Parent-child Relationship Research Articles

Effects of a Parent-Child Single-Session Growth Mindset Intervention on Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: Protocol of a 3-Arm Waitlist Randomized Controlled Trial.

Depression and anxiety are common mental health problems among adolescents worldwide. Extant research has found that intelligence, emotion, and failure-is-debilitating beliefs (fixed mindsets) are closely related to more depression and anxiety symptoms, hopelessness, and suicidality. Recent research also points to the importance of parental mindset, which can strongly influence children's affect, behavior, and mental health. However, the effects of parent-child mindset interventions on a child's internalizing problems have not yet been empirically examined. As recent evidence has shown the promise of single-session interventions in reducing and preventing youth internalizing problems, this study develops and examines a parent and child single-session intervention on mindsets of intelligence, failure, and emotion (PC-SMILE) to tackle depression and anxiety in young people. Using a 3-arm randomized controlled trial, this study will examine the effectiveness of PC-SMILE in reducing depression and anxiety symptoms among children. We hypothesize that compared to the waitlist control group, the PC-SMILE group and child single-session intervention on mindsets of intelligence, failure, and emotion (C-SMILE) group will significantly improve child depression and anxiety (primary outcome) and significantly improve secondary outcomes, including children's academic self-efficacy, hopelessness, psychological well-being, and parent-child interactions and relationships, and the PC-SMILE is more effective than the C-SMILE. A total of 549 parent-child dyads will be recruited from 8 secondary schools and randomly assigned to either the PC-SMILE intervention group, the C-SMILE intervention group, or the no-intervention waitlist control group. The 45-minute interventions include parent-version and child-version. Both parents and students in the PC-SMILE group receive the intervention. Students in C-SMILE group receive intervention and their parents will receive intervention after all follow-up ends. Students in 3 groups will be assessed at 3 time points, baseline before intervention, 2 weeks post intervention, and 3 months post intervention, and parents will be assessed in baseline and 3-month follow-up. The intention-to-treat principle and linear-regression-based maximum likelihood multilevel models will be used for data analysis. Recruitment started in September 2023. The first cohort of data collection is expected to begin in May 2024 and the second cohort will begin in September 2024. The final wave of data is expected to be collected by the end of the first quarter of 2025. The results are expected to demonstrate improved anxiety and depression among students assigned to the intervention condition, as well as the secondary outcomes compared to those in the control group. The efficacy and effectiveness of the intervention will be discussed. This study is the first attempt to develop a web-based single-session intervention for students and their parents to enhance their well-being in Hong Kong and beyond, which potentially contributes to providing evidence-based recommendations for the implementation of brief digital parent-child interventions. PRR1-10.2196/63220.

Relationship of Biological and Environmental Factors with Social Isolation Using Hikki and Dead Inside as Examples

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of a set of factors leading to voluntary self-isolation of young people in Russia. A number of foreign studies have documented voluntary withdrawal from social life and the desire for complete social isolation among young people. This phenomenon was first described in Japan and labeled as “hikikomori”. Many of the hikikomori did not have mental disorders to explain their reclusiveness, and therefore a comprehensive biopsychosocial model of the formation of such maladaptive behavior was proposed.Objective. To test the causal relationship between social exclusion, nervous system characteristics, and attachment type in members of the hikki and dead inside subcultures.Materials and Methods. Sixty-eight people (48 women and 20 men) participated in the study. Of them, the conditional norm was 36 people, 20 were dead inside, and 12 were hikkas. To assess the peculiarities of the nervous system we used express-diagnostics of the nervous system types on the basis of J. Streliau’s method of temperament diagnostics; to study the attachment types we used the method “Self-assessment of the generalized type of attachment” adapted by T. V. Kazantseva; to study child-parent relations we used the author’s questionnaire. Correlation and regression analysis were used as methods of statistical data processing.Results. The study confirmed the biopsychosocial model of social isolation, which is the result of nervous system features interrelated with the formation of relationships with parents and attachment type, which in turn is related to the formation of relationships with peers.Discussion. According to the results of the study, it was found that the predictors of social reclusiveness of hikikomori are increased excitability of the nervous system, which turns any social contacts into painful ones, while the representatives of dead inside, on the contrary, experience too weak reactions to external and internal stimuli, which also affects social adaptation.

The Influence of Parental Psychological Control on Life Satisfaction of Middle School Students: The Mediating Role of Parent-Child Relationship and the Regulatory Role of Sensation-Seeking

Based on self-determination theory and ecosystem theory, this study examines the mediating role of parent-child relationship between parental psychological control and middle school student life satisfaction, as well as the moderating effect of sensation seeking. The study uses a questionnaire survey method to predict the relationship between variables. The results indicate that: (1) Parental psychological control has a significant negative predictive effect on parent-child relationships and middle school student life satisfaction; (2) The parent-child relationship partially mediates the relationship between parental psychological control and middle school student life satisfaction; (3) The relationship between parental psychological control and life satisfaction in middle school students seeking trait regulation.

Differences in parent and youth reported parenting strategies and the relationship with youth reported resilience: Who you ask matters

BackgroundIt is common in parenting research for parents to report on the parenting strategies they utilize rather than soliciting children and youths’ experiences of being parented. Who we include in research may change our understanding of parent-child relationships and related outcomes for children and youth. ObjectiveTo: a) examine similarities and differences among 21 parent- and youth-reported parenting strategies and b) examine the differences in trends for each parenting strategy and youth-reported resilience depending on who reported the parenting strategies. Participants and settingData were from the Well-being and Experiences (WE) Study (n = 1000 youth/parent dyads), a community sample of youth aged 14–17 years and parents from Canada collected from 2017 to 2018. MethodsDescriptive statistics, McNemar's test, and linear regression models were used to analyze the data. FindingsThe prevalence of five parenting strategies were statistically similar when reported by youth and parents, while three parenting strategies were statistically higher among youth reports compared to parent reports, and 13 parenting strategies were statistically higher among parent reports compared to youth reports. Only one parent-reported parenting strategy was associated with decreased youth-reported resilience. No parent-reported strategies were associated with increased youth-reported resilience. For youth-reports, five parenting strategies were significantly related to increased youth resilience and three parenting strategies were significantly related to decreased youth resilience. Findings indicate that children's and youths' voices should be prioritized in future parenting research, which may inform parenting supports and interventions to prevent child maltreatment and to promote resilience for children and youth.

The Multiple Mediating Effects of Time Use Satisfaction and Morality on the Relationship between Upper Elementary Students’ Parent-Child Relationships and Cyberbullying Perpetration

The purpose of this study was to identify the multiple mediating effects of time use satisfaction and morality on the relationship between children’s parent-child relationships and cyberbullying perpetration. To achieve this a convenience sample of 465 fifth and sixth-grade students from six elementary schools located in D City and G Do Province was recruited. The data collected for this study were analyzed using IBM SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 23.0 programs for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and path analysis. The principal results were as follows. First, parent-child relationship significantly influenced time use satisfaction and morality. Additionally, children’s time use satisfaction and morality were found to have a significant impact on cyberbullying perpetration. Secondly, in the relationship between parent-child relationships and cyberbullying perpetration, the total mediating effect of time use satisfaction and morality, as well as the individual mediating effects of time use satisfaction and morality, were also significant. These findings emphasize the significance of the parent-child relationship in addressing cyberbullying perpetration and suggest that both home and school education should guide children to use their time satisfactorily. Supplementing this, various educational programs should be developed to enhance children’s morality.

Parental perspectives on fertility preservation for their trans and gender-expansive children: Reflections on complexities of autonomy, support, and societal realities

Introduction Navigating fertility preservation poses unique challenges for young transgender and gender expansive (TGE) youths, who must balance short-term concerns like delaying gender-affirming hormonal treatment (GAHT) with long-term considerations of potential infertility. Parents play a crucial role in supporting their TGE children through their gender affirmation journey, which includes discussions about fertility preservation. Aim This study aimed to explore parental feelings and attitudes toward the fertility preservation of their TGE children, acknowledging the diverse perspectives shaped by societal, legal, and personal factors. Methods The study involved 82 parents who completed an online-distributed questionnaire. Participants were parents of TGE youths aged between six and twenty-five years old. The mixed-methods study utilized a tailored questionnaire comprising both open-ended and closed-ended questions. Results Descriptive analysis revealed that a significant majority of parents were aware of the effects of GAHT on fertility, with 65.3% expressing a desire for their children to have their own children in the future. However, parents shared that only 14.5% of children underwent a fertility preservation pathway, while 68.1% did not, citing barriers such as lack of services, cost, and procedural distress. Qualitative analysis identified four main themes: (1) Emotional response, (2) Parental expectations, (3) Parent-Child relationship, and (4) Structural barriers. Discussion Overall, the study underscores the multifaceted nature of parental experiences regarding fertility preservation for TGE individuals, emphasizing the importance of addressing societal norms, personal expectations, and structural barriers to ensure equitable access to reproductive healthcare services.

Взгляд изнутри: оценка благополучия паллиативных детей

<p>In most cases, self-assessment techniques are used to assess the well-being of children, however, more than 75% of palliative respondents cannot assess their well-being due to the limitations associated with the disease. The article considers an approach to assessing the well-being of palliative children based on the analysis of the dynamics of their development and improvement of emotional relationships in the family. As part of the study, communication passports were developed for children with communication restrictions, special classes were held aimed at improving child-parent relations and preventing emotional burnout. A total of 40 children took part in the study. The assessment of child-parent relations was carried out only among children living in families. It has been shown that improving family relationships has a beneficial effect on the dynamics of respondents’ development.</p>

“Complete Strangers Can Get through Your Front Door”: The Carly Ryan Murder, Teen Girls and the Internet in 2000s Australia

ABSTRACT On 21 February 2007, 15-year-old Carly Ryan’s body was found in the waters at Port Elliot in South Australia. A highly public investigation and trial followed, during which it was revealed that 48-year-old Melburnian man Garry Francis Newman had used a false online identity to seduce and lure Ryan to her death. In its coverage, the Australian media scrutinised Ryan’s online profiles and dramatised the dangers that cyberspace posed to young women. Examining these reports reveals wider anxieties over the internet blurring the boundary between public and private—a boundary historically assumed to keep young women safe. Journalists presented the online world as being both entirely public and inappropriately hidden from adult view. Cyberspace was framed as a place where young women could “act out” (self-sexualise) outside parents’ control and invite the “wrong” kind of attention. In this article, I contextualise this coverage within historic fears about stranger danger. I demonstrate how journalists drew from the contemporary debate in Australia surrounding the sexualisation of children in media—and its gendered nature. Further, I argue that the Australian media framed the internet as disrupting the idea of the family home as a safe haven and upsetting traditional parent–child relationships.

The interplay of dopaminergic genotype and parent-child relationship in relation to intra-individual response time variability in preschoolers: A replication study.

Intra-individual response time variability (IIRTV) during cognitive performance is increasingly recognized as an important indicator of attentional control (AC) and related brain region function. However, what determinants contribute to preschoolers' IIRTV received little attention. The present study explored the interaction of dopaminergic polygenic composite score (DPCS) and the parent-child relationship in relation to preschoolers' IIRTV. In the initial sample, 452 preschoolers (M age=5.17, SD=0.92) participated in the study. The modified Flanker task was used to evaluate children's IIRTV and their parents were requested to complete the Parent-Child Relationship Scale to assess the parent-child relationship (closeness/conflict). DNA data were extracted from children's saliva samples, and a DPCS was created by the number of COMT, DAT1, and DRD2 alleles associated with lower dopamine levels. Results showed that DPCS significantly interacted with the parent-child closeness to impact preschoolers' IIRTV. Specifically, preschoolers with higher DPCS exhibited lower IIRTV under higher levels of the parent-child closeness, and greater IIRTV under lower levels of the parent-child closeness compared to those with lower DPCS, which supported the differential susceptibility theory (DST). A direct replication attempt with 280 preschoolers (M age=4.80, SD=0.86) was conducted to investigate whether the results were in accordance with our exploratory outcomes. The interactive effect of DPCS and the parent-child closeness on IIRTV was confirmed. Additionally, the significant interactive effect of DPCS and the parent-child conflict on IIRTV was found in the replication study. The findings indicate that preschoolers' IIRTV, as an indicator of AC and related brain region function, is influenced by the interactions of dopaminergic genotypes and the parent-child relationship. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We investigated the Gene × Environment mechanism to underline the intra-individual response time variability as an indicator of attentional control (AC) in Chinese preschoolers. Dopaminergic polygenic composite score (COMT, DAT1, and DRD2) interacted with the parent-child relationship to predict preschoolers' intra-individual reaction time variability. A direct replication attempt has been conducted, and the results were in accordance with our exploratory outcomes, which increased the credibility of the present findings. The findings highlight the importance of considering precursors, including polygenic and environmental factors, which contribute to the development of early cognitive performance such as AC.

Development and effects of the PARENT (Parenting Acceptable Real Empathy Nurture Training) program for mothers who defected from North Korea

Aim and backgroundNorth Korean refugee mothers struggle with the two-fold burden of adaptation and parenting in a new environment. This study aimed to develop and examine the effects of a parenting program for North Korean refugee mothers. MethodsThis quasi-experimental study was conducted with 65 North Korean refugee mothers who were recruited through the Korea Hana Foundation Center and Sajowi. The experimental and control groups comprised 33, 32 participants respectively. A program was conducted across eight sessions, each lasting about 90–120 min. The data were analyzed using the χ2 test, independent t-test, and paired t-test. ResultsSignificant differences were observed in the parenting efficacy (t = −10.03, p < .001) and child related stress (sub domain-parenting stress) (t = 3.24, p = .002) scores. While intergroup differences were observed for parenting efficacy (t = 5.48, p < .001), no significant differences were observed for parenting stress (parent related) (t = −0.22, p = .825) and parent–child relationship (t = 0.87, p = .387) and no intergroup differences were observed for parenting stress (t = −1.10, p = .274) and parent–child relationship (t = 1.06, p = .290). ConclusionThis study is significant to the field of nursing because North Korean refugee mothers who needed parenting education have high parental efficacy scores after intervention, which expresses confidence in parenting. This study proposed a parenting education intervention framework focusing on emotional empathy for North Korean refugee mothers who want to provide healthy parenting despite the challenges they encounter as immigrants, which will improve their confidence in parenting. It can serve as a source of basic data for designing parenting education intervention frameworks for refugees in the future.

Postnatal quality of care measures for mothers and newborns at home: A scoping review.

The postnatal period is one of the most critical periods in the lives of mothers and newborns. Yet, the postnatal period remains the most neglected period along the maternal health care continuum. Globally, measures assessing quality of postnatal care (PNC) often focus on care at health facility level, the provision of home-based PNC and associated quality of care measures seem largely overlooked. This scoping review aims to give an overview of the literature on measures assessing quality of PNC for mothers and newborns in a home-based setting. This review was conducted according to the Arksey and O'Malley's methodology for scoping reviews. Three electronic bibliographic databases were searched together with a grey literature search. Two reviewers independently screened the identified articles. All data on home-based PNC measures were extracted and mapped according to the 2022 World Health Organization PNC Guideline recommendations in three categories: i) maternal care, ii) newborn care, iii) health system and health promotion interventions. Several additional quality of care domains, characterizing home-based PNC, were identified: i) social and emotional empowerment, ii) assessment of the home setting, iii) early breastfeeding, iv) health education and counseling, v) personal hygiene and prevention of infections, vi) referral to health facility when necessary, vii) thermal care, viii) parent-child relationship and ix) promote economic self-sufficiency. This review illustrates that home-based PNC has a very broad spectrum of care and plays a vital role in improving maternal and newborn health and well-being. In addition, there is a clear need for more research on the optimal timing and content of home-based care in the postnatal period for maximizing its potential.

Enhancing Parent-Child Relationships through Innovative Reading Strategies: A Study of Migrant Worker Families in Guangzhou

Enhancing Parent-Child Relationships through Innovative Reading Strategies: A Study of Migrant Worker Families in Guangzhou

A Systematic Review of Parental Self-Efficacy in Parents of Autistic Children.

Parental self-efficacy (PSE) assesses a parent's expectations and beliefs about their ability to effectively parent their child. PSE has implications for a parent's well-being, parenting practices, mental health, the parent-child relationship, and child adjustment. While PSE has been extensively examined within the broader parenting literature, the examination of PSE specifically for parents of autistic children has gained increasing attention in recent years. The following systematic review aimed to investigate the role of PSE for parents of autistic children by examining variables that predict PSE or are predicted by PSE in relation to how they align with the broader parenting literature and are unique to autism. Utilizing PRISMA guidelines, peer-reviewed articles were included if (a) participants included caregivers of autistic children, (b) at least one quantitative outcome measure of PSE was utilized, and (c) the role of PSE was examined as an outcome, predictor, or variable in an explanatory model. A total of 53 studies were included in the review and the role of PSE was examined regarding family (e.g., parental characteristics, parent stress, well-being, and support) and child factors (e.g., autism symptomology, problem behaviors, interventions). Several themes emerged including a positive relationship between PSE and support, and a negative relationship between PSE and parenting stress, parent mental health outcomes (e.g., anxiety, depression), and autism symptomology. Findings were compared to the broader parenting and PSE literature to examine how increased considerations and challenges (e.g., child problem behaviors, social impairment, and caregiver strain) associated with raising an autistic child might impact PSE.

The Role of Early Adolescence in Subsequent Risk and Resilience

Early adolescence comes with new opportunities for subsequent risk and resilience. Yet, international cohort studies covering this important developmental period and extending into young adulthood are rare. To address this gap in research, this special issue draws on data from the Zurich Project on Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso). We outline the terminology for risk and resilience used in this special issue, describe the z-proso study design, characterize the z-proso sample in terms of important markers of adolescence, and provide an overview of Switzerland as a study setting. The contributions to this special issue highlight that adolescent well-being is not a given, even in a setting with relatively low contextual risk. Supportive parent–child relationships in early adolescence emerged as an important promotive factor for longer-term well-being. This special issue illustrates how early adolescence serves as an important juncture for different areas of future development.

The Efficacy of Child–Parent Relationship Therapy Among Child-Welfare Involved Families: A Pilot Study

The Efficacy of Child–Parent Relationship Therapy Among Child-Welfare Involved Families: A Pilot Study

The Association Between Food Insecurity, Parental Stress, and Child Development.

It is recognized that development in the 0-to-5-year period is predictive of lifelong health and well-being and that early childhood development is influenced by parental mental health. Social stressors such as food insecurity can exacerbate parental mental health issues. To improve understanding of this complex interplay, a primary care pediatric practice designed an innovative meal and grocery delivery program for families experiencing food insecurity with at least one child aged 0-5years. As part of the program, food insecurity, parental mental health, and child development were assessed. Food insecurity was found to be correlated with increased stress in the parent-child system, and increased stress was found to be strongly correlated with delays in early childhood developmental progress. These findings suggest that changes in the parent-child relationship resulting from increased parental stress due to food insecurity can play a role in influencing early childhood development.

The influence of parents on children's consciousness of gender equality: a multi-group structural equation modeling approach.

This study aimed to understand the consciousness of gender equality among school-aged children in China and its influencing factors using structural equation modeling to explore the pathways, intensity and group differences among these factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using stratified random whole-group sampling of primary school students in grades 1-6 and their parents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In this study, 1,312 valid questionnaires were collected from a total of 1,500 school-aged children in Hunan Province, China (effective response rate of 87.5%). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 software. Statistical inference consisted of t-tests, analysis of variance, the LSD test, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple stepwise linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling. School-aged children had the lowest consciousness of gender equality in the area of occupation and relatively higher consciousness in the areas of family and school. Children's age, gender, gender role, parent-child relationship, teacher-student relationship and parents' gender equality consciousness had predictive effects on children's consciousness of gender equality. The structural equation model constructed in this study is applicable to school-aged children of different genders. There was a significant difference in the structural equation modeling for children in different study period groups. In the education process, parents and teachers should attempt to improve their own consciousness of gender equality, integrate the concept of androgynous education, enhance close relationships with children, and adopt appropriate education methods according to the characteristics of different groups of children.

Parent-child skin carotenoid level and vegetable intake relationships in users of children's cafeterias in Japan.

Studies on the relationship between parental and child dietary intakes are limited in Asian populations. Here, we examined parent-child relationships in skin carotenoid levels and vegetable intake in a Japanese community. The study participants were 58 children aged 6-15 years and 39 of their guardians (parents) using children's cafeterias. Skin carotenoid levels were measured using the Veggie Meter®, and the number of vegetable dishes (equivalent to a serving of 70 g) was evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire. The mean (standard deviation; SD) skin carotenoid levels were 366.8 (74.0) in children and 315.0 (101.4) in parents. The partial correlation coefficient between parents' and children's skin carotenoid levels, adjusting for cafeteria, sex, parental dietary supplement use, and household financial status, was 0.38 (P = 0.02); after adjustment for smoking status and BMI, the positive correlation was attenuated (r = 0.25, P = 0.14). A positive correlation was observed between parents' and children's vegetable dish intake (r = 0.30, P = 0.02). This cross-sectional study identified a positive correlation between parent-child intake of vegetable dishes, accounting for potential confounders. However, the positive correlation observed between parent-child skin carotenoid levels may have been attenuated by internal factors such as smoking and obesity.

The relationship between preschool children’s electronic product use and problem behaviours: a moderated mediation model

ABSTRACT Electronic product use among preschool children is gradually widespread. To explore whether and how electronic product use causes problem behaviours in preschool children, this study analyses the relationships between the degree of electronic product use, problem behaviours, and the roles of parenting styles and parent-child relationships in between using questionnaires to survey 582 parents of children aged 3-6-year-olds. Results (1) There are significant correlations between the four; (2) the Parent-child relationship mediated the relationship between electronic product use and problem behaviours; (3) Parenting style moderated both the relationship between electronic use and problem behaviours as well as parent-child relationship and problem behaviours. Conclusion: Excessive electronic product use can lead to parent-child conflicts and problem behaviours, while highly positive parenting styles can buffer these influences. This study provides further insights into the negative effects of excessive electronic product use and the protective role of parental guidance.

Peran Konseling Keluarga Dalam Memperbaiki Hubugan Orang Tua dan Anak di Lingkungan Keluarga

This research aims to explain research findings regarding the role of parents in instilling character values ??in children and the way families and people behave in educating children. Apart from that, this method can help families improve the relationship between parents and children in the family environment. This research is qualitative research that uses descriptive analysis to determine the role of counseling in improving parent-child relationships in the family environment. Research results are summarized based on research focus. According to research, the first is the cause of family conflict between parents and children, the second is the family counseling process, the first research is the cause of family conflict between parents and children, the second is the family counseling process which can identify basic problems in the relationship between parents and children, third namely the counseling approach most commonly used to improve the relationship between parents and children and finally the family counseling process which can help improve communication between parents and children.