simple writing activities in the 3rd grade, and at-tempts were made to integrate speaking, listening, writing, and reading in the 4th, 5th, and 6th grades. Children's literature was organized so that most of the grades were simply taught as a single lesson.
 Conclusions Since the types of children's literature are limited to a few types in primary English textbooks, it is necessary to introduce more diverse types of children's literature. In addition, children's original literature was adapted so much to review the communication functions of learned lesson, depriving of students’ interest on the literature, so more careful consideration is needed when modifying children's literature. It is also needed to in-crease the lesson time of teaching children’s literature and to provide children's literature guidance with more di-verse and interesting activities.

OTHER-INITIATED INTERACTIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO RESILIENT OUTCOMES AMONG YOUNG ADULTS RAISED BY CAREGIVERS WHO MISUSE ALCOHOL

This study offers an understanding of interactional resilience processes between young adults raised by caregivers who misused alcohol and people in their social-ecology who initiated supportive interactions that enabled them to achieve better-than-expected outcomes. Multiple in-depth face-to-face interviews and a draw-and-write methodology were used with 15 National University of Lesotho undergraduate students raised by caregivers who misused alcohol. An interactional resilience approach, building on person-in-environment and social-ecology perspectives on resilience, informed this study. Using constructivist grounded theory methods of data analysis, three themes were formulated: (a) other-initiated material support that elicits a response of resolve or obligation towards the other; (b) other-initiated sustained emotional support that elicits a response of hope for the future; and (c) other-initiated challenging support that elicits a change in behaviour. Given these findings, the study recommends that child and youth workers and social workers cultivate enabling and support-initiating social environments in key contexts such as schools, churches, and clubs, and develop children and young people’s skills to respond to and receive such support.

Документы по регламентации детского труда в сфере зрелищ и увеселений конца XIX века. На архивных материалах Санкт-Петербурга

Based on four documents stored in the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg (TSGIA SPb), the article traces the procedure for issuing an order by the mayor of the capital related to the restriction of exploitation and health protection of working children. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of written sources reflecting such stories. It is also linked to their limitations and latency and, at the same time, to the need to address the historical lacuna, to create a holistic picture of underage labour, both in the legal field and in the socio-economic sphere. Therefore, the article aims to analyze previously unpublished letters reflecting the use of child labour in entertainment. The chronological framework is related to the 1890s., when these letters were written and a local legislative act was issued. The system method has been applied, which contributed to the disclosure of the procedure for resolving the issue of regulation of children's work in entertainment establishments initiated by representative of civil society. Documents used are rare in terms of content and represent completed correspondence to address the specific problem of employment in the area of recreation, minors are exploited and victimized, as well as harmed. The documents allow, using the example of a specific citizen's appeal, to trace the mechanism and timing of the response to it of the mayor's office. The article shows that the head of the city appealed for expert opinion and opinion to the capital's medical department on the issue of harm to the health of children with their participation in acrobatic and other stage performances. The correspondence reviewed in the article indicates that the order of the mayor on the regulation of child labor was adopted taking into account the inspector's conclusion about the harmful consequences for the life, health and proper physical development of adolescents under 16 years of age, which entail their participation in public acrobatic performances. In general, the documents of this archival case are representative. This made it possible to do conclusions on the procedure for regulating child labor and efficiency measures being taken.

Psychological Safety and Hierarchy in Operating Room Debriefing: Reflexive Thematic Analysis

IntroductionDebriefing is a team discussion in a constructive, supportive environment. Barriers exist to consistent, effective team debriefing in the clinical setting, especially in operating theaters. The purpose of this study was to gain insights from frontline workers on how to set up an effective debriefing policy for our operating room. MethodsThis was a qualitative study in which we interviewed operating room workers in a tertiary children’s hospital. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded. Data were analysed using the reflexive thematic analysis technique within a critical realism paradigm. ResultsInterviews were analysed from 40 operating room staff: 14 nurses, seven anesthetic technicians, seven anaesthetists, and 12 surgeons; 25 (65%) were female. The three key themes were (1) “commitment to learning”—healthcare workers are committed to teamwork and quality improvement; (2) “it is a safe space”—psychological safety is a prerequisite for, and is enhanced by, debriefing; and (3) “natural leader”—the value of leadership, but also constructs around leadership that maintain hierarchies. ConclusionsPsychological safety is both a prerequisite for and a product of debriefing. Leadership, if viewed as a collective responsibility, could help break down power structures. Given the results of this study and evidence in the literature, it is likely that routine debriefing, if well done, will improve psychological safety, facilitate team learning, reduce errors, and improve patient safety.

E-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR CHILDREN IN REMOTE REGIONS

A The solution for us Mongolians to preserve our nomadic heritage and support children's education is distance e-learning using information and communication technologies. The COVID- 19 pandemic has not only changed the learning and teaching style of many children, parents and teachers around the world, but also the need to reflect on and explore learning environments, programs and methods (Nasanbayar, 2020). UNESCO reported that 91.3 percent of students were unable to participate in classroom learning. In an online environment, even if the educator does not meet the child in person, training can be organized to assess and support the development of the child. Mellow (1996) creative environment in the development of creativity in young children in educational institutions; creative programs; It is noted that the teaching method of a creative teacher is of great importance. Children often express their subconsciousness, desires, feelings and ideas about the world around them in their works, so we chose the visual and creative activity of the kindergarten. In our study, we sought to explore the impact of the environment on children's creativity through classroom visual arts and e-learning. The experiment involved 108 children from 5 preparatory groups of kindergartens in the suburbs of Ulaanbaatar. Analysis of children's work by organizing classes on the topic "Autumn Season" in the classroom and online, taking questionnaires from parents, conducting focus group interviews with teachers, quantitative and qualitative calculation of the results. As a result of the study, it was concluded that during the classroom, the teacher played with the children in the open field, blowing the leaves, which created a real feeling, and in e-learning, the teacher showed his method through video, but it was not possible to create a sense of imagination in children. In the survey, 79.03% of parents from remote areas noted that the Internet speed is insufficient and that they lack digital tools. Thereafter, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of in classrooms and e-learning resulted in the need for blended and hybrid learning and a need to create e-content that is relevant to course objectives and to have a learning resource base.

Dramaturgi Pekerja Anak Dalam Pengelolaan Ekonomi Sebagai Bentuk Pemenuhan Interpretasi Keluarga

Children are part of the family who have rights and obligations through the process of growth and development. The purpose of this study is to uncover and understand the dramaturgical process involved in the role of child labourers as they are involved in managing the family economy. This research will examine how child labourers choose certain characters or roles in carrying out the profession. The research was conducted in Alun- Alun as a public facility that is often used as a location for child labourers to carry out their activities every night. This research uses a qualitative approach by using data collection instruments directly in the field. This research was analysed from the observation, interview, documentation and data presentation process. The theory used is Social Dramatugi theory to find out the character shown by child workers in their profession and Interpretation Fulfilment theory to find out the experience of child workers in helping families. The results of this study show that the behaviour patterns of child workers from the frontstage show the attitude of child workers in the internal and external character of children. The backstage part of child labourers is also able to show the life of child labourers in the family. So that the pattern of responsibility owned is the basis for their encouragement to continue working every day even though there are children's time that must be sacrificed.