Child Support Research Articles

Trends in child support receipt and regularity in the United States, 1996–2018

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined trends in child support receipt and regularity in the U.S. from 1996 to 2018, as well as whether inequality in these child support outcomes has grown by mothers' education, marital status, and race.BackgroundChild support from noncustodial fathers is an important income source for custodial mothers. Yet, many custodial mothers do not receive any child support or receive irregular payments. Demographic, economic, and policy changes over the past 20 years suggest custodial mothers' child support receipt, and especially regular receipt, may be declining, particularly among socioeconomically‐disadvantaged mothers.MethodUsing nationally‐representative data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study describes trends in child support receipt and regularity among custodial mothers (N = 11,456). Regression models were used to examine maternal and household characteristics associated with child support receipt and regularity and to examine how gaps in child support receipt and regularity by maternal characteristics have changed over time.ResultsChild support receipt and regularity declined by nearly 30% between 1996 and 2018. Any receipt, and especially regular receipt, declined by a larger margin for less‐educated and never married mothers relative to higher‐educated and married mothers, respectively.ConclusionGrowing gaps in child support receipt and regularity by mothers' education and marital status likely contribute to economic inequality, highlighting the need for reforms in child support policy and the social safety net.

Methodological Aspects of Analysis of Competition in Regional Markets of Services for Children with Disabilities

The modern development of social services markets is aimed at introducing competition mechanisms into them. These trends create the need to develop and use a methodology for assessing competition, taking into account the characteristics of each market. Existing methods for calculating various indices are labor-intensive for social markets and do not take into account their specifics: a significant share of government institutions, a narrow segment of consumers, and significant differentiation in prices for services. The article proposes a methodology for analyzing competition in the market of psychological and pedagogical support for children with disabilities, based on the use of two groups of indicators: objective and subjective indicators. To analyze subjective assessments, a coefficient of satisfaction with the price-quality ratio is proposed. Statistical indicators are used as objective assessments. The proposed methodology was tested using the example of markets for psychological and pedagogical support for children with disabilities in a number of regions of Russia. The results obtained allowed us to draw a conclusion about the state of competition in the markets under consideration and identify “problem” regions. The presented methodology allows us to obtain relatively adequate results of the analysis of competition in the market of psychological and pedagogical support for children with disabilities and can be extended to other markets in the social sphere with appropriate adjustments.

Parent-reported Areas of Greatest Challenge for their ADHD and/or Autistic Children

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to understand how parents describe the most challenging behaviors exhibited by their children diagnosed with autism and/or ADHD, how those behaviours impact their family, and whether challenges are directly related to the core characteristics of these conditions. Methods A total of 258 New Zealand parents of children diagnosed with autism (n = 98), ADHD (n = 85), or both conditions (n = 75) answered an open-ended question about what child behaviour(s) provide the most challenge for their child/family’s life. Responses were coded into 13 domains. Results The areas of greatest challenge fitted with the core characteristics of the respective diagnoses, but the co-occurring group favoured greater challenges in the autism domain. Emotional dysregulation challenges were substantial across all three groups. A significant predictor of parents reporting challenges in the autism and internalising domain was a higher age. Conclusions These results have the potential to inform more targeted supports for children and families by considering what is important to parents.

Diagnosing Dyslexia in Early School-Aged Children Using the LSTM Network and Eye Tracking Technology

Dyslexia, often referred to as a specific reading disability, affects many students around the world. It is a neurological disorder that affects the ability to recognise words, and it causes difficulties in writing and reading comprehension. Previous computer-based methods for the automatic detection of dyslexia in children have had low efficiency due to the complexity of the test administration process and the low measurement reliability of the attention measures used. This paper proposes the use of a student’s mobile device to record the spatio-temporal trajectory of attention, which is then analysed by deep neural network long short-term memory (LSTM). The study involved 145 participants (66 girls and 79 boys), all of whom were children aged 9 years. The input signal for the neural network consisted of recorded observation sessions, which were packets containing the child’s spatio-temporal attention trajectories generated during task performance. The training set was developed using stimuli from Benton tests and an expert opinion from a specialist in early childhood psychology. The coefficients of determination of R2∼0.992 were obtained for the proposed model, giving an accuracy of 97.7% for the test set. The ease of implementation of this approach in school settings and its non-stressful nature make it suitable for use with children of different ages and developmental stages, including those who have not yet learned to read. This enables early intervention, which is essential for effective educational and emotional support for children with dyslexia.

Legal Protection Through Diversion in Child Crimes Based on the Juvenile Justice System Law (SPPA Law)

Child protection issues in Indonesia are regulated in the Law on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (SPPA Law). Legal protection efforts for children can be carried out through diversion. Diversion in its implementation is an action taken as a change from the process of resolving cases that occur to children to a settlement process outside the court. If a child commits a criminal offense before turning eighteen, and if the child is turned into the juvenile court after turning eighteen but before turning twenty-one, they are still turned over to the juvenile court. Article 20 of Law No. 11/2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (SPPA Law) states as much. This article's goal is to investigate how the Juvenile Justice System Law (SPPA Law) protects juvenile criminals legally through diversion. The primary and secondary legal resources served as the data sources for this normative legal study. Qualitative procedures argue that problems differ in their nature, this research approach is more likely to use in-depth analytical tools, specifically looking at problems based on legal protection. The research material collected will be examined in accordance with the relevant legal and regulatory framework by way of comparison with actual practice. The results state that the legal protection of children through diversion is related to the transfer of cases from the formal process to the informal process, or removing the perpetrator from the juvenile criminal justice system. Legal protection can be understood as efforts to enforce the law in support of children's various freedoms (including their basic rights and freedoms) and interests relating to their welfare. As such, all children are protected, including those involved in legal disputes (ABH).

Best Practices for Supporting Social–Emotional Development in Children With Developmental Language Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Purpose: Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at an elevated risk of social–emotional difficulties, including low self-esteem and anxiety, related to school achievement and peer interactions. This clinical focus article provides best practice guidelines, shaped by a neurodiversity-affirming lens, to support children's social–emotional development. Method: The guidelines were developed through interprofessional discussions among the authors, which included three communication specialists and two mental health specialists, and supported by review of the scholarly literature on neurodiversity, DLD, and ADHD, with a focus on first-person perspectives of children and adults with these conditions and their parents and teachers. Results: The practice guidelines include recommendations for the interprofessional assessment of DLD and/or ADHD and suggestions for neurodiversity-affirming supports to promote acceptance of students with DLD and/or ADHD by teachers and peers. Intervention recommendations for social communication skills, self-regulation supports, and self-advocacy are described. A hypothetical case study is provided to illustrate implementation of the recommended practices. Conclusions: First-person and family perspectives studies provide compelling evidence that having DLD and/or ADHD, coupled with the negative reactions of others to children's differences related to these conditions, have adverse effects on children's social–emotional development. Speech-language pathologists and their interprofessional team members have an important role to play in preventing these effects by providing social–emotional supports for children with DLD and/or ADHD.

PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT OF PARENTS IN REMOTE TIME: STRATEGIES AND METHODS

The article explores the important role played by parents in the education of their children in modern conditions of distance learning. The article presents a literature review, research results and discussion of important aspects of pedagogical support for parents.Various theoretical models and practical approaches to pedagogical support of parents are considered, the impact of distance learning on the roles and responsibilities of parents in the educational process of children is assessed, and effective strategies and methods of support adapted to the distance learning format are presented. The study alsoincludes an analysis of the results of surveys and questionnaires of parents, as well as statistical data on the level of their involvement in the educational process. Modern education is facing challenges related to distance learning and hybrid models of education. In this regard, the article presents not only an analysis of current problems and challenges, but also offers practical recommendations and strategies to ensure successful interaction between educational institutions and parents.Taking into account the rapid development of technology and the constantly changing educational context, this article calls for constant updating and improvement of methods of pedagogical support for parents. She also emphasizes the importance of cooperation and exchange of experience between various educational institutions and countries.The article serves as an important contribution to the discussion and development of strategies aimed at improving the education and support of children in the era of distance learning.

Walking energy expenditure is more sensitive to bodyweight support in children with cerebral palsy than in their typically developing peers

Walking energy expenditure is more sensitive to bodyweight support in children with cerebral palsy than in their typically developing peers

Fulfillment of Children's Support After Parental Divorce

Etymologically, livelihood means something that circulates because it is shared or given to people and makes the life of the person who gets it run smoothly. Because it is shared or given, the livelihood is physically used up or lost from its owner. This research is motivated by the negligence of a father regarding his obligation to provide support for his children after a divorce. Divorce does not result in the loss of a father's obligation to provide support for his children. The problem of this research is how to fulfill child support after divorce. The method used is normative-empirical legal research. Normative-empirical legal research is a research method which in this case combines normative legal elements which are then supported by the addition of data or empirical elements. The research results show that in implementing the obligation to provide support for children after a divorce, a father is negligent in carrying out his obligation to provide support for his children.

Implantable continuous-flow total artificial heart for newborns and small pediatric patients: First report of working model

ObjectiveThe need for safe and reliable mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for smaller children with severe heart failure (HF) is well defined. More specifically, in pediatric patients with advanced congenital HF, there is no implantable total artificial heart (TAH) device available for small patients. Herein, we report the development of the infant continuous-flow total artificial heart (I-CFTAH), a fully implantable in infants and newborns. MethodsAfter extensive engineering analysis, we performed an unprecedented effort: reducing the I-CFTAH's displacement volume to be 14% of the adult CFTAH pump while simultaneously decreasing pump diameter (6.2 cm to 2.6 cm) and axial length (9.8 cm to 4.8 cm). Facilitated by these proportional reductions, for the first time, a durable total artificial heart device was successfully fit in the chest of infants and newborns (height of ≥50 cm). ResultsThe functional I-CFTAH prototype demonstrated capability to support stable hemodynamics and desired device performance. The pump flow range (0.5-1.5 L/min) was confirmed in a mock circulatory testing loop. Within the tested flow range, the I-CFTAH can support small patients that could benefit from the intended cardiac output. ConclusionsThis successful effort demonstrated the feasibility of the miniature continuous-flow total artificial heart, intended for very small patient populations. I-CFTAH showed stable hemodynamics and could, therefore, become one of the few therapeutic options as a bridge to transplantation, aiming to enhance both the quality and duration of life for pediatric patients with advanced HF.

From Striving to Thriving: Mitigating Anti-Black Family Racism to Maximize Health Outcomes in Black Children

Certain inequities and injustices represent long-standing, recurring challenges that disproportionately affect many Black communities in the United States. Despite decades of efforts to eliminate these problems and improve outcomes in health, housing, education, and employment, a significant number of Black families are still “surviving” and not “thriving.” The effects of historical and ongoing discriminatory policies continue to increase risk for adverse outcomes among Black people and their families. These systemic conditions also help perpetuate negative myths and stereotypes associated with the Black family unit, and particularly, Black fathers. In striving to achieve equitable child health outcomes, it is vital for health care professionals to comprehend the tangible traumas that result from experiencing racism. This specific type of harm also acts as a driver for manifestation of developmental, physical, behavioral, and mental health issues in Black children. This review highlights the intersecting dynamics of structural racism, Black family units, and adverse outcomes on child health, development, and behavior. Health care professionals seeking to provide culturally attuned and appropriate anticipatory guidance need to address the effects of racism on social-emotional, language, and cognitive development in children. This includes centering Black family perspectives and advocating for antiracist programs and policies that protect Black children, such as increased support of Black children with special education needs, more equitable funding for neighborhoods where Black families reside, and meaningful efforts to reform criminal justice system practices that unfairly target Black men. By actively mitigating anti-Black racism, Black children and families can shift from surviving to thriving.

Theoretical Aspects of Applying Kaizen Principles in the Management of Support for Children in Difficulty

This paper develops a theoretical framework for the application of Kaizen principles in socio-economic support for children in difficulty. Rooted in Japanese management practices, Kaizen principles emphasize both continuous, incremental improvements and the elimination of inefficiencies in activities. The use of these principles in supporting vulnerable groups such as neglected and abandoned children, those exposed to violence, the homeless, or orphans, can improve the quality and efficiency of services through small, but permanent changes. Kaizen can create a more resilient and adaptable support system capable of meeting the evolving needs of children in difficulty, thus improving their quality of life.

ACCOMPANYING A STUDENT WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN SCHOOLS IN KAZAKHSTAN: THE ROLE OF A TEACHER ASSISTANT

Worldwide, the development of inclusive education is aimed to achieve the goal of creating safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environment for all children. The goal of our work is to study the current situation of teaching assistants in supporting children with autism spectrum disorder in secondary schools. A questionnaire was developed by the team of experts and is based on the legal acts. It is designed in two main areas that focused on the experience and needs of teacher assistant and children with autism as well. The results obtained are based on the collection and analysis of data, the study of scientific and methodological literature, normative legal documents on the topic. The research enabled to implement the task of clarifying the role of the teacher assistant in accompanying a student with autism, identifying positive practices, difficulties, satisfaction with their work, as well as to identify factors that impede the effectiveness of psychological and pedagogical support for children with autism at school. It is clear that comprehensive continuous capacity-building trainings are needed in the country to support the work of the teacher assistants and systemic solutions regarding the improvement of professional competencies of teaching assistants in Kazakhstan.

Analyzing the structural relationships between user participation, perceived sacrifice, service satisfaction, and intention to reuse child and adolescent psychological support services: A multigroup analysis of urban and rural area

Analyzing the structural relationships between user participation, perceived sacrifice, service satisfaction, and intention to reuse child and adolescent psychological support services: A multigroup analysis of urban and rural area

홈리스 청소년 자립지원을 위한 법제 개선 연구

Nearly 70,000 homeless youth in South Korea require state support due to the lack of protection within their original families. However, the current legal framework divides these youth into two categories: children in need of protection and youth in crisis, each subject to different support systems and discriminatory policies. Despite repeated system improvements, many young people continue to face economic hardships and isolation, leading to tragic outcomes. This bifurcated approach to youth homelessness and the resulting sense of exclusion undermine the dignity and worth of homeless youth. This study aims to explore a unified legislative framework that integrates the support for children aging out of care under the Child Welfare Act and youth outside the home under the Youth Welfare Support Act. To this end, it compares the support systems for homeless youth in the United Kingdom, establishes a legal definition for homeless youth, and proposes the introduction of supported housing, which combines housing and services, to enable youth who have left home to live inclusively within their communities.

Seminar Parenting: Mendidik Anak Dengan Keteladanan dan Cinta

The seminar "Educating Children with Exemplary Behavior and Love," held on August 11, 2024, at the Community Center RW 05, Kelurahan Sangiang Jaya, aimed to equip parents with knowledge about the importance of role modeling and affection in child education. The methods used included a presentation by a speaker and a question-and-answer session. The results of the seminar showed that consistent application of role modeling and affection can improve the parent-child relationship and enhance parenting effectiveness. The implications of these results highlight the need for parents to integrate these principles into their daily lives to support optimal child development. Participants explored the importance of being a good example in daily life and how role modeling can shape children’s character and behavior. Additionally, the seminar discussed how to create a loving environment that provides emotional support for children's psychological and social development. The seminar aimed to help parents build healthy and harmonious relationships with their children and prepare them to become empathetic and responsible individuals.

Factors Affecting The Completeness Of Completeness Of Basic Immunization Of Infants Aged 12 To 24 Months In The Working Area Of Puskesmas X Pekanbaru City

Background: Complete Basic Immunization (IDL) is an indicator in the immunization program. IDL aims to actively gain early immunity. IDL data at Puskesmas X in 2021 was 83.5% and there was a decrease in the percentage rate in 2022 to 82.87%. Based on an initial survey, on May 9-19, 2023, it was found that out of 73 mothers who brought their children to the posyandu for immunization, around 22 children (30%) were not fully immunized. Objective: Knowing the factors that influence the completeness of immunization in the working area of Puskesmas X Pekanbaru City. Methods: Using analytic observational study design, with cross sectional research design. This research was conducted at Puskesmas X Pekanbaru city. The sampling technique was done by accidental sampling. Variables of knowledge level, and education were analyzed using Kendall Tau test, while variables of employment, family support, mother's attitude and number of children used contingency coefficient test. Results: The results of the Kendall Tau test analysis of the variable level of knowledge, and education obtained a p value of 0.001 and 0.392 respectively. While in the contingency coefficient test the variables of employment, family support, maternal attitudes and number of children obtained a p value of 0.889; 0.000; 0.000 and 0.455 respectively. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge, mother's attitude and family support with the completeness of basic immunization of infants aged 12-24 months in the working area of Puskesmas X Pekanbaru City.

Ecological Contexts and Suicidality among Marginalized African American Youth

Drawing data from a sample of African American youth and their caregivers, the study investigated youth suicidality in social contexts. Results show that approximately one-seventh of these youth reported suicidality. Multivariate analyses show that depressive symptoms, bullying victimization, exposure to violence, and neglectful parenting were positively linked with a higher risk of suicidality, whereas receiving public assistance was negatively related to suicidality. The findings suggest the need to assess youth suicidality risk from an ecological perspective. They also necessitate a comprehensive approach to suicide prevention, including strengthening families to enhance child support and care.

School absence legislation governing in Norway, Sweden and Denmark for children with chronic illness in compulsory education-A comparative study.

Health and education are interrelated and influence social, economic and lifestyle perspectives. Children with chronic illnesses experience barriers in the educational system regarding school attendance and social isolation. Gaining knowledge of compulsory education and how children with chronic illnesses are supported is crucial for the implications of future education policy and legislation in Scandinavia. This study compares Scandinavian legislation frameworks on compulsory education, chronic illness and school absence to form the basis of future research on education for children with chronic illness. The study uses a comparative approach to explore the support of children with chronic illnesses in compulsory education across Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The documents included are 3 education acts and 15 secondary documents, which are notes and guidelines for the education acts. The data were analysed using a manifest content analysis. We found four categories and six subcategories: (1) school obligation and rights; (2) chronic illness; (3) school absence: (a) categorisation of absence; (b) registration of absence; and (c) sanction; and (4) education support: (a) Hospital school support; (b) Home instruction support; and (c) technological support. This study's findings demonstrate the similarities and differences in the Scandinavian compulsory education legislation and guidelines regarding chronic illness and school absence. We found similarities across the countries regarding chronic illness and school absence. Still, the findings showed differences in the systematic registration of school absence and requirements for attendance with compulsory education in Norway and Denmark compared with compulsory schooling in Sweden. This knowledge will inform and enlighten future discussions and decisions in education and public health. The results can contribute to awareness of the opportunities for educational support and perspectives about education for children with chronic illnesses. Future research focusing on the experience of children with chronic illness and educational support is needed.

Loneliness, children's support, and demand for socialized elderly services: Empirical findings from China

The pace of aging is accelerating, and concurrently, an increasing number of elderly individuals are grappling with loneliness. Using KHB method and secondary moderating effect test, authors apply the concept of multi-dimensional loneliness in an exploratory study of eldercare service purchase behavior among elderly people based on national sample in China. Results show that, firstly, loneliness serves as a significant motivator driving the consumption behavior of elderly care services. Secondly, the varying degrees of loneliness differentially impact the consumption behavior of elderly individuals receiving eldercare services. Mild loneliness manifests as a facilitative effect, whereas severe loneliness manifests as an inhibitory effect. Thirdly, emotional loneliness promotes the consumption behavior of lonely elderly individuals towards eldercare services, whereas social loneliness is unrelated to the consumption of eldercare services among lonely elderly individuals. Lastly, emotional support from adult children incentivizes lonely elderly individuals to invest in care-related eldercare services, displacing their expenditure on mental well-being-focused eldercare services. The findings of this paper confirm the multidimensional nature of loneliness within the context of elderly care services, laying the groundwork for future research on the significance of elderly care services in enhancing the psychological well-being of the elderly population.